STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF OXIDE MATERIALS USING FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUE

Transcription

1 Intenational Jounal of Semiconducto Science & Technology (IJSST) Vol.1, Issue 1 Dec TJPRC Pvt. Ltd., STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF OXIDE MATERIALS USING FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUE 1 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and 3 Abhishek Vema 1 Pofesso, Asst. Lectue, 3 Asst. Pofesso Bhilai Institute of Technology, Dug(C.G) anupmisha.bit13@gmail.com, padmadha77@gmail.com, abhishek.vjti@gmail.com ABSTRACT In this pape oxides of vaious conducting mateials ae studied and this knowledge is used fo vaious electonic applications. The expeimental analysis of oxides is done with the help of LCR tanδ digital mete and Q - facto mete. These expeimental values ae compaed with the theoetical values found by using the mass law. Solid state eactions method is applied fo the synthesis of oxides mateials in which eaction takes place in solid state fom. The popeties of the poduct is investigated though vaious techniques such as X-ay diffaction fo phase, evaluation and lattice paamete study. Semiconducting mateials ae also studied using seveal paametes and themal conductivity. The esistivity is calculated by mass law and by patten ecognition method. Fuzzy logic has been used to give bette esults as it can take lage numbe of factos of failues. KEY WORDS: This pape contains thee impotant tems, they ae eliability, pemittivity and esistivity. 1. INTRODUCTION In this pape the expeimental and theoetical analysis of vaious oxides of conducting mateials has been conducted. This analysis helps us in bette undestanding of the popeties of these mateials. The wok has both intinsic

2 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema scientific inteest and technological utility in dielectics, semi-conductos and othe tansduce mateials. This pape deals with the simulation of oxides expeimentally using LCR tanδ digital mete and Q - facto mete. The mass law is used to find the measued paametes theoetically. Silve compounds, sodium oxides, ion oxides, mecuy oxides etc ae put to the study fo esistivity. The esistivity is obtained fom the Eath mateials and pobability method A vecto of themal conductivity is fomed then compaison of these esults with the well know semi-conductos Ge and Si and thei oxides. The esistivity of silicon vaies fom 640 Ω m to.3ω m D = 3.1, ρ = 100Ω m and dielectic constant = SiO has Paametes of Si and Ge as semi conductos ae obtained to compae with the oxides of silicon, SiO and oxide of gemaniumgeo. Some available oxides of conducto mateials like aluminum, Silve, coppe, Ion, mecuy nickel, Zinc ae studied in this pape. Nitogen(N), sulphu(s) and oxygen(o ) can contact them as well and it is noticed, they ae dielectic mateials. It has vey high suface esistivity ρ = 00Ω s. The esistivity calculations will be made using all these paametes and behavio of Al O3 in mixtues of dielectic mateials. The density of Al is.71 g/cm 3. While the density of Al O3 is g/cm 3. This a peculia case in the oxides because the density of oxides is always less than the density of element. Solid state eactions method ae applied fo the synthesis of oxides mateials in which eaction takes place in solid state fom. The popeties of the poducts ae investigated though vaious techniques such as X-ay diffaction fo phase, Evaluation and lattice paamete study. The micoscopic mass law and macoscopic mass law ae simple and pactical.

3 3 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique The SiO mateial is used in the making of micopocesso chips and integated cicuits; it is used as dielectic mateial.the behavio of SiO is vey peculia and out of way of oxide fomation law that density of oxides is always less than the base element. Composite mateials ae fomed by layes and laminations. The Fuzzy logic l gives us bette esults as it can take lage numbe of factos of failues. The neual netwok eads the Fuzzy membeship functions and Fuzzy logic has a Fuzzifies and defuzzification models. The union and intesection of Al and Al O3 as well as Al oxides ae descibed by Fuzzy cadinality and elative Fuzzy cadinality.. ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF OXIDE MATERIALS Hee some available oxides of conducto mateials like aluminium, Silve, coppe, Ion, mecuy nickel, zinc ae studied. Nitogen, sulphu and oxygen can contact them well, and we notice following oxides..1 Al O 3 The esistivity of AlO3 is 100 Ω m othe paametes can change the esistivity of Al O3 Melting point (MP) = 90 Boiling point (BP) = 350 (1) Density D = g/cm 3 n=refactive Index of light n = Pemittivity = 1 Magnetic pemeability = Loss tangent µ tan δ =.0

4 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema 4 It is dielectic mateials. It has vey high suface esistivity, ρ = 00Ω. The esistivity calculations ae made using all these paametes and behavio of Al O 3 in mixtues of dielectic mateials. The density of Al is.71 g/cm 3, while the density of Al O3 is g/cm 3. This a peculia case in the oxides because the density of oxides is always less than the density of element. Silve oxides ae not available in the study but utility of AgNO, 3 AgB and AgCL as dielectics and semi conductos can be pointed out. These ae compaable to the oxides and these mateials ae easily available fo uses.. Methodology Solid state eactions method is applied fo the synthesis of oxides mateials in which eaction takes place in solid state fom. In this method oxygen ich compounds of the constituent mateials like oxides, cabonates nitates o oxalates ae used as stating mateials. They ae mixed in stoichiometic atio and gound thooughly in an agate moto till it become homogeneous. This mix will be heated at tempeatue aound 900 to 1300 c so that futhe eaction takes place. This heating tempeatue depends on the type of compound. This heating step is known as calcinations and is caied out in a funace though esistance heating. The pocess of ginding and calcinations can be epeated once o twice to complete the eaction, so that the stuctue becomes pefect. Futhe the sample is gound again and compaction is done in the fom of pellets by using a die in pess by applying pessue of about 10 tonnes. These pellets ae sinteed at high tempeatue, which is usually little less than the melting point of the mateial. The sinteing tempeatue and time is vey cucial in deciding the popeties of the poduct. The sinteing impoves the stength as well as the tensile stength and density. The most impotant pat of annealing is made. The oxygen balance is activated by the pocess of annealing [43,44]. In annealing the sample is heated s

5 5 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique in the pesence of oxygen flow. These heating schedules ae followed by eithe apid cooling o funace cooling, then the sample is eady fo chaacteization. The popeties of the poduct is investigated though vaious techniques such as X-ay diffaction fo phase. Evaluation and lattice paamete study. The micoscopic mass law and macoscopic mass law which ae simple and pactical ae used. Low tempeatue esistance measuement by fou pobe methods. Some othe chaacteization may be done as equied the esults of these investigations ae analyzed to optimize the pocess paamete fo the good samples. The study poposed wok has both intinsic scientific inteest and technological utility as dielectic semi conductos and othe tansduce mateials..3 Silve Compounds Silve oxides ae aely available we find AgNO, 3 ou models. Table.1 AgB and AgCL fo Mateials MP BP D n ρ µ tan δ AgNO AgB AgCl ZnCO ZnCl ZnO

6 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema 6 Table. Mateials MP BP D n ρ µ tan δ CuO Cu O CuSO CuSO4.5H O Table.3 Mateials MP BP D ρ µ tan δ FeS Fe O 3 Fe O 4 HgCL HgCl HgO NiO NiCl Sodium oxides NaB + NaCL + NaF + NaH + NaHCO 3 NaHSO4 + NaI + NaOH + NaO + NaSO4 ()

7 7 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique.4 Ion oxides Ion is must often used as conducto due to its stength and economy steels can not be made with out ion content less than 90%. The ion is vey active in the pesence of: SO + SO3 + S + H S The FeS is always mixed with Fe O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 be can se ion is active in the oxygen content O. A study of a mixtue of FeS + Fe + is made unde the popeties: (4) O3 Fe3 04 Molecula weight ( M ) melting point ( MP ) Boiling point ( BP ). Density ( D ), efactive index of light Resistivity ( ρ ), pemittivity ( ) Magnetic pemeability ( µ ) and loss tangent ( tan δ ).. The mass law of mixing is used to fom a mateial unde solid state chaacteization. The density of Ion oxide is less than the Ion element, density..5 Mecuy oxides Mecuy is used as a conducto in many situations like mecuy switch, mecuy am pe hou mete. The chloine can eact to make such good mateials fo ou uses. A mixtue of the components. ( HgCL HgCl HgO) + + (5) is fomed using mass law of mixing and the above vecto of popeties is obtained: (,,,,,,,, tan ) M MP BP D n ρ µ δ (6)

8 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema 8 The esistivity of Fe O 3 as semi conducto is.01 to mateial as 00Ω m..6 Nickel oxides. 1Ω m an Eath Nickel conducto ae aely used but nickel is available in lage numbe of alloys and steels in small quantity to incease the stength. Nickel is Magnetostictive and its compounds like oxides and chloides should be looked with geat aletness. A compound NiCl + NiO is available jointly as mixtue and show vey inteesting popeties in table II.3. The esistivity is andom and elated to the Eath. Eath is the mothe to poduce these mateials. The Eath is a mixtue of ai, wate and the soil. The density of Eath would be 3 ( )/ g / cm D = = (7) The dielectic constant of Eath would be: ( Eath Wate + Ai) + (8) ( ) / 3 = Zinc oxides + (9) Zinc is used in conductos and fuses. Zinc is affected by CO and CO to fom ZnCO 3. The chloine is highly eactivity to Zinc to fom ZnCl. The oxygen also affects the Zinc to fom ZnO. A compound with Zinc oxide would be: ZnCO3 + ZnCl + ZnO (10)

9 9 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique The Zinc Zc has a density between 7 and 8 and its compounds density is lowe than the density of the element Zn. We have espectively. 3 ( 4.398,.91, 5.606) g / cm Fo ZnCO3, ZnCl and ZnO.8 Themal conductivity Themal conductivity of elements is geate than the themal conductivity of oxides and othe compounds. A vecto of themal conductivity is fomed as follows. ( Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Na, Sn, Zn, Pb, Fe ) = ( ) = ( 01,385, 419, 96,134,65, 111,35, 80) Tc (11) Aluminium, coppe, silve, gold, sodium, tin, Zinc, lead and Ion ( Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Na, Sn, Zn, Pb, Fe ) = ( ) = ( 01,385, 419, 96,134,65, 111,35, 80) Tc W / mk.9 Study of semi-conductos These esults ae compaed with the well known semi-conductos Ge and Si and thei oxides. A vecto is fomed as follows: Ge: Gemanium 1 D = Density = 5.3 g/cm 3 ρ = Resistivity = 0.47 Ω-m 3 = Dielectic constant = µ = pemeability= MP = Melting point =936 C

10 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema 10 6 S = Specific heat capacity =.08 cal/gc 7 Tc = Themal conductivity =.55 W/cm 0 C 8 α = Themal coefficient of expansion = 6 x Eg = Enegy gap = 0.67 ev 10 E BP = Baie potential = 0.30v A vecto of popeties is fomed fo mass law tansfomation of the doping and impuities as well the eliability off the semi conductos to compae with the oxides 3 D 5.3 g / cm ρ 0.47 Ω m 16 µ.9999 MP 936 = S.08 cal / gc Tc o.55 w / cm c α E g.67ev E BP.30v fo Ge (13) Fo Si we have: λi Ri 3 D.3 g / cm ρ 0.3 Ω m µ c MP o = S 0.17 cal / gc c Tc o.8 w / cm α E g 1.14 ev E BP 0.70v (14)

11 11 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique The esistivity of silicon vaies fom silicon oxide SiO has 640 Ω m to.3ω m 0. The D = 3.1, ρ = 100Ω m and dielectic constant = The Si is always deived fom SiO compound fo semi conductos. The Si and Ge as semi conductos is compae with the oxides of silicon SiO and oxide of gemaniumgeo. We fom a mixtue to study them as: SiO + GeO + Si + Ge We fom a mixtue to study. (15) Ge + Si + feo3 + InSb + Se.10 Oxides mixing Following oxides fo ou study and investigation ae pepaed. ZnO, Fe O3, Fe3O4, HgO, NiO, SiO and MgO, Al O3, CuO, CuO3 Table.4 (16) Oxides D ρ n R i ZnO Fe O Fe 3O HgO NiO SiO MgO

12 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema 1 Al O CuO Cu O The elative density is given in the tables of chemisty and physical tables of Clake the esistivity is obtained fom the Eath mateials and pobability method. The esistivity of Eath, wate and ai is 100 Ω m. Thus the esistivity is calculated by mass law and by patten ecognition method. The accodingly when esistivity of Eath is =15. D, ρ and 100 Ω m and pemittivity (II).11 Study of SiO: We have explained popeties of SiO oxide now we will explain eliability of this oxide unde the popeties as the MTBF and MTTF. MTBF: MTTF: Mean time between failues. Mean time to failue This is an oxide of density 3 D = 3.1g / cm while its base Si has a density 3 D =.3 g / cm. The density is inceased by: ( 3.1.3) =. 8 (18) The dielectic constant = and that of Si, = 1. 5

13 13 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique The dielectic constant is educed = = λ = Failue Rate = (19) Reliability = R=.808 The specific change in the density would be λ = = = (0) R=.863 The SiO mateial is used in the making of mico pocesso chips and integated cicuits. It is used as dielectic mateial. The behavio of SiO is vey peculia and out of way of oxide fomation law that density of oxides is always less than the base element. Fo dielectic constant of oxides is inceased but hee it is educed fom 1.5 to 8.13 and density is inceased fom.3 to 3.1 g/cm 3..1 Study of Al O3 in Reliability Space A space of paametes is fomed as follows ( MP D, BP,, ρ, n, µ, tanδ ), ( 90,3.965, 350, 1, 1.768,1.0,.0) The density of Aluminum is.71 and thei of Al O3 is (1) λ D = = =.188

14 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema 14 R =.886 = Re liability. The eliability of AlO3 using the eight paametes is R =.766 (3) The secuity and adequacy. Would be and espectively The dielectic constant of Al is = 1 change in the dielectic constant would be λ while that of AlO3 is 1. Thus a ( ) = = =. 846 = R = 0. (4) The density failues and dielectic constant failues may go simultaneously = =. 355 λ (5) Dielectic constant is highly delicate than the density. The ate of change of dielectic constant and density ae found in pactical devices..1.a Reliability of Gemanium and Silicon The popety vecto of Ge and Si given in equations (13) and (14) can be used and fo obtaining the failue ate in the paametes help of fuzzy logic tansfomation of paametes can be taken to find eliability Ge Si = R [ ]

15 15 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique The Fuzzy cadinality of Ge is and elative Fuzzy cadinality. R ( Gc ) = The Fuzzy cadinality of silicon is and Relative Fuzzy cadinality R ( Si ) = (7).1.b Reliability of all the ten oxides when they ae mixed Table.4 Repesents ten oxides with thei paametes D, ρ and which ae enough to descibe the popeties of the oxides. The eliability of mateial is an impotant poblem fo enginees as well as fo the scientists and technologist. D = g / cm 3, ρ = 147 Ω m and = one can obtain the failue ate of the mateials fo D, ρ and as follows: λ D = D R =.8384 λ R =.993 (8) ρ = e λ = R. 183 =.879 The aveage eliability would be: R = (9) av The mechanical eliability of the solids is moe than thei oxides. The oxides have lowe density and lowe tensile stength but thei esistivity is in mega ohm-mete o MMΩ m. The esistivity of oxides in efined manne fo the pupose may vey up to 1 10 to to Ω m 10.

16 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema 16 The eliability of oxides always deceases with time and follows mass law of mixing fo the mixtues and alloys. Oxides always want to mix with the eath because they have geat affinity to the eath. Figue 1 : Reliability of Al and Al O3 Figue : Failue ate of Al and Al O3

17 17 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique Figue 1 epesents the eliability of Aluminium and Aluminium oxide. The oxides have lowe eliability due to poo stength, bittleness, Factued easily, no compatibility. One can fom composite mateials by laye and laminations. Figue epesents the failue ate of oxides and mateial aluminium oxides have highe failue ate, Aluminium lowe failue ate. The Fuzzy logic will give us bette esults as it can take lage numbe of factos of failues. The neual netwok will ead the fuzzy membe ship functions and fuzzy logic has a fuzzifies and defuzzification modes. We will discuss this poblem in chapte five, whee eliability of mateials ae taken as impotant poblem. We will explain the union and intesection of Al and Al O3 as well as Al oxides will be descibed by Fuzzy cadinality and elative fuzzy cadinality. In place of mass law we will use the intesection and union of all the popeties of alloys oxides and elemental mateials. 3. CONCLUSION The analysis of the popeties of the oxide mateials of conducting substances helps us ceate mixtues with popeties suitable fo electonic applications. The wok has both intinsic scientific inteest and technological utility in dielectics, semi-conductos and othe tansduce mateials. Silicon oxides find use in micopocesso chips and fo manufactuing of dielectic substances. 4. REFERENCES 1. Kosko, Bat, Neual netwoks and Fuzzy Systems: (Book) Pentice Hall of India New Delhi 000, pp Chhalta, G.P. et al. Study of eliability attibutes of system model of fim unde CBIS and MIS using Fuzzy logic. Intenational Confeence, IIT, Khaagpu Decembe 10-1, 001, Enegy Automation and infomation Technology, Poceedings of the confeence, pp

18 D. Anup Misha, Padmadha Misha and Abhishek Vema Shama Ravinda and Chhalota, G.P. A study of Electoluminescent mateials and thei eliability annoutics unde thei applications Ulta Science, Vol. 18(1), 006, pp Shama, Ravinda and Chhalota, G.P. A study of non-linea Neual netwoks though matices and vecto spaces Vaahmihi, Jounal compute and infomation science, Vol. 1,No. 1006,pp Sandipani Academy, Ujjain ISSN Shama Ravinda and Chhalota, G.P. A study of Reliability of Adaptive System using Neual netwoks and Fuzzy systems AMSE Fance, 0.01 SS- 09, CSD, FNS Fuzzy and Neuonal systems(fns) 006, No Chhalotn, G.P. et al A study eliability of Neual netwoks and Fuzzy systems with Refeence to a Intelligence All India Semina on Atificial Intelligence and Expet Systems in Manufactuing. Roukella Novembe 17-18,001. Semina Poceedings, pp Chhalota,G.P.et al Study of Reliability attibutes of Atificial Neual Netwok using Fuzzy logic Ibid, 001, pp Katikeyan, M. and Ghosh, M.K. Optical Fibe based Immunoassay System IT, Khaagpu India, Decembe, 10-1,001. Intenational Confeence, Poceedings. pp Bhuyan, M and Boah, S. Use of Electonic nose in Tea Industy Poceedings of confeence Intenational, IIT Khaagpu, Decembe 10-1, 001. pp Routay, A. Pahallada, Rao, and Padhan, A.K. A Novel Kalman Filte fo fequency estimation of distoted signals, IIT Khaagpu Decembe, 10-1, 001.Poceedings of Intenational Confeence pp

19 19 Study and Analysis of Oxide Mateials using Fuzzy Logic Technique 11. Sivanandan, S.N. Siva Kuma, D. and Balaji, V. A new scheme fo stabilization of class two dimensional ecusive filtes, IIT Khaagpu, Decembe, 10 to 1IC, 001, pp , poceedings of the confeence. 1. Mahajan, R.S., Intelligent switch boad fo Industial applications IIT Khaagpu, Decembe (IC),PP