CORROSION OF METALS PHENOMENA HYDROGEN-RELATED AND SELECTED TOPICS JANUSZ FLIS MATERIALS SCIENCE MONOGRAPHS, 59. Tokyo. Amsterdam.

Transcription

1 POLISH Oxford MATERIALS SCIENCE MONOGRAPHS, 59 CORROSION OF METALS AND HYDROGEN-RELATED PHENOMENA SELECTED TOPICS Edited by JANUSZ FLIS Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ELSEVIER Amsterdam - - New York - Tokyo PWN Warszawa 1991 SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS

2 Contents Preface, 1 Major Symbols and Units Used in the Book, 3 Part I. Corrosion of Metals 7 Chapter 1. Nucleation and Development of Pitting Corrosion in Iron and Steel (Zuzanna Szklarska-Smialowskd), Introduction, Sites of pit nucleation, The effect of thickness and structure of the passivating oxide films on pitting, Role of chloride ions in the pit nucleation process, The critical potential for pit nucleation and the induction time for pitting, Pit nucleation theories, Kinetics of pit growth, Composition of the electrolyte within pits, Pit morphology, Development of pits, Pitting of iron and steel in chloride-free solutions, Pitting at elevated temperatures, References, 46 Chapter 2. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Structural Steels in Nitrate Solutions (Janusz Flis), Introduction, General characteristics of carbon steels, Stress corrosion cracking of structural steels in practice, Environments causing stress corrosion cracking of structural steels, Investigation of stress corrosion cracking, 53

3 Vltl CONTENTS 2.6 Corrosion of iron in nitrate solutions, Formation of corrosion cracks, Crack growth rate, Environmental factors in stress corrosion cracking, Determination of the active-passive state, Effect of the composition of the solution, Effect of temperature, Effect of potential, Role of the oxide films, Metallurgical factors in stress corrosion cracking, Effect of steel composition, Effect of carbon, Effect of nitrogen, Effect of substitutional constituents, Effect of heat treatment and structure, Effect of cold work, Role of mechanical stresses, Mechanism of stress corrosion cracking, Prevention of stress corrosion cracking, References, 92 Chapter 3. Corrosion of Structural Materials in Metal-Cooled Nuclear Reactors (Ewa Hajewska), Introduction, Liquid metals and structural materials used in fast breeder reactors, Corrosion mechanisms in liquid metals, Dissolution, Chemical reactions, Intergranular corrosion, Mass transfer, carburization and decarburization of steel, Interaction of fuel with the fuel-element cladding material, Effect of radiation on the properties of metals, Corrosion control in sodium-cooled reactor systems, References, 122 Chapter 4. Corrosion in Molten Salts A Thermodynamic Approach {Leszek Suski), Introduction, 124

4 CONTENTS IX 4.2 Structural characteristics of molten salts: single- and multicomponent systems, Classification of metal-molten salt equilibria, Dissolution of metals in their molten salts, Corrosion equilibria in a pure molten alkali metal halide, Corrosion equilibria in molten alkali halide containing oxide ions, Corrosion equilibria in molten carbonates, Corrosion equilibria in molten sulphates. "Hot corrosion", Conclusion, References, 149 Chapter 5. Rotating Disk Studies in the Transport of Reactants during Cor rosion of Copper, Iron, and Zinc with Hydrogen and Oxygen De polarization (Zdzislaw Zembura), Introduction, The diffusion-convection mass transfer equation and the rotating disk, Diffusion control of the corrosion rate, Corrosion in the activation controlled region, Corrosion in the mixed-kinetics region, Effect of temperature on the type of corrosion rate control, Two simultaneous corrosion reactions, Summary, References, 178 Chapter 6. Displacement as a Particular Case of Corrosion (Jerzy Sqdzimir), Introduction, Equilibria of displacement processes, Thermodynamic displacement equilibria, Apparent equilibrium. Inhibition of the displacement process as a result of secondary reactions, Cessation of the displacement process as a result of isolation of the precipitating metal from solution, Interruption of the displacement process due to the establishment of mixed potentials, Displacement kinetics, Fundamental kinetics equations, Attempted determination of the type of kinetics control from the temperature dependence of the precipitation rate, 197

5 X CONTENTS Attempted determination of the type of displacement kinetics control from the precipitation rate vs. solution mixing rate relation, Effect of displacement products on kinetics, Displacement kinetics and the time dependence of the potential of the system, Summary, References, 217 Part II. Interaction of Hydrogen with Metals and Their Resultant Deteriora tion, 221 Chapter 7. Effects of the Interaction of Hydrogen from the Gas Phase with the Surface of Transition Metals (Waclawa Palczewska and Andrzej Frqckiewicz), Adsorption of hydrogen on the surface of transition metals, Adsorption of hydrogen and formation of hydride phases, Introduction, Study of the metal hydride formation by measurement of the metal surface potential and by infrared spectroscopy, Factors affecting the kinetics of hydrogen sorption by metals, Catalytic effect of the hydride phase hydrogen, Introduction, Catalyst poisoning, Catalyst activation effect, References, 238 Chapter 8. Electrochemical Aspects of Hydrogen Entry into Iron and Steel from Aqueous Solutions (Tadeusz Zakroczymski), Introduction, Determination of the rate of hydrogen entry, Hydrogen entry and hydrogen evolution, Hydrogen evolution reaction, Hydrogen entry, Role of promoters of hydrogen entry, Active chemical form of promoters, Mechanism of the promoter action, Inhibitors of hydrogen entry, Prevention of hydrogen charging, References, 265

6 CONTENTS xr Chapter 9. Dissolution and Diffusion of Hydrogen in Iron and Steel (Wladyslaw Raczyriski), Introduction, Experimental methods, Dissolution and occlusion of hydrogen in iron, Partial molar volume of hydrogen in iron, Interaction of hydrogen with the stress field, Critical concentration of hydrogen, Diffusion of hydrogen, Surface effects in diffusion studies, Diffusion of hydrogen at varying concentrations, Diffusion of hydrogen in a metal in the presence of traps, References, 289 Chapter 10. Effect of Hydrogen on Mechanical Properties and Dislocation Structure of Iron and Steel {Ellina Lunarska- Borowiecka and Andrzej Zielinski), Introduction, Hydrogen induced cracking of iron and steel, Effect of hydrogen on the elastic properties of iron, Effect of hydrogen on the plasticity of iron, Effect of hydrogen on the dislocation structure of strained iron, Determination of the interaction of hydrogen with dislocations in iron and steel by measurement of internal friction, The internal friction method, The hydrogen Snoek-Koster peak, The internal friction background, Concluding remarks, References, 319 Chapter 11. Change in the Real Structure of Nickel due to the Ni ^ /? NiH Phase Transformation {Andrzej Janko and Jerzy Pielaszek), Introduction, Nickel hydride, Micro-cracking in the surface layer, Desorption of hydrogen and decomposition of nickel hydride, The role of dislocations in the formation and decomposition of the hydride phase, 328

7 k XII CONTENTS 11.6 Structural properties of nickel compared with palladium hydride, Comparison of the effects of hydride nickel and Cr-Ni austenitic steels, Summary, References, 335 formation on the structure of Chapter 12. Ionization of Hydrogen on the Surface of Metals in Aqueous Sol utions of Electrolytes (Andrzej Sadkowski, Jakob Wild and Piotr Zoltowski), Introduction, Practical significance of the hydrogen ionization reaction, Ionization of hydrogen on surfaces of various metals, General, Ionization of hydrogen on platinum, Introductory remarks, Theory of hydrogen ionization on platinum, Determination of the kinetics of individual steps in the hydro gen ionization reaction, Ionization of hydrogen on nickel, Electrochemical properties of nickel, Mechanism of hydrogen ionization on nickel, Ionization of hydrogen on tungsten carbide, References, 370 Chapter 13. Effect of the Oxide and Sulphide Inclusions on the Absorption and Permeation of Hydrogen in Steel (Juliusz Foryst), Introduction, Formation of oxide and sulphide inclusions in steel, Review of the methods for determining the quantity and type of inclu sions in steel, Effect of impurity content of iron on the absorption of hydrogen, Permeation of hydrogen through a low-carbon steel with variable im purity content, References, 387 Index, 389