Testing systems for texture analysis, viscosity measurement and packaging testing

Transcription

1 Testing systems for texture analysis, viscosity measurement and packaging testing FP Intelligent Testing

2 The Zwick Roell AG More than a century of experience in materials testing Mechanical-technological testing is one of the oldest disciplines of materials testing. As early as in the 15 th and 16 th century, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei were already considering the flexural stressing and the elastic behaviour of materials. In the course of time further knowledge was obtained. In the middle of the 18 th century the first testing machines finally appeared in France. Since 1920 the company Roell & Korthaus has been involved in the materials testing business. In 1937 Zwick built it first testing machines and systems for mechanical testing of materials. Many years prior to that in 1876, a Professor Seger had already founded a chemical laboratory as part of a scientific techno-logical consulting company for nonmetallic materials. During the 20 th century, the present company called Toni Technik has evolved from these origins and is now considered a leading expert in test systems for building materials. Another predecessor of the Zwick Roell is a company MFL (Mohr & Federhaff) a company that was founded in Interestingly enough Carl Benz (of Mercedes Benz fame) was one of their employees. Since 1992, these companies have formed the Zwick/ Roell company group. In July 2001, this company group was converted into a stock corporation: the Zwick Roell AG. Part of this stock corporation are the companies Zwick, Toni Technik, Indentec Ltd., and since may 2002 Acmel Labo. These companies supply an extensive program for materials, component, and functional tests from the manually operated hardness tester up to a complex test system for the process-accompanying application. Fig. 1: The headquarter of the Zwick Roell AG and the Zwick GmbH & Co. KG at Ulm, Germany Zwick has many years of experience, combined with a multitude of supplied systems. This experience is continuously supplemented by the constant communication with the users. On this solid basis, the company supplies a wide range of high-performance products from the economical standard machine up to special versions and designs for special test jobs. Modern mechanics, high-performance electronics and the application-oriented software are the prerequisite for the versatility and the high intelligence of these modern testing machines and systems. However, the services of the Zwick Roell AG go far beyond the supply of products. Already in 1994 the company received the certification according to DIN EN ISO 9001 and thus guarantees a consistently high product and service quality. With accredited calibration laboratories, the companies of the Zwick Roell AG are in addition entitled to verify and to calibrate test systems and to document that with internationally recognized certificates. 2

3 Content 1. Texture analysis Instrumental texture analysis - a growing trend in food industry How to carry out instrumental texture analysis Test software testxpert : Test sequence and results Selected examples for foodstuffs and possible test methods Zwick Roell tools and fixtures Viscosity measurement Packaging testing Requirements to packaging Zwick Roell tools and fixtures Texture analysers / packaging testing machines and components Texture analysis 1.1 Instrumental texture analysis - a growing trend in food industry What is texture? Texture defines the consistency and structure of foodstuffs. Included are all physical characteristics as well as the perception / sensory feelings such as touching (including the feeling in the mouth), appearance and acoustic behaviour. Size, form, number of cells and their structure also influence the texture characteristics of the foodstuff. Examples of texture characteristics are the crunchiness of sausages, the firmness of cheese or the crispiness of waffles. Sensory and instrumental techniques to determine texture properties Sensory tests Proof of textural properties via the human senses takes place via the sensorium (tasting foodstuffs) and the textural properties are identified by terms relating to the senses or taste. Examples of such identifiers are compiled in table 1. The terms vary depending upon the foodstuff in question: The properties of confectionery, jams, etc. are expressed differently to the properties of cornflakes. Standardised terms for foodstuffs are extremely few and far between. Texture characteristic Sensoric designations Hardness soft, solid, hard Composition, cohesion crumbly, crisp, brittle Elasticity plastic, elastic Adhesiveness adheres, sticky, very sticky Viscosity highly fluid, semifluid Table 1: Texture characteristics of foodstuffs with sensoric descriptions Instrumental texture analysis / objective texture measurement Instrumental tests, also known as mechanical texture tests, emulate the sensory effect i.e.what happens with the foodstuffs in everyday life. Chewing is simulated with the help of a cyclic test. Gradients, forces, travel and energy values are recorded during two or more cycles of the test, and are linked to one another and are associated with sensory properties. 3

4 The instrumental texture analysis removes all elements of subjectivity from the testing. Measurement methods are used which, although introduced internationally, are rarely standardised. The main problem of texture analysis is that the shape and consistency of foodstuffs deviates very much. Reproducible results require a careful preparation of specimens and the testing method. Carefully prepared specimens and tests can, quite often, lead to surprisingly high correlations to sensory tests. Variances in product quality are much more apparent since they are determined by a texture analyser which does not have the subjective rating which a sensoring team might have. In cases of dispute, sensorically determined results are not recognised. Benefits of instrumental testing at a glance: Conversion of sensory tests to objective values - Important test criterias such as freshness, crispiness, spreadability are determined objectively. Small deviations can be measured and shown in values. By standardisation of testing methods (Company Standards) different production sites can achieve the same product quality. This is very important in highly automated production lines, and for suppliers of semifinished goods, ingredients and food systems. All of this helps to avoid complaints at the outset by improving quality and consistency of the products. The tests deliver reproducible results. All results can be shown and interpreted in a graph and documentation of all results is easy. Proper documentation of product quality simplifies negotiations between suppliers, processors and customers. Fig. 2: You can test all types of foodstuffs with Zwick Roell testing tools Why and where texture analysis is made? Product research & development Evaluation of the quality and processing characteristics of raw foodstuffs. Creation of foodstuffs with a desired texture: Testing of different receipts and ingredients and their influence on the foodstuff during the production process. Product comparisons: New or alternative ingredients can be compared with existing ingredients for improvements. Producers own products can be compared with competitor s products (Benchmarking). Determination of influence of packaging on the foodstuffs for a good choice of packaging. Quality control purposes Goods receipt: Tolerances can be defined to ingredient suppliers and incoming batches can be checked. In this way, batch to batch variations or trends in quality from a partcular supplier can easily be monitored. Before and during production: Characterisation of structural changes during the production process and determination of the influence of process variations such as temperature, humidity and cooking or baking time. Quality control during production or of finished products to ensure a constant quality. Transport/Storage: The determination of stacking ability, strength and shelf life allow transport and storage influences to be assessed. Freshness at POS (point of sale) and storage time at consumer s home. Are the products characteristics guaranteed at the end of the minimum durability? Fig. 1: Simple analysis and documentation with test software testxpert II 4

5 1.2 How to carry out instrumental texture analysis The inhomogenity of a product is very difficult in instrumental texture analysis and leads to large differences in the test results. For dependable and interpretable test results, you need suitable test methods and a careful specimen preparation. Identical specimens give identical starting points so that the real characteristics of a product can be determined, and not the characteristics of an individual specimen. direction of the specimen extraction when the testing subject has a composition direction such as the fibers in meat (anisotropy). c) Specimen cut/form Unclear edges may be caused by cutting tools which are not sharp. This increases the inhomogenity of a specimen and can therefore influence the test, e.g. the breakage of noodles or lasagna dough. In addition, parallel cuts are important for homogenious stress distribution during the test (please see Fig. 2) Identical specimens are not possible with food products because of the inhomogenity. However, with a couple of basic rules you can create a relative consistent starting point. Even stress distribution Uneven stress distribution a) Specimen size Select the specimen with 5 to 10 times the medium composition size. A cheese cube with large macro composition (holes), should be a minimum of 5 times larger than the largest hole. 10 times larger would be better. If suitable specimen sizes cannot be made, one of the following is recommended: a larger number of tests in order to even out the outliers, or make smaller specimens without composition variances, although then the basic material will be tested and not the total product with its typical characteristics. b) Extraction location/direction The specimen extraction should always be at the same place, e.g. with cheese, always at the same distance from the rind. In addition, attention should be paid to the A B C D A: Specimen size too small since the relation to the size of the holes is too small. Furthermore the specimen has not been cut at a right angle. This leads to misinterpretations at the start of the test since the upper compression plate does not lie fully on the surface of the specimen. B: Sufficient specimen size, clean cut edges C: The large surface compression plates do not cover the specimen surface completely, therefore D is recommended D: Set-up with a penetration die of small diameter Fig. 1: Specimen size and interaction with the testing tool Fig. 2: Stress distribution on a specimen d) Specimen loading The loading should be applied to the specimen so that only the desired influences go into the test results. This is best explained with the test on apples (see Fig. 3). The apple does not have a solid support surface. During the penetration test the deformation of the entire apple will be measured Fig. 3: Application of force to the specimen The apple has a solid, large support surface. Here, only the deformation caused by the penetration will be measured e) Interaction between testing tool and specimen Tools and specimen must fit each other. Example: compression test on cheese. If the surface of the cheese cube cannot be made level so that a full surface, even loading of the compression plate is possible, then a penetration test with a small die is suitable. However, it is important to note that this changed test method creates other forces on the specimen. In this case shear forces are applied in addition to compression forces (see Fig. 1 D). The specimen size must also fit to the testing tool; In a compression test, the specimen cannot extend beyond the edge of the compression plate because shear forces would be created. However during a penetration test, deformations may not occur on the specimen edges since the forces and resistance within the material should be measured. 5

6 1.3 Test software testxpert II: Test sequence and results Cyclic tests simulate chewing (fig. 1). In the first compression phase the specimen is loaded up to a preselected strain. The specimen is released in the following tensile phase. Force Time The energy under the force travel curve is split through the maximum force into two parts (see fig. 2). The second cycle runs in the same manner. The number of cycles depends on the specimen: two or more cycles are possible, in some cases only the first compression phase is required. Gradients, forces, travel and energy values are recorded during the test, and are linked to one another and are assigned to sensory Compression Tensile Compression Tensile phase 1 phase 1 phase 2 phase 2 Fig. 1: Principle sequence of a cyclic test (2x mastication) / procedure of instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA) properties. Fig. 2 shows these results in a force travel curve. F 13 Force First cycle s 1 Portions of work in partial ranges of the test Force Second cycle s 2 F 14 F 11 F 23 F 12 F 24 E 11 E 12 E 21 E 22 F V - F V E 14 E 13 Extension or travel F V - F V E 23 E 24 Extension or travel F 15 F 25 F v = Pre-load S 16 S 11 S 12 S 15 S 13 S 14 S 20 S 26 S 25 S 23 S 24 Test result Description s i (s 1, s 2 ) Modulus, degree of maturity i = Index (no. of cycle) F 11 Fracturability F 11 - F 12 Brittleness F 13 Hardness S 13 Indentation ΔF i4 Relaxation at point of load change (only when holding time at this point is defined) F 15 Cohesion strength, adhesive force E 13 + E 14 Adhesiveness Springiness (S 23 -S 20 ) / (S 13 ) Gumminess F 13 * (E 21 + E 22 ) / (E 11 + E 12 ) Chewiness F 13 * (E 21 + E 22 ) / (E 11 + E 12 ) * (S 23 -S 20 ) / (S 13 ) Cohesiveness (E 21 + E 22 ) / (E 11 + E 12 ) Fig. 2: Selected test results from the testxpert II Standard Test Programm for texture analysis 6

7 testxpert II Standard Test Program for texture analysis This testxpert II test program is arranged analogical to the procedure of instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA). The chart on the previous page shows selected results being recorded during the test sequence. We displayed the two cycles next to each other to provide a clear overview. The Standard Test Program offers various results of course including the essential characteristics for texture analysis. By activating only the required results you receive a clearly arranged result table. With the option result editor you can create your own results if desired. Determination of the crispness with testxpert II Another test procedure is recommended for the determination of the crispness of cereals, potato chips, peanut snacks or other extrudates with the Kramer shear cell. There is no standard definition for crispness. One approch whereby the crispness can be determined, is to measure the breaking tendency of a material. Every break, that means, every snap in a testing material means that energy has been released. These releases of energy are easily seen by the so-called peaks in the curve. The number of these peaks can be a significant value for the crispness. In order to achieve dependable values, a data transfer rate of 500 Hz is absolutely necessary. Fig. 1: Usually texture samples are very inhomogeneous and give very strongly scattered single curves. Anyhow you can clearly identify the characteristics of different batches or types. Fig. 3: Crispness determination via peaks testxpert II Test Programs for texture analysis Standard Test Program for texture tests on food (Type xct054_14): This test program includes all results for tests as described on the previous page Standard Test Program for evaluating the properties of dough (Type xte051_47): This test program has been developed especially for the dough tensile test rig For the determination of crispness with the Kramer Shear cell we recommend the Master Test Program for tear growth tests as described above Fig. 2: This curve shows clearly the procedure in the specimen during the test On request we offer Customized Test Programs that are especially developed for your application. 7

8 1.4 Selected examples for foodstuffs and possible test methods Foodstuff Test method Determined characteristics Bread and baked goods Bread, cake Cyclic compression or penetration test Firmness, Gumminess, Springiness Bread slices AACC 74-09: Penetration test with cylindrical die Firmness, Hardness Pastry, cookies, waffles Warner-Bratzler shear test Firmness, Bite Characteristic 3-point flexure test Hardness, Fracturability, Brittleness Dough Dough tensile test Extensibility, Elasticity, Stickiness Penetration test with ball die Softness, Stickiness, Cohesiveness Snacks Peanut flips, chips, Shear test with Kramer shear cell Crispiness, Firmness, Bite Characteristic croutons, cereals Compression test on single specimens Crispiness, Firmness Extrusion test with OTMS cell (rod blades) Firmness, Extrusion Work Pretzel sticks 3-point flexure test Fracturability, Brittleness Noodle and Rice Products Cooked spaghetti Warner-Bratzler shear test Firmness, Bite Characteristic Cooked spaghetti / rice Compression test, also cyclic test Firmness, Stickiness Raw noodle products 3-point flexure test Flexure strength, Breaking Strength Sweets Chewing gum dragée, Compression test, also cyclic test Gumminess, Firmness Chewable hard candy Warner-Bratzler shear test Firmness, Bite Characteristic Chewing gum Tensile test with dough tensile test rig Extensibility, Elasticity, Stickiness Chocolate bar Warner-Bratzler shear test Firmness, Bite Characteristic 3-point flexure test Flexure strength, Breaking Strength Milk Products Butter, Margarine Cutting test with the butter-cutter Firmness, Cutting Strength Penetration test, also cyclic test Firmness, Spreadability, Hardness Multiple back extrusion test Work softening, Remaining Hardness Creame cheese, parfait Penetration test, also cyclic test Spreadability, Hardness, Stickiness Hard cheese Compression or penetration test, also cyclic test Firmness, Hardness Warner-Bratzler shear test Cutting Strength, Bite Characteristic Fruit, Vegetables, Vegetable products Uncooked fruit / vegetable Penetration test Degree of Ripeness, Skin Strength Compression or penetration test Firmness, Hardness Warner-Bratzler shear test Firmness, Bite Characteristic Peas, beans, corn Compression test on single specimens Firmness Extrusion test with OTMS cell Firmness, Consistency, Extrusion Work Shear test with Kramer shear cell Firmness, Bite Characteristic Potatoe salad, mashed potatoes Extrusion test with OTMS cell (perforations) Firmness, Consistency, Extrusion Work Sausage, meat and fish products Pasties, minced meat Extrusion test with OTMS cell Toughness, Tenderness, Extrusion Work Uncooked meat, fish, Shear test with Kramer shear cell Shear strength, Toughness, Tenderness, seafood Bite Characteristic Frankfurters Warner-Bratzler shear test Crunchiness, Cutting Strength, Bite Characteristic Sausage Compression or penetration test, also cyclic test Firmness, Hardness (1 American Association of Cereal Chemists 8

9 1.5 Zwick Roell tools and fixtures Kramer Shear Cell The Kramer shear cell simulates a single bite on foodstuffs and provides information about bite characteristic, crispness and firmness. It is used for meat and fish products, small sized fruit and vegetables as well as for cereals and snacks like potato chips. The 5 or 10 shear blades drive at a constant speed through the specimen material, compressing, shearing and extruding it through the slotted base. The test is made on a defined sample quantity. The multiple blades provide a measurement on several positions at the same time thus local texture deviations are compensated for with this method. Warner-Bratzler Shear Device In the Warner Bratzler test a blade cuts through a specimen. The shear behavior gives information about the toughness and tenderness of meat and fish products, the crunchiness of sausages as well as the bite characteristic of cakes and pastries. The straight blade is mainly used for rectangular specimens and the notched blade for round specimens like sausages. Because of the good reproducibility of the results, this test is widely used. OTMS cell The OTMS cell (Ottawa Texture Measuring System) determines the firmness of products by compression and extrusion. This shows characteristics like ripeness, tenderness, crispness or extrusion work on a defined sample quantity. This method is suited for products which are easy to extrude such as canned vegetables, cream cheese and pastries. But also for extrudates and cereals it can be used. Various extrusion plates and reduction inserts for the reduction of the volume enable an adaption for different specimen materials. The measurement of pure compression forces is possible with the use of the sealing plate. 9

10 Dough tensile test rig The dough tensile test is a micro-scale tensile test: Only a small volume of flour or dough is sufficient. The test determines the processing characteristics, extensibility, elasticity and stickiness of dough and glutens. This is useful for the comparison of different flours and baking ingredients as well as for the determination of their influence on the baked good. Various recipes, processing types and times, as well as additives can be improved in order to have the optimal end product. Alternatively the rig can be used for the determination of the elastic characteristics of chewing gum. 3-point flexure test kit In a 3-point flexure test the specimen lies on two anvils and is centrally loaded with an upper anvil. The span is adaptable to the specimen. This test is particularly suitable for brittle products, additionaly with same specimen sizes by production. For example waffles, cookies, chocolate bars or also noodle products are suited. Flexure strength and breaking strength, fracturability and brittleness enable conclusions to be drawn for different recipes. Furthermore you can analyse the influence of moisture, baking time and temperature as well as packing and storage to the products characteristics. Multiple Back Extrusion Cell Several working processes gradually break down the fat crystal network of fats like butter and margarine.this change of material is measured by the work softening or the remaining hardness. The back extrusion die with multiple holes extrudes the fat in several cycles. The test determines the remaining hardness after a defined number of cycles or the number of cycles that is required to reach a defined remaining hardness. With a slightly modified test procedure the rig is also used for ice cream, fresh cheese or cooked pasta. 10

11 Penetration dies These dies are used mostly for penetrations tests to determine the hardness of foodstuffs. These tests are widely used and find their application with many foodstuffs. Fundamental is the choice of the appropriate die: Cylindrical dies apply compressive stress by the surface and shear stressing by the edges and the outer surface area of the die. Whereas ball dies start with vertical forces. During the test more and more horizontal forces are added. Zwick Roell offers penetration dies with various shapes, sizes and materials, also completely to your requirements. Special dies for tests to Standard: Bread firmness to AACC, gel strength (Bloom) For the determination of the bread firmness according to AACC a cylindrical die compresses defined bread slices up to 40% in two cycles. At a compression of 25% the CFV (Compression force value) is determined. The gel strength according to Bloom (GME Monograph 2005, ISO 9665) is measured by many gelatin producers and fabricators. The gel strength in grams Bloom is the mass necessary to impress a cylindrical die 4 mm into the gel at constant speed. The method includes a comprehensive specimen preparation in special Bloom jars. Puncture needle The penetration test, also called puncture test or force penetration, is used frequently to test the degree of ripeness of fruits and vegetables as well as of the skin strength. The puncture needle is pushed into the specimen to a certain depth. Depending on the skin and the consistency of the pulp distinctive curves arise. Butter cutter This test tool is used for the determination of butter firmness according to ISO In this test a stainless steel wire cuts through a defined cube of butter. This test is very dependant on temperature and is performed to a Standard method in a temperated water bath. The butter cutter is also used for the determination of the cutting strength of cheese, eggs, vegetables and fruit. 11

12 Compression dies In a compression test the specimen is smaller than the compression die. Also under compression the specimen should not extend over the edges of the die. The compression test is made on brittle specimens such as candies or coffee beans to determine the brittleness, freshness and firmness, or on fruits also to determine the stacking behaviour. The test is carried out as a cyclic procedure on elastic specimens such as bread, cake, cheese, fish and marshmallows: The specimen is compressed twice to a certain degree and decompressed. The compression and recovery behavior shows firmness, stickiness, degree of ripeness and visco-elastic properties. Hardness test on sausage products and fish Zwick Roell has developed a range of hardness testers for fish, sausage and luncheon meat. A compression cylinder with a large surface area is used as penetrator to measure the hardness of sausage or the freshness of fish and obtain comparable quality control data. Customized test tools & fixtures You have a product with singular properties and want to choose the most suitable test method? This requires a unique test tool or fixture. Zwick Roell develops and produces for you the most suitable tool for your product and your test method. And if required, you will receive a customized test program which is a special software for your exact test sequence and your test results. Temperature and climate chambers Foodstuffs change their characteristics depending on the humidity and environmental temperature. According to the sensitivity of the product it may be necessary to precondition the specimens or test under defined, constant temperature. Examples for this are the testing of ice cream at a storage temperature of -20 C, or the testing of pizza cheese at +80 C. Zwick Roell developed a temperature chamber especially for these applications that fits on the zwicki texture analyzer. Also separate temperature or climatic chambers according to your requirements can be offered. 12

13 2. Viscosity measurement Viscosity The term viscosity describes the flow characteristics of liquid systems. Two liquid layers, which slide one against the other generate a mechanical resistance against the movement (toughness, inner friction). This is called flow stress. If several layers are moved with different speeds, viscous forces are generated. These forces decelerate the layers with higher speed and accelerate the layers with lower speed. These phenomena follow physical laws and can be defined by equations, with regard to shear rate and shear forces. Viscosities are always dependent on temperature. Viscosity measurements are frequently performed to optimise the consistency of pasty materials or to optimise its viscosity for food processing lines. Yogurt with and without fruit pieces, sauces, mustard, tomato puree and oils are frequently tested products of the food industry. Medical gels, paint, emulsions, cremes and oils are examples for tested products in other industries. Fig. 2: Thanks to the simple interchanging of tools and fixtures the ProLine Z0.5 can also be used for viscosity tests The back extrusion rig - an alternative to rotation viscometers With the back extrusion rig Zwick Roell offers an alternative solution to rotation viscometers. The principle of the back extrusion rig is based on the displacement of the test material through an annular gap between piston and back extrusion cell. The cell is filled with the test substance and the piston is lowered into the container, pressing the material up through the annular gap. When the piston is raised, the material flows back through the annular gap into the cell. The force is measured in the down- and up-cycle at a defined position. The dynamic viscosity is evaluated, from the measured force difference and the flow rate of the liquid in the annular gap. Fig. 1: Zwick Roell back extrusion rig The Zwick Roell system can repeat this cycle as often as desired with freely adjustable shear rates. Thus the test can be optimally adapted to your test material, and with only one single test you can measure the viscosity across the entire shear range. 13

14 Advantages of tests with the back extrusion rig The viscosity can be determined directly in containers from the running production. This rules out prestressing of the material caused by transfilling. Flow influences which occur in the production plants can be reproduced by altering the annular gap and the moving speed. This method enables tests on materials with chunky pieces as fruit preparations and food systems: Fruit pieces or other bigger ingredients are not pushed aside and thus are measured together with the yogurt or the fluid. Individual selection of the number of test cycles and the possibility of increasing the shear rate for each of these cycles enables recording of the viscosities over the entire shear rate in just one test. The test results on Newtonian fluids correlate with the results from measurements with rotation viscometers. For non-newtonian fluids reproducible, comparable test results are obtained, usually with more sensitive characteristics than those gained from rotation viscometers. Fig. 2: Viscosity measurement directly in the container The additional benefit: testxpert II test program especially developed for viscosity testing This special Standard Test Program includes a lot of extras especially for viscosity testing. Examples: automatic pre-conditioning, determination of cycle numbers and speed, selection of results etc. The test software is clearly arranged and enables comprehensive evaluation and presentation of data as well as graphical evaluation and reporting. Fig. 1: Only one test is required to determine and represent the viscosities over the entire shear rate Our application note viscosity testing provides more detailed information and is available on request. Always on the seventh day the yogurt shows a break of viscosity, caused by maturation processes. The results of the rotation viscometer have not been as clear. Fig. 3: Example for interpretation of viscosity tests on yogurt 14

15 3. Packaging testing 3.1 Requirements for packaging Originally, packaging served to protect a product or to make it transportable. Today it must fulfil many other requirements according to its type and its function. Examples for the use of packaging: Food stuffs, pleasure foods, drinks Cosmetics Medicines Chemicals Transport packagings (e.g. palettes, crates) Industry packagings (e.g. big bags, containers, barrels) Electronic instruments Consumer goods Packaging has a large influence on the quality of the contents, on the other hand it encourages the purchasing decisions of the consumers. Both targets together are big challenges for product development, especially the packaging of foodstuffs. For no other packaging product as much new and further development has been realized as for foodstuff packagings. Nanotechnology, convenience, bio-degradable packaging, intelligent and active systems are the catchwords. Intelligent systems, for example, show the condition of the packaged foodstuff and the local environment. Gas indicators detect when a certain gas concentration has been exceeded inside the package. Active systems help to extend the shelf-life, e.g. a sprayed plastic which absorbs ethylene or provides a filter effect against light and rays of the UV range. In addition, the desire for convenience grows constantly: the packaging should be easily manageable, easy to open and reseal, or directly heatable in the microwave without putting the food in another container. Easy opening and pressing out of contents is also important in the areas of cosmetics and medicines. Furthermore packaging for medical instruments must be hermetically sealed and withstand sterilisation processes. Since packaging is very different in shapes and materials, it requires especially developed, flexible testing units. For this reason, following you will see examples of testing units which will give you an idea of the testing possibilities which are available. Fig. 1: Different packagings for food Possible requirements on a packaging Production Quality of delivered raw material Good processible, high throughput possible Stability in production processes Temperature and pression resistance Printability, foldability Reusableness (e.g. pallets) Transport, product protection, shelf life Safe and resistant against damage Stackability Long shelf and storage life for the content Barrier characteristics Interaction between packaging and content Leak tightness Active / intelligent systems Freshness seal / tamper evident closures Marketing Appearance, haptics, weight Lower priced manufacturing with lower priced materials User friendlyness Easy to open and reclosable Convenience aspects Can be emptied easy & completely Requirements of elder people Free from harmful substances Recyclability, disposal 15

16 3.2 Zwick Roell tools and fixtures Constant materials testing is required to ensure that packaging materials achieve their optimum value. The most important mechanical tests on finished packaging are described on the following pages. Information for specific material testing of other materials can be seen in the industry brochures for plastics, metals, papers or textiles. Compression test on plastic beakers, buckets, boxes, containers, barrels and similar dimensionally stable packagings Compression tests have different purposes. Examples: Determination of stacking characteristics There are various methods for this type of test according to Standard and material. Individual or several packages are loaded until failure. This will indicate the maximum stacking height which can be used. For plastic yogurt pots, this test is also made with completely filled trays. Or a certain load may be applied for a pre-set length of time or until failure. Determination of inherent rigidity This test gives information for the process of packaging: The packaging has a certain load applied when it is closed (when the lid is put on), and it must withstand this closing process without any problems. Fatigue tests A hysteresis test is performed on a pail to see how often a certain load can be applied before it breaks. In practice this happens when palettes are loaded and unloaded. Not every loading and unloading cycle is shown. Only the 1st, 100th, 500th and 1000th cycles are displayed for monitoring. Customer specific test devices On the basis of customer specific requirements, we develop and produce various testing tools and fixtures on short notice, customised to your packaging product and test requirements in an optimum way. For examples rigs to determine the push-out force on blister packs, fixtures for special-shape containers or testing tools to test the pull-out force of wine corks. 16

17 90 - / 180 Peel tests This type of test is used to control the adhesive characteristics as adhesion and tear strength. There are a lot of peel and tear tests with the same principle. Some examples: EN 1719, EN 1939, FINAT test method no. 2, DIN 30646, DIN 55475, DIN The reason for the high number is, that different substrate materials and adhesives are used for many different applications. Test plates of glass or stainless steel with a standardised surface are used to compare the adhesion of the different materials. The tests determine the adhesive or adhesion strength: The force that is necessary to tear a strip of a tape constantly from a test plate or glass. The result is the force referred to the width of the tape. Also the tacking often is meaningful: This is ability to adhere to a surface, and to get a measurable tearing force. The adhesion on a substrate is achieved by touching or small contact without using a force. Tack loop test for testing the adhesive strength of adhesive tapes Tack is the initial adhesion. It is expressed as the tearing force of a loop material which has been brought into contact with the surface of a test plate. A strip coated on one side with adhesive is formed into a loop with the adhesive side outwards. With the testing machine the loop is brought in contact with a test plate. When a defined contact area is reached, the loop is pulled off. This test is described in Finat test method No

18 Peeling of covers or sealing materials (Peel Test). The ability to peel off dimensionally stable or inflexible packagings depends on material combinations, machine parameters as well as on sealed seam and tear-off geometries. A test of the peel forces with a special peel test kit can help to optimize these elements. The most important value is the cracking force but the regularity of the sealing is also significant. A benefit of the Zwick Roell peel test kit is the exact alignment of the delaminated area with the test axis: The packaging is tracked automatically by the sliding specimen table and this ensures a consistent and reproducible measurement of the load because the peeling angle of 90 is always guaranteed. Furthermore the kit enables a flexible adjustment to fit to different packaging shapes and heights. Opening of screw caps / torsion tests To open screw caps a torsion drive combined with a linear axis is used. This test determines tightening and release torques as well as the free movement of the screw cap considering the thread pitch. The complete testing process is controlled by a specially configured testxpert II Master Test Program. Zwick torsion drives can perform uni and multiaxial tests which combine tensile or compression tests with torsion. Thus barrier packagings, that require simultaneous pushing & twisting to open, can be easily tested. Tear test Standards ISO 34-1, ISO , EN and DIN relate to tear tests on plastic foils. The test simulates the behaviour of packaging foils when the package is opened. When opening a plastic bag, the initial force should be approximately as much as the tear growth force. If the maximum force at initial tearing is too high, the danger exists that the plastic bag will suddenly tear open completely and the contents will spill out. The ideal behaviour is not easy to adjust because the tear growth resistance (as well as the tensile strength) of stretched foils is very depending on the direction. 18

19 Sealed-seam strength The determination of the sealed-seam strength of sealings made of flexible packaging material is carried out according to DIN and other Standards. The test is a tensile test on a 15 mm wide strip with a pull-off angle of 180. The sealing must have a certain strength according to the use of the packaging material. Function tests on packagings Packaging is manifold and also its function and type of opening. Individual values must be determined since normally no Standards exist. Examples of such testing: Penetration of a straw in a composite carton for drinks Penetration of pre-perforated openings Opening forces of ring-pull cans Tearing off an opening flap, e.g. from lids Pulling out of carrying handles Opening and closing tests of snap closures Operating forces of pump bottles Pure materials testing Basic materials such as plastic, paper and metals have the most varied material tests performed on them mainly according to Standards. Some examples: Tensile test on plastic foils for the determination of the stress-strain-characteristic Determination of the coefficient of friction (COF) Penetration test on elastic packaging materials for the determination of the penetration resistance 4-Point flexure test for tests on single and multi-layer corrugated board For more detailed information about pure materials testing please request our industry brochures for the respective basic materials, plastics, metals, paper or textiles. 19

20 4. Texture analysers / packaging testing machines and components Testing machines made by Zwick Roell can be used for completely different applications because they utilise a flexible and very clever connection system for tools and fixtures. Saving valuable laboratory space the same testing machine can be used for texture analysis as well as packaging tests. In order to be able to offer the best testing machine for each requirement, there are three distinct versions (see table on the right). Using Zwick Roells unique software testxpert the user can fix the settings for the test arrangement. This includes: Grip to grip separation (essential to get repeatable test results) Software limits for crosshead travel Crosshead position (even after machine is switched off) Force and travel limits to protect grips and tooling zwicki-line Space-saving, single column testing machine for test loads up to 0.5/1/2.5/5 kn (50/100/250/500 kg) 3 different test area heights are available Modular system that can be used also for sophisticated test tasks Very stiff extruded aluminium profile load frame (patented by Zwick) Optional second test area 500 Hz Online test data transmission in combination with electronics testcontrol (for reliable tests of brittle specimens) ProLine Twin column testing machines for routine packaging tests Excellent value for money and two weeks delivery time when ordering a standardised package (ProLine Pur-Portfolio) Allround-Line Twin column testing machines for sophisticated test tasks Comprehensive configuration equipment: Connection of special sensors, multi-channel measurement, second test areas and many other options Table-top testing machines with extremely high bending stiffness due to the patented extruded aluminium load frames Fig.1: zwicki Z2.5 TH with optional second test area Fig.2: The perfect texture analyzer: zwicki-line Z0.5 TS 20

21 These settings are stored with the test procedure to allow operators to change configuration without needing to make manual adjustments. This is a major advantage when changing test types and tooling and provides a much safer working system compared to other systems currently on the market. Zwick Roell testing machines are without question the most accurate available today. The crosshead position system is very important for repeatable results and operator safety (see table on following page). All testing machines have robust, durable electromechanical industry standard drive systems. They provide the machines with further benefits: Extremely large, stepless, speed range Very low and very high speeds can be set regardless of the test load (from approx. 0.5 μm/min to > 3000 mm/min) Highly precise and exactly reproducible speeds and positioning without overshooting effects reduce variance in test results Xforce load cells Xforce load cells fulfill all five criteria of the accuracy grades as specified in the Standard over a very wide measurement range. For example a load cell type Xforce HP with 500 N capacity can be used from 500 N down to 1 N and still satisfies the requirements of ISO 7500: Class 1. In practise the typical linearity of load cells type Xforce HP and Xforce K is even more accurate than the Standard requires (relative accuracy <±0.25% from 0.4% of the capacity rsp. <±1 % from 0.1% of the capacity). This very wide measurement range often avoids the need for a second load cell, thereby saving the cost of a second load cell and subsequent annual calibration costs. All Xforce load cells are highly insensitivity to transverse forces, bending moments and torque moments. Furthermore the smart load cells have an unique electronic identity system: No daily calibration required Automatic identification of all settings and calibration data as well as the serial number which can be recorded or printed together with all test result data Load limits are read in automatically Before delivery Zwick Roell calibrates each load cell together with the machine, its drive system and the electronics as a complete system. This ensures that tests can be carried out to the highest possible accuracy from the first test after commissioning. Xforce load cells are only available from Zwick Roell. Fig.1: The Allround-Line provides manifold possibilities for superior and complex test tasks Fig. 2: For standard tests on packagings a cost-efficient solution: Twin column ProLine testing machines 21

22 Overview of testing machines For the applications in texture analysis, viscosity measurment and packaging testing test loads under 20 kn are most common. Therefore we listed in the following overview only testing machines within this range. In addition we sell testing machines for loads up to 2,000 kn as standard. We will be glad to send you information on request. Single column testing machines - perfect for texture analysis Type zwicki-line Z0.5 TS/TN/TH Z1.0 TS/TN/TH Z2.5 TS/TN/TH Z5.0 TN Max. test load 0.5 kn, 50 kg 1 kn, 100 kg 2.5 kn, 250 kg 5 kn, 500 kg Max. height of test area 570/1070/1370 mm 570/1070/1370 mm 570/1070/1370 mm 1030 mm Test area depth, approx. 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm Crosshead resolution mm mm mm mm Positioning, repetition accuracy ± 2 μm ± 2 μm ± 2 μm ±2 μm Number of test areas 1 / optionally 2 1 / optionally 2 1 / optionally 2 1 / optionally 2 Crosshead speed mm/min ( mm/min 1000 mm/min 600 mm/min Accuracy of the set speed ( % 0.02 % 0.01 % 0.02 % Weight approx. 57/66/71 kg 57/66/71 kg 57/66/71 kg 70 kg Twin column testing machines - for higher loads Type ProLine Allround-Line Z005 Z010 Z020 Z005 Z010 Z020 Max. test load 5 kn 10 kn 20 kn 5 kn 10 kn 20 kn 500 kg 1000 kg 2000 kg 500 kg 1000 kg 2000 kg Max. height of test area 570/1070 mm1050 mm 1050 mm 1045/1445/1795 or 1025/1425/1785 mm Test area depth, approx. 440 mm 440 mm 440 mm 440 or 640 mm Crosshead resolution μm μm μm μm μm μm Positioning, repetition accuracy ± 2 μm ± 2 μm ± 2 μm ± 2μm Number of test areas / optionally 2 Crosshead speed mm/min 1000 mm/min 500 mm/min 3000 mm/min 2000 mm/min 1000 mm/min Accuracy of the set speed 0.05 % ( % (1 Weight approx. 95/110 kg 135 kg 135 kg between 150 and 250 kg (1 Measured over a crosshead travel of at least 1 mm from the maximum speed down to a minimum of 0.5 mm/min and under test loads up to the load frame capacity. For requirements beyond this specification please consult Zwick Roell (2 Up to 2000 mm/min as standard, optionally up to 3000 mm/min Load cells (extract) We offer load cells with max. test loads from 5 N in several load steps, e.g. 10 / 20 / 50 / 100 / 200 / 500 N etc. Examples for accuracy and resolution of the load cells (in combination with electronics testcontrol): Max. capacity 5 N / 500 g 100 N / 10 kg 500 N / 50 kg 2.5 kn / 250 kg Accuracy grade 1 from 0.02 N / 2 g from 0.4 N / 40 g from 1 N / 100 g from 5 N / 500 g Resolution better than N / g N / 0.02 g N / 0.1 g N / 0.5 g Electronics testcontrol Measurement and control electronics testcontrol Internal recording rate 500 Hz/pps Data transmission rate to PC 100 Hz/pps, 500 Hz/pps optionally (3 Data sampling rate 320,000 Hz/pps Electronic Interfaces: Standard PC interface (RS 232), USB optional (3 Option 500 Hz online test data transmission is recommended in texture analysis for brittle / short breaking products 22

23 Test software testxpert Zwick Roell has set the standard with testxpert and testxpert II for intelligent materials testing software. You benefit from over 80 years of testing experience and from over 15,000 successful installations worldwide. By its modular design we offer a specific testing solution to meet your requirements. Additional testing capabilities can be added as needed. testxpert II is organized so that you can operate it intuitively. Expressive symbols and a clear menu structure enable users to become quickly oriented and reduce the familiarization period to the minimum. Intelligent assistants help you set up or change test procedures and test reports. You can install testxpert II on all commercially available PCs and laptops without the need for an additional connection card. Moreover, you can install testxpert II on as many computers in your company as you like, and thus have access to your data from various places. Test programs can be prepared on PCs without connection to a test machine, or test series can be called up later and further evaluated. Useful options (Selection) Language swapping: All you need to do is make a few mouse clicks in order to change the language online. This offers international teams not only languageneutral operation of their testing machine but also considerably simplified communication. Fig. 2: testxpert II offers for each application Standard Test Programs that already include the particular test sequence, test results and other settings LIMS integrated Laboratory Information Management System: A powerful database is available to administer your test results in order to create and archive long-term statistics and reports. All data acquired are available from any testing system in your company. Result Editor: If you want additional results to analyze your specimen, this Editor offers you intelligent wizards to create these in no time at all. Export Editor: You want to export your results through ODBC in a variety of databases? (ODBC = Open database connection - used for transfering data between many different commercial systems) Or you wish to save them as ASCII format? With this function you can manage all that very easily with a click of the mouse. The same is true for transmitting complete test reports in Word, converting to PDFs, or automatic transmission by ... Fig 1: testxpert II provides a quick and good overview over all test results. During the test you can watch the curve online on the display Expanded traceability according to FDA 21 CFR Part 11: This function offers all the tools needed - together with organizational procedures - to comply with the requirements demanded by FDA 21 CFR part 11. This option records all activities before during and after the test, in order to make your results traceable and to protect against manipulation. 23

24 Zwick Roell AG August-Nagel-Straße Ulm Germany Phone Fax Zwick GmbH & Co. KG August-Nagel-Straße Ulm Germany Phone Fax Toni Technik Baustoffprüfsysteme GmbH Gustav-Meyer-Allee Berlin Germany Phone /23 Fax Indentec Hardness Testing Machines Ltd. Lye Valley Industrial Estate, Bromley Street Lye, Stourbridge West Midlands DY9 8HX Great Britain Phone Fax Acmel Labo 10/12 rue de l Orme Saint Germain Champlan France Phone Fax info@acmel.fr Zwick Asia Pte Ltd. 25 International Business Park #04-17 German Centre Singapore Phone Fax info@zwick.com.sg Zwick USA 1620 Cobb International Boulevard Suite #1 Kennesaw, GA USA Phone Fax info@zwickusa.com Zwick Testing Machines Ltd. Southern Avenue Leominster, Herefordshire HR6 OQH Great Britain Phone Fax sales.info@zwick.co.uk Zwick France S.a.r.l. B.P F Roissy CDG Cedex France Phone Fax info@zwick.fr We reserve the right to make changes. All information describes our products in a general way. They do not represent a guarantee of characteristics as meant by 459, par. 2, BGB (Federal German Law) and therefore give no reason for liability.

25 Testing Systems Testing Machines and Systems for Textile Materials FP Intelligent Testing

26 This catalog provides an overview of devices, machines, and systems of the Zwick Roell AG for the use in the textile industry and in the corresponding research and test institutes and training centers. This is only a part of the extensive overall program of the Zwick Roell AG. List of contents Textile materials... 4 Yarns, Threads, Twines... 6 Textile Fabrics... 9 Coated Fabrics... 9 Geotextiles... 9 Tapes, Belts, Rope, Cordage... 9 Thermal Insulation Material Materials Testing Machines zwicki-line, ProLine and Allround-Line at a glance ProLine Load Frames and Drives zwicki-line Load Frames and Drives Allround-Line Load Frames and Drives Load cells testxpert II Specimen grips Extensometer Temperature and climatic chambers Special testing machines and systems Zwick Services

27 The Zwick Roell AG More than a century of experience in materials testing Mechanical-technological testing is one of the oldest disciplines of materials testing. As early as in the 15 th and 16 th century, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei were already considering the flexural stressing and the elastic behaviour of materials. In the course of time further knowledge was obtained. In the middle of the 18 th century the first testing machines finally appeared in France. Since 1920 the company Roell & Korthaus has been involved in the materials testing business. In 1937 Zwick built it first testing machines and systems for mechanical testing of materials. Many years prior to that in 1876, a Professor Seger had already founded a chemical laboratory as part of a scientific technological consulting company for nonmetallic materials. During the 20 th century, the present company called Toni Technik has evolved from these origins and is now considered a leading expert in test systems for building materials. Another predecessor of the Zwick Roell is a company MFL (Mohr & Federhaff) a company that was founded in Interestingly enough Carl Benz (of Mercedes Benz fame) was one of their employees. The headquarter of the Zwick Roell AG and the Zwick GmbH & Co. KG at Ulm, Germany Since 1992, these companies have formed the Zwick/Roell company group. In July 2001, this company group was converted into a stock corporation: the Zwick Roell AG. Part of this stock corporation are the companies Zwick, Toni Technik, Indentec Ltd., and since may 2002 Acmel Labo. These companies supply an extensive program for materials, component, and functional tests from the manually operated hardness tester up to a complex test system for the processaccompanying application. Zwick has many years of experience, combined with a multitude of supplied systems. This experience is continuously supplemented by the constant communication with the users. On this solid basis, the company supplies a wide range of highperformance products from the economical standard machine up to special versions and designs for special test jobs. Modern mechanics, high-performance electronics and the application-oriented software are the prerequisite for the versatility and the high intelligence of these modern testing machines and systems. However, the services of the Zwick Roell AG go far beyond the supply of products. Already in 1994 the company received the certification according to DIN EN ISO 9001 and thus guarantees a consistently high product and service quality. With accredited calibration laboratories, the companies of the Zwick Roell AG are in addition entitled to verify and to calibrate test systems and to document that with internationally recognized certificates. 3

28 Textile materials application range and characteristic features Textiles have been accompanying man since thousands of years. Already in 5000 B.C. cloths were woven in Egypt. For this purpose the people used natural raw materials such as cotton, flax fibres, animal hair and silk threads. The people used them as garments and as protection from the cold. As textiles for the home, they made living and work rooms look nicer. Modern textiles, however, are hightech products that do not have very much in common any more with these basic functions. In specific material compositions they offer qualities we did not dare dreaming of a few decades ago. Here are a few examples: As garments they can be waterproof, impermeable and breathable at the same time, they can have warmthgiving- and warmth-regulating and recovering qualities (so that e.g. a crease stays unharmed even after washing and dry-cleaning) or they can have tearproof qualities. Even medical substances can be absorbed by skin through particularly treated textiles a method that has been developed by German scientists. Skin caring and skin regenerating substances to treat sun burn or neurodermitis can for example be applied broadly with the garments without restricting the freedom of movement after all, you are wearing clothes all day long. As safety clothing they protect the wearer against heat and flames, dangerous tools as for example chain saws and even against shots from small arms. In conveyor belts and tires they are used as reinforcement. As climbing ropes they are light and have high strength, at the same time they are elastic to control the energy of fall. In form of safety belts they should only show a permanent deformation to avoid injuries caused by an elastic resilience. For kites, paragliders, and parachutes they must have a minimum weight and they must at the same time be extremely light and wind-tight. For ship ropes, the light and water-repellent, floatable version is required. An example of the variety of different requirements are geotextiles which are used for many jobs in road and railway construction as well as for bank stabilization and coastal fortifications. Essential functions here consist of The separation of different material layers such sand and gravels The taking up of forces that cannot be transmitted to other elements The filtration and drainage whenever those geotextiles are used instead of mineral filters. Cloth test, stone relief from Hirzweiler, 2nd/3rd century AD, Trier, Rheinisches Landesmuseum (museum at Trier, Germany) 4

29 As different as the fields of application are also the demands on the long-term behavior of textiles. If they are for example used for permanent wear they must be unrottable and without nutritional value for insects, rodents etc. If it is however only a question of a temporarily limited soil stabilization for cultivation, they should have a longer rotting time as soon as the roots of the plants have taken over the stabilization job. According to the application in question, textiles must have specific properties. Part of this are their resistance to different materials, radiations, temperature influences, and other environmental conditions as well as their mechanical resistance. The multitude of applications and the high demands on these textiles require particularly in the field of research and development sophisticated testing possibilities. With a large range of testing machines, modern test software and a large range of accessories the Zwick/Roell Group offers a variety of possibilities for a specific, high-precision testing of these geotextiles with exactly reproducible results. Materials testing machine for the testing of textile materials 5

30 Textile Materials, Examples Fibers Yarns and Threads Yarns and Rovings Non-wovens Fabric Coated Fabric and Textiles Geotextiles Tapes and Belts Ropes and Cordage Material for Safety Belts 6

31 Application Graph in testxpert Test Arrangement Yarns, Threads, Twines Standard: ISO 2062 Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Aramid Yarn Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Pneumatic Grips Test Speed: 500 mm/min testxpert II: B Standard: ISO 2062 Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Sewing Yarn Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Screw Grips Test Speed: 500 mm/min testxpert II: B Standard: DIN Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Elastomeric Yarn Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Spring loaded grips Test Speed: 500 mm/min testxpert II: B xx Standard: ISO 2062 Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Double Thread Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Pneumatic Grips Test Speed: 500 mm/min testxpert II: B

32 Application Graph in testxpert Test Arrangement Standard: EN ISO 2062 Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Multifilament Yarn Extensometer: Optical extensometer Grips: Rope Grips Test Speed: 500 mm/min testxpert II: B Textile Fabrics Standard: ISO Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Airbag Fabric Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Pneumatic Grips Test Speed: 100 mm/min testxpert II: B Standard: Marks & Spencer, P12 Type of Test: Seam Slippage Resistance Material: Garment Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Screw Grips Test Speed: 100 mm/min testxpert II: B Standard: ISO Type of Test: Single Tear Method Material: Airbag Fabric Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Pneumatic Grips Test Speed: 100 mm/min testxpert II: B

33 Application Graph in testxpert Test Arrangement Coated Fabrics Standard: ISO 3303 Method A Type of Test: Bursting Strength Material: Coated Fabric Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Ball Burst Device Test Speed: 300 mm/min testxpert II: B xx Geotextiles Standard: ISO Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Geotextile Extensometer: Optical Extensometer Grips: Hydraulic Grips Test Speed: 20% of L 0 /min testxpert II: B Standard: ISO Type of Test: Static Puncture Test Material: Geo-non-woven Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Static Puncture Test Device Test Speed: 50 mm/min testxpert II: B Tapes, Belts, Rope, Cordage Standard: EN Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Belt Seal Extensometer: Optical Extensometer Grips: Roller Grips Test Speed: 500 mm/min testxpert II: B xx 9

34 Application Graph in testxpert Test Arrangement Tapes, Belts, Rope, Cordage Standard: ISO 2307 Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Fiber Rope Extensometer: Optical Extensometer Grips: Rope Grips Test Speed: 500 mm/min testxpert II: B xx Standard: ISO Type of Test: Tensile Test Material: Conveyor Belt Extensometer: Makro Extensometer Grips: Hydraulic Grips Test Speed: 100 mm/min testxpert II: B xx Standard: EN ISO Type of Test: Tensile / adhesive strength Material: Conveyor Belt Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Pincer Grips Test Speed: 100 mm/min testxpert II: B xx Thermal Insulation Material Standard: EN 826 Type of Test: Compression Test Material: Mineral wool Extensometer: Crosshead travel encoder Grips: Compression Plates Test Speed: 10% of d/min testxpert II: B

35 Materials Testing Machines Field of application Zwick materials testing machines are not only used for tensile tests on fibres, tapes, ropes, fabrics etc. or for compression tests on floor coverings or insulating materials, but also for tests on textile fastening systems as e.g. zip-fasteners and similar tests. Basic concept The Zwick program includes universal testing machines as table-top and floor standing designs with different measurement- and control systems, load frames, drives and versatile function and supplementary units. In order to be able to offer the best machine for each requirement, the comprehensive product range includes three machine versions for static materials testing, each of them offering different equipment, performance and expansion capabilities: The zwicki-line consists of topquality space-saving testing machines. These simple-to-use and easy-to-transport single column machines have been designed for test forces to a maximum of 2.5 kn. The ProLine is particularly suitable for functional tests on component parts as well as for standard ma-terials tests. A broad range of standard accessories provides for comprehensive testing capability at a reasonable price. The Allround Line is the basis for a large range of demanding testing. It can easily be expanded in the future as the requirements also grow. Zwick ProLine testing machine Measurement and control system The fundamental component for the testing machines is the measurement and control system. Its design and scope of capabilities determine which drive system it regulates, which measurement system it is connected to and which functions can be controlled. The testcontrol controller offers maximum technical performance and long range return of investment through the use of the most current technologies and highest quality standards. Notable characteristics of the electronics are among other things: Chronologically-synchronized test data recording with high resolution and measurement frequency. 500 Hz real-time processing of the test data for monitoring and event oriented control of the test sequence and for safety limits. (e.g. speed change upon reaching the yield or proof stress limit) Adaptive control for exactly reproducible speeds and positions. testcontrol and hence the testing machine, is operated by using a PC and the test software testxpert II. The system is therefore simple to configure and upgradeable for the mose diverse applications as well as extremely flexible and easy to operate. The optional stand-alone variation offers simple, direct operation of the testing machine using a colour display, a key pad and a few, intuitively obvious function keys. A printer can be connected directly to output the test results. Zwick ProLine table-top testing machine 11

36 Load frames Different load frame versions for test loads up to 2000 kn are available as standard. For special applications special versions can be developed and manufactured, e.g. load frames in horizontal position suitable for the testing of long ropes. Table-top testing machines, zwicki-line These single column load frames are designed with very-rigid aluminium high-precision extruded profiles. The working area is freely accessible from 3 sides. It only requires limited space and fits on most laboratory tables. Due to its low weight, it is easy to transport. Table-top testing machines, ProLine The load frames of the ProLine are designed with 2 round steel columns ensuring exact guidance of the moving crosshead. The integrated protection of lead screws and guide columns allow reliable testing even for very brittle materials. A single column version is available within the ProLine range for testing at forces of up to 500 N. Table-top and floor standing models, Allround-Line The table-top version is constructed using two aluminium, high-precision extruded profiles (patented design). They are light, very rigid and serve simultaneously as lead-screw guides and protection. T-shaped grooves on the outer sides allow a simple fitting of accessories as e.g. safety devices without being impeded by the crosshead. All load frames with two columns can be equipped with legs to position the working area at an optimum height for the operator. This allows a comfortable seated operation with absolute freedom for leg movement thus making the testing system suit zwicki-line Load Frames and Drives. The high precission of the floor testing machines results from their hard chrome-plated guide columns and precision ball lead screws with play-free pre-stressed nuts. The testing machines can be equipped in different ways. For example, there is a choice of how the crossheads can be mounted, i.e. as upper or lower crossheads, thus resulting in a lower, or an upper or upper and lower test areas. An optional second test area can be setup for all load frames with electro-mechanical drives. Thus enabling rapid switching between two types of test without any tedious reequipping. Zwick zwicki-line testing machine Zwick Allround-Line table-top machine Zwick Alround-Line testing machine 12

37 zwicki-line, ProLine and Allround-Line at a glance Machine Components/Function Zwicki-Line ProLine Allround-Line Load Frames Type Table-top testing machine (nominal load) 1...2,5 kn 0, kn kn Floor testing machine (nominal load) kn Support and guide columns Number of round columns or 4 (Z005 bis Z100) (floor testing machines) Number of aluminium profile columns 1 1 (Z0.5) 2 (table-toop testing machines) Number test areas 1, optional 2 1 1, optional 2 Drive system Elektromechanical Number of ball screws 1 1 or 2 2 DC-Motor Yes up to Z050 - AC-Motor - from Z050 up to Z600 (with testcontrol) Measurement and Control Electronics testcontrol Yes Yes (from Z050) Yes Standard electronics Yes Yes (up to Z050) - Software (Option) Testing software testxpert - Yes Yes Yes Standard test programs Testing software testxpert - Yes - Yes Master test programs ProLine Load Frames and Drives Serie Z0.5 Z005 Z010 Z020 Z030 Z050 1) Z100 Max. test load [kn] Work space height * shortened [mm] * normal [mm] * increased [mm] Work space width [mm] Work space depth [mm] 100 Max. crosshead speed [mm/min] /600 1) 300 Crosshead travel resolution [µm] / ) Max. power consumption, kva /3 1) 3 1) This testing machine is available in two electronics variations. The first value is for the standard electronics, the second testcontrol. 13

38 zwicki-line Load Frames and Drives Series Z1.0 Z2.5 Max. test load [kn] Work space height * shortened [mm] * normal [mm] * increased [mm] Work space width [mm] Work space depth [mm] Max. crosshead speed [mm/min] Crosshead travel resolution [µm] Max. power consumption, kva Allround-Line Load Frames and Drives Table-top Testing Machines Series Z005 Z010 Z020 Z030 Z050 Z100 Z150 Max. test load [kn] Work space height * normal [mm] 2) 1045/ / / * increased [mm] 2) 1445/ / / * extra high [mm] 2) 1795/ / / Work space width * normal [mm] * widened [mm] Work space depth [mm] Max. crosshead speed [mm/min] /2000 3) /1500 3) 900 Crosshead travel resolution [µm] / ) Max. power consumption, kva /2.6 3) /6 3) 5.5 Floor-standing Test Machines Series Z050 Z100 Z150 Z250 Z300 Z400 Z600 Max. test load [kn] Work space height[mm] 1825/1760 2) 1825/1760 2) 1715/1655 2) 1715/1655 2) ; ) Work space width * normal [mm] * widened [mm] Work space depth [mm] Max. crosshead speed [mm/min] 1000/2000 3) 500/1000 3) Crosshead travel resolution [µm] Max. power consumption, kva 4/5 3) 4/5 3) /13 5) 7/13 5) 20/26 5) 2) The second value is for the model with the widened work area 3) Dependent on selected drive and its power 4) The last value is for a cost effective special model limited to one work area 5) Higher power applies for hydraulic grips 14

39 Load cells Load cells are available for accurate load measurement of forces from 0.04 N onwards. They offer the following advantages in conjunction with the digital measurement electronics: Automatic identification and acquisition of all setting and calibration parameters via sensor plug. An exchange of the load cells neither requires a calibration nor a modification of the setting data. Automatic zero-point and sensitivity balancing Temperature compensation High measurement frequency Very high test data resolution Accuracy: Class 1 (1 % of reading) from 0.2 to 120 % of full scale load. Class 0.5 (0.5 % of reading) from 1 % to 100 % of full scale load. Overload protection Manufacturer s test certificate to certify the factory calibration Load cells with one or two sided mounting stud and self-identifying sensor plugs are available for nominal loads from 10 N on. Types and recommendations for their use Depending on the test job, the accuracy of the load cells and other features are important. For the use with temperature devices, these are the temperature sensitivity of zeropoint and measured value. Particularly during compression and flexural tests, transverse forces and moments may occur which should not falsify the value in an inadmissible way and which should not damage the load cell. For this reason, Zwick offers different types of load cells. GTM Load cell The body of this circular load cell is a bending ring with ring-shaped strain gauges on the face sides. It is very insensitive to excentric load applications and overloads. KAF Load cell The outer and the inner ring of this load cell are linked by spokes on which the strain gages are applied to. This load cell is relatively insensitive ot excentric load applications. KAP Load cell The body of this flat, S-shaped load cell is a double beam. It is relatively sensitive to excentric load applications. Type Z6 This load cell consists of a double beam-shaped body. The centrically acting test load is traversed laterally and transmitted to the crosshead of the testing machine. Therefore it is quite sensitive to excentric load applications. Note: The measurement body of the load cell is illustrated in dark blue and the strain gauges applied onto them are illustrated in red. Type/test conditions GTM KAF KAP Z6 Tension force with axial load application Compressive force with safe axial load application Compressive force with excentric load application ) - 2) - 2) Bending tests Extended temperature range Creep tests Axial alignment under load ) Limited measuring accuracy 2) Risk of destruction 15

40 testxpert II Intelligent and Reliable, the New Software Generation for Materials Testing Zwick Roell has set the standard with testxpert for intelligent materials testing software. Unlike other software, Zwick has standardized testxpert for all of its applications, no matter whether static or dynamic tests so you spend less time learning to handle software and more time conducting tests. With testxpert II, you benefit from over 80 years of testing experience and from over 10,000 successful installations worldwide. Some Significant Benefits of testxpert II Ingeniously simple testxpert II is organized so that you can operate it intuitively. Expressive symbols and a clear menu structure enable users to become quickly oriented and cut the familiarization period to the bone. The menu bar is set up according to the needs of the user, making working with testxpert II ingeniously simple. Intelligent Wizards help you to set up or change test procedures and test reports. Should you have any questions, our extensive contextsensitive online help feature will quickly deliver the answer. Modular design This means that we can offer a specific testing solution to meet your particular requirements. Additional testing capabilities can be added as needed. Compatible with your hardware Zwick testxpert II is compatible with all commercially available PCs and laptops without the need for an additional interface card! This means it is easy to switch system computers or even to develop test methods or perform analyses in the office at your convenience. You always have access to your test data. Online language swapping Needless to say, you can have testxpert II in your language of choice. testxpert II speaks more than one language all you need to do is click the mouse in order to change the language online. Language swapping is a function which can be changed at any time, e.g., when generating the test report. Flexible testxpert II language swapping offers international teams not only language-neutral operation of their testing machine but also considerably simplified communication. 16

41 Synchronized video recording Only testxpert II offers you an image-for-image, exactly synchronized video recording of your test. You can interpret the measuring curve of the test efficiently with the help of the recorded image changes of the specimen. You can record the test procedure with a video camera or an USB webcam. And testxpert II saves the recorded images synchronized with the measuring data. The visual recording shows, for example, when, how, and where the specimen necks, buckles, or changes colors. The alterations in specimen dimensions can be measured exactly from the captured images. In addition, before the test, you can determine which events images should be recorded for: such as the point in a cycle when compression switches over into tensile stress. Afterwards you can print out these pictures or integrate them into the test report. Thanks to the synchronized video recording, the test procedure can be recalled or compared at any later time. Adhesion test of a textile-rubber-compound, synchronized video recording Graphical Sequence Editor The testxpert II Graphical Sequence Editor offers all the freedom you could possibly hope for. It enables you to design test procedures of any kind very individually, by combining test events, parameters and results exactly as you require. The intelligent construction of the graphical-user interface allows editor makes your work easy. You do not require any programming knowledge: The graphic base makes for quick familiarization with the functionality. The integrated simulation mode offers you safety: It analyzes the test procedure you have created incorporating a virtual testing machine, with different specimen behaviour (e.g. spring, plastic, metal, etc.). You thus filter out errors from the test procedure in the early stages, and all this without destroying a single specimen. testxpert II LIMS Only testxpert II offers these features: an integrated Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS). A powerful database is available to administer your test results in order to create and archive long-term statistics and reports. All data acquired by testxpert II are available from any testing system in your company. 17

42 Specimen grips for tensile, creep, and cyclical tests Textile materials and the specimens taken from those materials are available in many different types. They are e.g. different as to The basic materials and their combination (from animal, vegetable, or synthetic products) Shapes and dimensions (thread, tape, strip etc.) Structure (fibres, monofil, multifil, spun, braided, woven, knitted etc.) Treatments (impregnated, coated etc.) Properties (strength, stretching ability, elasticity, homogeneity) According to this variety a large spectrum of specimen grips is required to meet the individual requirements. For specimens from these materials tensile forces can only be transmitted by means of the force-holding principle. The frictional forces between specimen ends and specimen grip are principally applied according to 2 principles: Principle A Flat clamping between clamping jaws The clamping force (standard force) is either applied by an additional, outer force (hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders or screw drive) or by the deflection and amplification of the test force (self-clamping via wedges, eccentrics or lever systems). The force is nearly the same over the entire gripping length. The frictional force acts on 2 opposed sides of the specimen. Principle B Clamping by wrapping aroung fixed cam plates or rollers The standard force depends on the locally acting test force and its angled position and increases from zero as the gripping length increases also. The frictional force only acts on one specimen side. When combining these two principles, the wrapping around always has priority over the clamping. Its practical realization and the shapes, dimensions and versions (frictional behaviour, elasticity) of the clamping/friction surfaces are particularly important for the field of application of the specimen grips. When selecting the specimen grips, the following requirements must also be taken into consideration: 1. Jaw break-free gripping If the specimen breaks during the tensile test at the place where it is gripped, then smaller values are measured for the maximum force or the tensile strength and the strain assigned to it. According to most standards such tests are therefore evaluated as non-valid tests. The probability of jaw breaks is considerably higher for a gripping action according to principle A (flat clamping) than according to principle B (wrapping around), because the tensile force is reduced over a relatively short gripping length. The high gripping force already acting at the beginning of the gripping action prevents a partial slippage of the specimen. This can lead to a piling up of the force at the beginning of the clamping and can thus release a premature break. 2. Accuracy of strain measurement For many applications, the strain can be measured indirectly as crosshead travel extension, because the demands on the measuring accuracy are not very high and thus Hydraulic Grips Pneumatic Grips Screw Grips 18

43 Specimen Grips - Range of Application Filaments, fine yarns Elastic yarn Force holding Nominal Type of Grips principle Load Hydraulic grips A 10 kn to 250 kn Pneumatic grips A 20 N to 100 kn Pneumatic grips B+A 2,5 kn to 20 kn Wedge grips A 2,5 kn to 250 kn Screw grips A 20 N to 50 kn Wedge screw grips A 500 N to 250 N Spring screw grips A 20 N / 50 N Pincer grips A 500 N to 10 kn Capstan grips B 300 N to 2,5 kn Double capstan B+A 500 N Rope grips B+A 2,5 kn to 100 kn Curved grips B+A 10 kn / 20 kn Roller grips B 2,5 kn to 250 kn Suitable for this application - Suitable only for cyclic tests - Suitable only for test to determine the shear, tear or adhesive properties - Suitable only for simple tensile tests, specimen width max. 32 mm General yarn Technical yarn Non-woven fabrics General fabrics Technical fabrics Geo-fabrics String, ropes Belts, cordage Conveyor belts errors through deformation of the testing machine can be neglected. This applies particularly to specimen grips where the gripping force is applied by an additional force. The realization of the test forcegripping force in case of self-gripping specimen grips has the effect that the bending up of the specimen grips and the thickness reduction of the specimen have to be compensated by a considerably larger clamping jaw tracking. This can lead to an inadmissible falsification of the strain measurement. Grip-sensitive specimens however require specimen grips where the test force is reduced decreasingly over larger gripping lengths, e.g. via correspondingly shaped cam plates. This has the consequence that the gripping length (reference size for the strain calculation) is not exactly defined. The strain is moreover constantly reduced in the range of the relatively long gripping area. Therefore the strain can only be determined exactly if an extension measurement system is used to record the deformation directly on the specimen. Spring Loaded Grips Pincer Grips Double Capstan Grips 19

44 Hydraulic specimen grips One or two-sided clamping jaw positioning Adjustable clamping force (Option: can be controlled by the test software dependant on the test force, for specimens that are sensitive to gripping) Exchangeable clamping jaws Special version with tandem cylinder for geo-textile specimens with a width of 200 mm for a homogeneous gripping force distribution over the entire specimen width Special versions for the use in temperature/climatic chambers at -70 ºC to +250 ºC Hand or foot control or control via the test software testxpert Pneumatic specimen grips One or two-sided clamping jaw positioning Adjustable clamping force Exchangeable clamping jaws Special versions for the use in temperature-/climatic chambers at -70 ºC to +250 ºC Special versions with cam plates Hand or foot control Screw grips Clamping force depends on the screw moment and the elasticity of the specimen grip Low-cost Spring screw grips Clamping pressure adjustable by pre-stressing a spring. Thread guide for a simple, centrical gripping. Temperature range -15 C to +80 C Pincer grips Temperature range - 40 C to +250 C Double capstan grips Exact strain measurement by adapting the distances of the deflection pulleys to the specimen s elastic behaviour Temperature range -15 C to +80 C Rope grips With a single or multiple wrapping around and mech., pneum. or hydr. gripping of the rope s end Temperature range -70 C to +250 C Capstan action grips Mech. or pneum. flat clamp with cam plate Temperature range: mechanical 0 C to +100 C pneumatic +10 C to +35 C Roller grips Gripping by means of a multiple wrapping around Temperature range -40 C bis +250 C Note: The wedge and wedge screw grips used for rigid specimens are not suitable for tensile tests on flexible, textile specimens. Tools for compression tests for the determination of the compression characteristics of insulating materials according to EN 826 A lot of round, square, and rectan gular compression platens are available in different dimensions. The lower compression platens are always mounted rigidly. The upper compression platens may be mounted spherically (freely movable or alignable) to transmit the compressive force homogeneously over the entire compression platen. Tools for compression tests The suitable test configuration may be selected from a large range of different bending tables with rigid and movable supports and bending fins to meet the requirements of nearly every application. Pneumatic action capstan grips Capstan and clamp grips for rope Capstan webbing grips 20

45 Extensometer Crosshead travel monitor Standard equipment of all universal testing machines are digital crosshead travel monitors for a highly accurate and exactly reproducible measurement of the crosshead travel extension. Thus, the strain can be measured indirectly for many applications (without additional transducer directly on the specimen). This applies practically for all tear propagation, separation, peel, shear, and compression tests and for many tensile tests. Direct strain measurement Some test standards as e.g. EN ISO 10319, tensile test on large specimen strips and ISO 283-1, tensile test on textile conveyor beltdumbbell specimens, require the strain measurement to be carried out directly on the specimen to avoid any measuring errors that are caused by machine deformation, clamping jaw tracking, partial slippage of the specimen out of the gripping position. This applies particularly to the use of specimen grips where the specimens are gripped in the wrap-around principle. The strain is defined as extension of the initial gauge length. The extension can be measure in 2 different ways: 1. Contact measurement Two sensor arms are attached to the specimen at the distance of the initial gauge length; they record the extension of the gauge length up to the break (the end points of the gauge length are not marked). The force to move the sensor arms must be applied by the specimen and influences the force measurement. In order to measure also small test forces with a sufficient accuracy, it is necessary to keep the dragging force for the sensor arms as low as possible. At the specimen break, the energy which is elastically stored in the specimen parts, is converted to a kinetic energy. All of a sudden, the stretched, flexible specimen parts rebound to nearly their initial length just to get bent at a high speed or to deflect laterally. This whip effect can damage or even destroy the sensor arms. The longer the specimen parts stretch, the higher the effect. This danger is particularly large when using specimen grips with wrap-around principle. 2. Contact-free measurement The initial gauge length is marked on the specimen with measurement marks. The travel extension of the marks is recorded optically. The measuring system cannot be damaged. Extension measurement systems A simple, safe and economic extension measurement is only possible by means of a relatively large technical effort. In addition to electronic or optical test data transducers, also motor-driven sensor arms, measuring slides, control devices, microcomputers and programs, i.e. complete systems might according to the function principle also be required. Video measurement system Long stroke measurement system 21

46 Crosshead monitor Macro extensometer Long stroke extensometer Optical extensometer Video MultiXtens Crosshead monitor Macro extensometer Long stroke extensometer Optical extensometer Video- Laser extensometer Extensometers Shortlist Application Extensometers Clamping the specimen between clamping jaws by wrapping around cams or rollers Material properties to be determined and related standards Tensile module extensometer 1) Extensometer 1) ISO EN 12562, EN , EN Secant rigidity and strain at max. force ISO 10319, ASTM D ASTM D 4885 Strain at x% of max. force ISO Strain at break ISO Strain at max. force and break ISO EN 12562, EN , EN ISO 5079, ASTM D ISO 2062, pren 14621, - ASTM D 2256 ASTM D 885, Cords ASTM D 885, Fabrics - ISO 6939, ASTM D ISO 3341, ASTM D ISO ISO , ASTM D EN , EN 4606, EN ISO 1421, ASTM D EN , ASTM D EN , EN ISO 2307, EN EN Suitable for this application - Suitable for this application if the deflection in the specimen grips is max Suitable for this application if there is no risk that the sensor arms get damaged due to specimen parts rebounding at specimen break - Is used if a higher measuring accuracy without clamping influence is required. Mechanical measuring systems can only be used if there is no risk that they get damaged at specimen break. When using contactless measuring systems, a specimen marking is required 1) The objectives of the video measuring system cannot ne changed during the test. Optionally the determination of variations in width are also possible 22

47 Non-contacting Extensometers - Technical Data / Special Features Optical Extensometer Laser Extensometer Video Extensometer Measurement system Incremental, Rotation laser, Digital video cam with 2 cameras 0,5 W He/Ne image processing system Gage length L 0 10 to 900 mm 10 mm (tension), >/= 5 mm 20 mm (compression) L 0 -marking circular reflectors line reflectors line reflectors Mesuring range 1000 mm - L 0 approx. 400 mm field of view 1) : e.g. 50/200/1000 mm Resolution 5 µm 12 µm 0,5 / 2 / 10 µm 1) Accuracy class 1 acc. to ISO 9513 class 1 acc. to ISO 9513, class 1 acc. to ISO 9513, from 3 mm from 5 mm with field of view < 100 mm class 2 acc. to ISO 9513, with 8 mm objective Advantages proved, good to use convenient for measurement Flexible adaptation to deformation measurement in temperature chambers materials and test procedures system for very elastic material due to heated optical glass automatic gage length secure and accurate window. recognition measurement until break secure and accurate convenient for measurement measurement until break in temperature chambers convenient for measurement due to heated optical glass in temperature chambers due Automatic gage length recognition to heated optical glass window 1) Measuring range and resolution depends on objective used Extensometers with Sensor Arms - Technical Data / Special Features Macro Extensometer Mechanical Extensometer MultiXtens Measurement ement system Incremental Incremental Incremental Gage length L /205 mm 10 to 1000 mm, manual from 10 mm cintinuously adjustment adjustable Measuring range 80/120/160 mm 1000 mm, minus gage length L mm, minus L 0 Resolution 0,3/0,6/0,9/1,2 µm 5 µm 0,02 µm Accuracy Class 1 acc. to ISO 9513, Class 2 acc. to ISO 9513, Class 0.5 acc. to ISO 9513 class 1 acc. to ISO 9513 from 1 mm Sensor arm traction < 0,05 N < 0,2 N < 0,02 N Special features es Motorized sensor attachment Motorized sensor attachment Motorized sensor attachment Autom. gage length Autom. gage length setting setting (Allround-Version) Applications For textiles and compounds, For textiles, textile/ For textiles and compounds with low or medium strain rubber, textile/elastomer and from low to high strain textile/plastic compoundswith max. forces from approx. 20 N Advantages robust and easy operation robust and easy operation high precision even at long low sensor arm traction strain measurement until break displacement and in crosshead contact protection without lifting sensor arms temperature chambers exchangeable sensor arms for exchangeable sensor arms convenient for cyclic tests different measuring ranges convenient for measurement easy sensor changing convenient for measurement in temperature and climatic and automatic sensor in temperature and climatic chambers recognition chambers 23

48 Max. Force in N Temperature and climatic chambers Temperature / climate Average of the max. force within minimum and maximum Regression curve of the max. force Many textile and textile-related materials strongly change their mechanical properties depending on the humidity of air and ambient temperature. One of these influences is illustrated by the following graphic. It shows how the maximum tensile force of a viscose fabric is reduced as the relative humidity of air increases. According to the later use of the material, particularly in the geotechnical, automobile, and aeronautics industry, it may be very important to know the behaviour of materials under different environmental conditions. The mechanical properties of textile and textile-related materials in an extended temperature and climatic range are predominantly tested for research and development purposes. Zwick offers a complete product range of temperature devices corresponding to the multitude of different requirements. Temperature chambers Zwick temperature chambers show the following characteristics: Aperture for sensor arms on the rear left side (45 ) Eurotherm temperature controller with digital display for actual and set value Illumination inside the chamber Front door with insulated window * Sliders for removing the chamber without dismounting the grips Insulation and electrical design according to the CE safety regulations Maximum tensile force depending on the relative hunidity of air for viscose fabric Climatic chambers Temperature chambers with control of the relative humidity of air are called climatic chambers. Since the requirements for the humidity and temperature range strongly vary, climatic chambers are specified on request. Available options Several options are available according to the specification of the testing machine and the needs of the laboratory. Heatable optical glass insert to ensure a homogeneous temperature distribution when using optical extensometers Guiding rails or trolley to move the chamber out of the test area Recording and control of the temperature by the testxpert - Software via RS 232-interface Direct temperature measurement and control on the specimen Liquid nitrogen tank, 100 litres, with pressure device, control valve, filling level indicator and safety device Regression coefficient = 0,9999 Relative Air Humidity in % Cooling with liquid nitrogen (LN 2 ) or carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) This type of cooling is used if tests below room temperature are to be carried out from time to time. The cooling effect generated by vaporizing the liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide. These gases are non-toxic. A sufficient ventilation of the testing laboratory is required, however. The optional 100 litres liquid nitrogen tank (3/8"-connection) is sufficient for several hours of tests. Cooling by use of a refrigeration unit Cooling is generated by a compressor. This method is used if tests below room temperature are frequently required, if procurement of liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide is too difficult or if the use of liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide is forbidden for safety reasons. 24

49 The energy transmission can be realized by the use of air-cooled heat exchangers (the energy stays in the room) or by a water-cooled heat exchanger (the energy does not heat up the laboratory, but more expensive since cooling water is needed). Refrigeration units generate more noise than vaporizing systems. Temperature Chambers Used with Table top and floor standing machines only floor standing machines Test area height normal higher normal higher Test area width normal normal larger larger Dimensions (external/internal) Height, mm 650 / / / / 850 Width, mm 400 / / / / 450 Depth, mm 825 / / / / 645 Temperature range (from/to) no cooling amb. /250 C 2) 3) 2) 3) amb./250 C cooling with CO 2-60 / 250 C 3) -60 / 250 C 3) -60 / 250 C 1) 3) 1) 3) -60 / 250 C LN 2-80 / 250 C 3) -80 / 250 C 3) -80 / 250 C 3) -80 / 250 C 3) Air cooled refrig. unit -40 / 250 C 3) -40 / 250 C 3) -40 / 250 C 3) -40 / 250 C 3-70 / 250 C 3) -70 / 250 C 3) -70 / 250 C 3) -70 / 250 C 3) Water cooled refrig. unit -40 / 250 C 3) -40 / 250 C 3) -40 / 250 C 3) -40 / 250 C 3) -70 / 250 C 3) -70 / 250 C 3) -70 / 250 C 3) -70 / 250 C 3) 1) Chamber depth1080/540 mm 2) Without lateral slot for duct of mechanical or optical extensometers, without removable slides. 3) Temperature chambers with other temperature ranges on request. 25

50 Special testing machines and systems These testing machines are developed according to the field of application in question in close cooperation with the customer. They are mainly based on the components of standard testing machines. Examples of special testing machines for textile applications Materials testing machine in horizontal position for alpine ropes. test software testxpert. Whereby all functions of a standard testing machine are available, e.g. defined, high precision approach to positions, an adjustable force control or smooth switching between types of operation within a test. Our servo-hydraulic testing machines are suitable for tensile, compression and flexure tests with increasing, continuous, pulsating and alternating loading through zero for static, quasi-static and dynamic loading. The palette of tests is seemingly unendless, e.g. textileelastomer compounds, ropes, laminates and adhesive tapes, etc., to name but a few. Materials testing machine in horizontal position for conveyor belts. Zwick Z010 with unit for the determination of the unrolling resistance of bandages. Fully automatic materials testing system with circulating specimen magazine Speed in research, development and quality assurance of components with textile elements Electro-mechanical testing actuator Servo-hydraulics The electro-mechanical testing actuators are designed for flexible use. Linear units are available for the load ranges 1 kn, 2 kn and 5 kn. These linear units apply loads to certain defined points at a speed of up to 0.5 m/s in both the tensile and compression directions. This performance range encloses almost the entire spectrum as required for textile testing. Decisive advantages of this modular system are the control of the actuator via the Zwick electronics testcontrol and input of parameters via the Zwick Testing of visco-elastic properties on textile reinforced car components. Dynamic fatigue test on snowboard boot. 26

51 Zwick Services Worldwide Service Customer satisfaction is top priority of the Zwick Roell Corporation. With local service organizations in over 50 countries, we help optimize the return on your investment and to ensure the functionality of your testing machine. Engineering Consulting Services Changing specifications, new test requirements, or the installation or modification of a test lab can be optimized by consulting experts. Experienced Zwick engineers can advise you in the planning and implementation of such complex projects to meet your exacting requirements. Demonstration The decision to purchase a materials testing system and accessories depends on a number of factors. In order to help facilitate this decision, Zwick maintains a fully-equipped Applications Lab to perform trial tests to ensure the selection of the appropriate equipment and accessories. Pre-Testing In the course of new, modified, or very complex applications, it is necessary to perform specific tests prior to purchasing or expanding a test system. Zwick s Application Lab is available in conjunction with its numerous experts and extensive selection of machines and fixtures in order to initially verify the testing set-up. Contract Testing Whether for new test requirements or tests performed to particular technical specifications, the Zwick Contract Lab provides timely and accurate test results on a contract basis. Please contact us for specific contract testing capabilities and pricing. Application Technology Seminars Active collaboration with partners from research and technology qualifies us to impart knowledge in principles of materials testing and expertise within Application Technology Seminars. Preliminary acceptance Prior to delivery of your machine, you have the opportunity to conduct a preliminary acceptance checkout at our facility. This will allow you become acquainted with the operation of the machine and confirm the agreed-upon functionality. Transport Everything is available from a single source with ZwickService. Upon request, and where applicable, within the scope of initial operation, ZwickService will monitor the complete transport. Beyond that, it is also possible to have the machine transported all the way to the installation site. Convenient and professional. You no longer need to be concerned about the transport at your facility. Retrofit Converting the old into new ZwickService specialists professionally perform the upgrade of your existing materials testing machine, regardless of the original manufacturer. This allows the latest digital control technology and software automation to enhance the performance of your testing system at the fraction of the cost of a new system. 27

52 Installation ZwickService ensures the optimal installation of your testing machine and accessories based on the experience from several thousand installations. Functional tests performed prior to final acceptance guarantee a successful installation process. Hardware Overview Nothing is left to chance during ZwickService test machine commissioning. The on-site commissioning is performed systematically and professionally on a checklist basis, and ensures an optimal utilization of the test hardware. Software Overview The introduction is performed following a checklist procedure, using a specific example from the operator s daily practice. The results will be saved for later use. Alternatively, ZwickService offers a two-stage introduction which includes an initial basic overview and a final review at a later date. Machine Relocation ZwickService provides for the complete relocation of your testing machine as needed. Our experienced management team takes responsibility for the detailed planning, from the disassembly and transport, through to re-installation of the machine. The machine will be ready for testing at its new location on schedule. Independent of the manufacturer of your testing machine ZwickService has specially trained and experienced staff for every make or model. Software Adaptation Our software engineers have the solid technical expertise from years of experience to quickly deliver programming tailored to your individual needs. The testing requirements are defined in close cooperation and agreement with you and subsequently carried out according to these specific needs. Product Training Zwick maintains a staff of qualified, expert trainers, who have extensive practical experience and who conduct product training courses either at Zwick, or specially customized to be performed at the customer s facility. Customer Support The trouble-free performance of your testing machine is of importance to us. Should any unforeseen malfunction occur with the machine s hardware or software, our competent experts at our Hotline will be happy to assist you. If you are not able to speak to someone immediately, we promise to return your call as soon as possible. Support Desk Our Support Desk is a cost-saving alternative to on-site visits or training by a service technician. We assist you in questions regarding the operation of hardware and software, adaptation of your test programs or offer further technical support. The extensive application experience enables our service technicians to provide quick and effective solutions to any questions you might have. 28

53 Rentals Whether for temporary testing requirements or to satisfy a shortterm need, ZwickService provides the rental of testing grips. Please contact us for further information about the rental service. Maintenance Upon request, ZwickService performs the regularly-required maintenance of machine and accessories as described in the instruction manual and monitors the maintenance intervals. Inspection ZwickService helps reduce downtime significantly by regularly inspecting your test system. The inspection plan documents the condition of the machine, allows immediate exchange of worn parts as needed, and the recommendation of preventive measures. Repair Work Should a failure in your materials testing machine occur in spite of thorough inspection and maintenance, one of the many technicians of the ZwickService network is available on short notice. Spare parts, from Zwick s large inventory, will be dispatched within short term. Calibration ZwickService calibrates your testing machine and testing systems compliant to the current national and international standards, including ISO and ASTM. Zwick has associated calibration laboratories in different countries, all of them accredited in accordance with ISO/IEC Consequently we are authorized for on-site calibration of testing machines and testing systems according to the relevant standards (DKD, UKAS, COFRAC, A2LA) and to issue the corresponding calibration certificates which are internationally accepted. Software Upgrade When upgrading your outdated DOS software to the latest Windows technology you can take advantage of improved performance and benefits. With an upgrade from testxpert to testxpert II you benefit from the latest significant developments in application software. Software-Support Agreement With a Software Support Contract from Zwick you are ensuring that you have the latest testing technology and capabilities including the updated testing standards and test methods. This service is further enhanced by other attractive testxpert offers regarding training, technical application support by phone or on site as well as special conditions on additional Zwick services. In addition, the software support contract offers a price advantage compared to individual software updates 1) DKD: Deutscher Kalibrier-Dienst 2) UKAS: United Kingdom Accreditation Service Upgrade your testxpert software to the latest version. This allows you to take advantage of the most recent developments and the enhanced functionality of testxpert. The latest changes of relevant materials testing standards are also incorporated in the latest testxpert version. 29

54 Standards and Test Devices Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 1 General Basics 1.1 Test Devices: Construction, Test Device s Test, Accuracy; Environmental Requirements Tensile, compression, flexure test machines ISO , ASTM D 76, ISO 9513, ASTM E 4 DIN 51220, ASTM E 83, Standard Practice for Statements on Precision ASTM D 2906 and Bias for Textiles Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study ASTM E 691, ASTM D 4467 Normal climate for conditioning ISO 139, DIN 50014, ISO 554, and testing ASTM D 1776, ISO Sampling and Specimen Preparation Fibers, yarns and textile fabrics EN 12751, ASTM D 2905, ASTM D 4271 Yarns ASTM D Test methods for Fibers and Filaments 2.1 Fiber Length Individual fiber measurement method DIN , ISO 6989, Aux. means compliant to standards ASTM D 5103 Cotton, comb staple method DIN Comb sorter Cotton, gage length and eveness DIN Aux. means compliant to standards Wool, comb staple method ISO 920, ASTM D 519, Comb sorter ASTM D 1575, ASTM D Fibers, Determination of Linear Density and Diameter Fibers, linear density EN ISO 1973, Fiber fineness measurement device ASTM D 1577, ASTM D 861a Mono-filaments, linear density EN Yarn reel or scale Fiber diameter in micro-projection DIN 53811, ASTM D 2130 Microscope with scale ISO Fiber and Filament Resistance Staple fibres, tensile test EN ISO 5079, Fiber strength test instrument ASTM D 3822 Staple fibers, loop tensile test DIN , Fiber strength test instrument ASTM D 3217a Cotton fibers, bundle strength ISO 3060, ASTM D 1445 Bundle strength tester Wool fiber bundles, tensile test at a ASTM D 1294 Bundle strength tester grip-to-grip-separation of 1 inch (25,4 mm) Wool fiber bundles, tensile test at a ASTM D 2524 Bundle strength tester grip-to-grip-separation of 1/8 inch (3,2 mm) Monofilaments, tensile test EN Materials testing machine Shrinkage Monofilaments, thermal shrinkage EN Thermal shrinkage chamber Fibers, thermal shrinkage ASTM D 5104 Aux. means compliant to standards Fiber bundles, thermal shrinkage ASTM D 2102 Aux. means compliant to standards 2.5 Commercial Mass and Commercial Linear Density Bast fibers and hard fibers ISO , DIN , Aux. means compliant to standards DIN

55 Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 3 Test methods for Fiber Tapes and Threads 3.1 Unevenness Capacitive test DIN , ISO 2649 Uster Tester 3.2 Linear Density and Mass of Yarns Yarns, short length method DIN , ISO , Aux. means compliant to standards ASTM D 1059, ASTM D 1907 ASTM D 861a Yarns, skein method EN ISO 2060 Yarn reel Elasto-yarns, short length method DIN Aux. means compliant to standards Determination of commercial mass and ISO , DIN Aux. means compliant to standards linear density DIN , Aux. means compliant to standards ASTM D 2720, ASTM D 2494 Aux. means compliant to standards 3.3 Twist in Yarns Yarns, Direct Count Method EN ISO 2061, ISO , Yarn twist tester ASTM D 1423 Yarns, Untwist-Retwist Method ISO/FDIS 17202, ASTM D 1422 Yarn twist tester 3.4 Fiber Strength Yarns from packages, tensile test EN ISO 2062, ASTM D 2256 Materials testing machine Multifilament yarns pren Materials testing machine a. o Yarn skeins, tensile test ISO 6939, ASTM D 1578 Materials testing machine Twine and yarns, knot tensile test DIN Materials testing machine Yarns, loop tensile test DIN Materials testing machine Sewing threads, tensile test and other ASTM D 204 Materials testing machine a. o test methods 3.5 Elastic Behaviour Single and plied elastomeric yarns, DIN Materials testing machine repeated application of tensile load between constant extension limits Single and plied elastomeric yarns, DIN Materials testing machine single application of tensile load between constant extension limits Single and plied elastomeric yarns, DIN Materials testing machine single application of tensile load between constant force limits Elastomeric yarns, permanent deformation ASTM D 3106 Materials testing machine Crimp Textured filament yarns; filament yarns DIN Reel, heating chamber with a linear density of up to 500 dtex length measuremnt device Textured filament yarns; filament yarns DIN Reel, heating chamber, with a linear density exceeding 500 dtex length measuremnt device 3.7 Shrinkage Twine and yarns, shrinkage in water DIN Aux. means compliant to standards Twine and yarns, shrinkage in hot air DIN Aux. means compliant to standards Twine and yarns, shrinkage in steam DIN Aux. means compliant to standards Twine and yarns, determination of shrinkage DIN Aux. means compliant to standards in gaseous and fluid media Twine and yarns, determination of shrinkage ASTM D 2259 Aux. means compliant to standards in boiling water, dry heat or saturated steam 3.8 Fiber Friction Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Solid Material ASTM D 3108 Aux. means compliant to standards Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn ASTM D 3412 Aux. means compliant to standards 31

56 Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 4 Textile Physical Test Methods for Textile Fabrics 4.1 Design Features (Mass Proportion, Fiber Length Ratios, Fiber Density) Textiles, Determination of the mass DIN 53856, ISO Aux. means compliant to standards portion of warp and weft Textiles, number of threads per unit length EN , ISO , Aux. means compliant to standards ASTM D 3775 a Woven and knitted fabrics, DIN Aux. means compliant to standards determination of yarn length ratios Textiles and knitted fabrics, determination of EN Aux. means compliant to standards number of stitches per unit length and unit area 4.2 Area Mass, Width and Length Fabric, Mass Per Unit Area ASTM D 3776 Aux. means compliant to standards Woven fabrics, Mass Per Unit Area ISO 3801, EN Aux. means compliant to standards Non-wovens, Mass Per Unit Area EN , ISO Aux. means compliant to standards Textiles and fabrics, width and length EN 1773, ASTM D 3773, Aux. means compliant to standards ASTM D Thickness and Compressibility Woven fabrics, thickness EN ISO 5084 Thickness gage Non-woven, thickness EN ISO , Thickness gage ASTM D 5729 Textiles and fabrics, thickness ASTM D 1777 Thickness gage Highloft Nonwoven Fabrics, thickness ASTM D 5736 Textiles, compression DIN Thickness gage 4.4 Strength, Strip Method Textiles, strip method EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Nonwovens, cut strip method EN , ISO Materials Testing Machine Fabrics, grab test EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Fabrics, cut strip method Marks & Spencer P11 Materials Testing Machine Fabrics, cut strip method ASTM D 5035 Materials Testing Machine Fabrics, grab test ASTM D 5034 Materials Testing Machine Fabrics, seam rupture EN ISO Materials Testing Machine cut strip method Fabrics, seam rupture EN ISO Materials Testing Machine grab test 4.5 Tearing Strength Fabrics, Elmendorf tearing test EN ISO , Elmendorf Tester ASTM D 1424 Nonwovens, Elmendorf tearing test ASTM D 5734 Elmendorf Tester Fabrics, single tear method EN ISO , Materials Testing Machine ASTM D 2261 Nonwovens, tear growth test DIN Materials Testing Machine Fabrics, tear force of wing-shaped specimens EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Fabrics, tear force of tongue-shaped specimens EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Nonwovens, tear force of tongue-shaped ASTM D 5735 Materials Testing Machine specimens Textile fabrics, DIN , Materials Testing Machine trapezoid method ASTM D 5587 Nonwovens, trapezoid method EN ISO , Materials Testing Machine ASTM D

57 Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 4.6 Elastic Behaviour Textile Fabrics (except knitted fabrics), DIN Materials Testing Machine single application of tensile load between constant extension limits Knitted fabrics DIN Materials Testing Machine single strain between two force limits Narrow Elastic Fabrics, static load ASTM D 5278 Materials Testing Machine Textile Fabrics, determination of EN Materials Testing Machine elasticity, strip test Textile Fabrics, determination of EN Materials Testing Machine elasticity, multiaxial tests Narrow Fabrics, determination of elasticity EN Materials Testing Machine Elastic Fabrics, Tension and Elongation, ASTM D 4964 Materials Testing Machine Loop-Tension Extension and Modulus of Elastomeric Fabrics Marks & Spencer, P14 Materials Testing Machine Narrow Elastics Extension and Modulus of Marks & Spencer, P14A Materials Testing Machine Stretch Laces Elastic Properties of Fabrics Labelled Marks & Spencer, P14B Materials Testing Machine Lycra Soft Extension and Modulus of Bare Rubber Tapes Marks & Spencer, P14C Materials Testing Machine Extension, Residual Extension of Marks & Spencer, P15 Teil 1 Materials Testing Machine Stretch Woven Fabrics Extension, Modulus and Residual Extension of Marks & Spencer, P15A Materials Testing Machine Stretch Fabrics Stretch Fabrics, power and recovery Test Method LTD 03 Materials Testing Machine Elastics, Load, Elongation & Recovery Test Method LTD 06 Materials Testing Machine Bra Band, Elasticity Test Method LTD 07 Materials Testing Machine Slippage Resistance Seam slippage resistance of yarns at a seam EN ISO Materials Testing Machine in woven fabrics; Fixed seam opening method Fixed load method EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Needle clamp method EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Seam slippage resistance Marks & Spencer P12 Materials Testing Machine Special Seam Tests Standard Test Method for Failure in Sewn ASTM D 1683 Materials Testing Machine Seams of Woven Apparel Fabrics 4.9 Stiffness and Crease Recovery Textile fabrics (ex. nonwovens), coated or not DIN Cantilever Tester coated fabrics; determination of stiffness in bending; Method according to Cantilever Nonwovens; determination of bending length EN ISO Aux. means compliant to standards Textiles, determination of the bending strength, DIN Schlenker Bending Stiffness Tester method according to Schlenker Fabrics, determination of the recovery from EN 22313, ISO 2313 Aux. means compliant to standards creasing Textiles determination of the recovery from DIN Aux. means compliant to standards creasing on the wet sample 33

58 Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 4.10 Delamination and Adhesion Tests Delamination of fusible interlinings from upper DIN Materials Testing Machine fabrics; mechanical delamination test Thermoplastics; determination of adhesion ISO 36 Materials Testing Machine of textile fabrics Adhesion to Flexible Substrate ASTM D 413 Materials Testing Machine between plies of fabric bonded with rubber 4.11 Abrasion and Pilling Test Methods Fabric propensity to pilling EN ISO Pilling Box Propensity to pilling, Martindale method, modified EN ISO Martindale Abrasion Tester Propensity to pilling, random-tumble method DIN Random-Tumble-Pilling-Tester Abrasion resistance of fabrics, EN ISO , Martindale Abrasion Tester Martindale method ASTM D 4966 Abrasion resistance of fabrics, Martindale method EN ISO Martindale Abrasion Tester Determination of specimen breakdown Abrasion resistance of fabrics, Martindale method EN ISO Martindale Abrasion Tester Determination of mass loss Abrasion resistance of fabrics, Martindale method EN ISO Martindale Abrasion Tester Assessment of appearance change Pilling Resistance, Surface Changes ASTM D 3511 Brush Pilling Tester Pilling Resistance, Surface Changes ASTM D 3512 Random Tumble Pilling Tester Abrasion Resistance, ASTM D 3884 Taber double-head tester (RPDH) Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method Abrasion Resistance, ASTM D 3885 Aux. means compliant to standards Flexing and Abrasion Method Abrasion Resistance, ASTM D 3886 Aux. means compliant to standards Inflated Diaphragm Method Abrasion Resistance, ASTM D 4157 Aux. means compliant to standards Oscillatory Cylinder Method Abrasion Resistance, Uniform Abrasion ASTM D 4158 Aux. means compliant to standards Abrasion Resistance, rotary abrasion test DIN Schopper- or Frank- Hauser-Abrasion Tester Knitted footwear garments, Abrasion Resistance EN Martindale Abrasion Tester 4.12 Burst Tests Hydraulic Method EN ISO , Hydraulic Diaphragm Bursting Tester ASTM D 3786 Pneumatic Method EN ISO Bursting Tester Constant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst Test ASTM D 3787 Materials Testing Machine Air Permeability Textile fabrics EN ISO 9237, Air Permeability Tester ASTM D Other Special Test Methods for Textile Fabrics and Knitted Fabrics Textile fabrics, Bulging tendency, elbow-test DIN Aux. means compliant to standards Sewing behaviour of knitted fabrics DIN Sewing-machine Fibre migration tendency - Tumble-method DIN Aux. means compliant to standards 4.15 Ohter Special Test Methods for Nonwovens Nonwovens, Needle Tearing Out Resistance DIN Materials Testing Machine Nonwovens, Compression Elastic Behaviour DIN Materials Testing Machine Standard Test Methods ASTM D 1117 Materials Testing Machine a. o Nonwoven Compresses for Medical Use EN , EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Determination of drape coefficient EN ISO Aux. means compliant to standards 34

59 Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 5 Textile physical Test Methods for Special Product Groups, including Textile Related Products 5.1 Coated Fabrics Standard Test Methods ASTM D 751 Materials Testing Machine a. o Coated and Laminated Fabrics ASTM D 4851 Materials Testing Machine a. o for Architectural Use Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics ASTM D 2724 Materials Testing Machine a. o Stiffness in Bending, Cantilever Method DIN Cantilever Tester Tensile Test EN ISO 1421 Materials Testing Machine Determination of tear resistance EN ISO Elmendorf Tester Tear resistance, trapezoidal method EN Materials Testing Machine Tongue tear, trouser tear method EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Tear growth test DIN Materials Testing Machine Blocking resistance EN 25978, ISO 5978 Aux. means compliant to standards Coating adhesion EN ISO 2411 Materials Testing Machine Rubber to fabric adhesion ISO 4637 Materials Testing Machine Determination of bursting strength ISO 3303 Materials Testing Machine (Meth. A) diaphragm brusting tester; hydraulic pressure Bursting Strength, steel ball method EN Materials Testing Machine Bursting Strength, hydraulic method EN Bursting Tester Low-temperature bend test ISO 4675, ASTM D 2136 Aux. means compliant to standards Resistance to damage by flexing EN ISO 7854 Aux. means compliant to standards Determination of abrasion resistance EN ISO Taber Abrader EN ISO Martindale Abrasion Tester 5.2 Floor Covering Pile Yarn Floor Covering, Standard Test Methods ASTM D 6719 Materials Testing Machine a. o Determination of Tuft Withdrawal Force ISO 4919 Materials Testing Machine Thickness loss of textile floor coverings DIN Materials Testing Machine at static load Textile floor coverings, determination of ISO 11857, ASTM D 3963 Materials Testing Machine a. o resistance to delamination Textile floor coverings, determination of ISO Materials Testing Machine a. o friability of attached foams Textile floor coverings, Determination of thickness ISO 1765 Aux. means compliant to standards 5.3 Upholstery Fabrics Specification and test methods EN 14465/prA1 Materials Testing Machine a. o Reinforcement Textiles Para-aramid multifilament yarns EN Materials Testing Machine Para-aramid fibre filament yarns EN Materials Testing Machine Carbon fibre yarns EN Materials Testing Machine Carbon fibre - Determination of tensile EN ISO Materials Testing Machine properties of resin-impregnated yarn Continuous Filament Carbon and ASTM D 4018 Materials Testing Machine Graphite Fiber Tows and Rovings, tensile test Reinforcement fibres for plastics, tensile test DIN Materials Testing Machine Reinforcement yarns, linear density EN ISO 1889 Aux. means compliant to standards Reinforcement yarns, determination of twist EN ISO 1890 Twist Tester Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics ASTM D 885 Materials Testing Machine Industrial Filament Yarns Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, ASTM D 5446 Materials Testing Machine and sewing thread used in inflatable restraints Mats and fabrics, mass per unit area ISO 3374 Aux. means compliant to standards 35

60 Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 5.5 Textile Glass Products Textile Glass Yarns EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Textile Glass Yarns, Chopped Strands EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Textile Glass Yarns, tensile test ISO 3341 Materials Testing Machine Glass Fiber Strands, Yarns, and Rovings ASTM D 2343 Materials Testing Machine Used in Reinforced Plastics Textile Glass Rovings EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Textile Glass Rovings, Manufacture of EN ISO 9163 Materials Testing Machine a. o test specimens and determination of tensile strength of impregnated rovings Textile Glass, woven fabrics ISO 4603 Aux. means compliant to standards determination of thickness Textile Glass, chopped-stand and continuous ISO 3616 Aux. means compliant to standards filament mats, thickness and recovery Textile Glass, tensile test ISO 4606 Materials Testing Machine Textile Glass mats, tensile test ISO 3342 Materials Testing Machine Geotextiles, Geosynthetics Geosynthetics, EN ISO 9862, sampling and preparation of test specimens ASTM D 4354 Geosynthetics, mass per unit area EN ISO 9864, Aux. means compliant to standards ASTM D 5261 Geosynthetics, thickness, single layers EN ISO Thickness measurement instrument Geotextiles and geotextile-related products EN ISO Thickness measurement instrument thickness of multilayer products Geotextiles, wide-width tensile test EN ISO 10319, Materials Testing Machine ASTM D 4595 Geotextiles, tensile test, Grab Method ASTM D 4632 Materials Testing Machine Geotextiles - Tensile test for joints/seams EN ISO 10321, Materials Testing Machine by wide- width method ASTM D 4884 Geotextiles, strength of geocells EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Geotextiles and geotextile-related products EN ISO Materials Testing Machine strength of geocomposites Geosynthetics, static puncture test EN ISO Materials Testing Machine Geotextiles and geotextile-related products EN ISO 13431, Tensile Creep Testing Machine tensile creep and creep rupture behaviour ASTM D 5262 Geotextiles and geotextile-related products EN 1897 Creept Testing Machine determination of compressive creep properties Geotextiles, Trapezoid Tearing Strength ASTM D 4533 Materials Testing Machine Geotextiles, Cone Drop Test EN 918, ISO/DIS Cone Drop Tester Geotextiles, EN ISO 13427, Sliding Block Tester abrasion damage simulation ASTM D 4886 Geomembranes, Performance Strength ASTM D 4885 Materials Testing Machine wide strip tensile method Geomembranes, tensile test ASTM D 5397 Materials Testing Machine stress crack resistance Geomembranes, ASTM D 5494 Materials Testing Machine pyramid puncture resistance Geosynthetics, pyramid puncture resistance EN Aux. means compliant to standards Geosynthetics, bursting strength DIN Bursting Strength Tester Geotextiles, Geomembranes, ASTM D 4833 Materials Testing Machine index puncture resistance 36

61 Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 5.7 Tapes, Belts, Ropes, Cordage Flat woven webbing slings of man-made fibres EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Breaking Strength and Elongation of ASTM D 6775 Materials Testing Machine Textile Webbing, Tape and Braided Material Glass and glass polyester fibre woven tapes EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Textile conveyor belts, tensile test ISO Materials Testing Machine Textile conveyor belts EN ISO Materials Testing Machine adhesive strength between constitutive elements Aircraft. Minimum airworthiness requirements ISO 8097 Materials Testing Machine a. o and test conditions for certified air cargo unit load devices Air cargo equipment, restraint straps ISO Materials Testing Machine a. o Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles EN Materials Testing Machine a. o web lashing made from man-made fibres Personal protective equipment, EN 361 Aux. means compliant to standards full body harnesses Personal protective equipment against falls EN 364 Materials Testing Machine a. o from a height Mountaineering equipment, tape EN 565 Materials Testing Machine a. o Mountaineering equipment, harnesses EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Mountaineering equipment, accessory cord EN 564 Materials Testing Machine a. o Mountaineering equipment, slings EN 566 Materials Testing Machine a. o Mountaineering equipment, EN 892 Materials Testing Machine a. o dynamic mountaineering ropes Deck safety harness and safety line for EN 1095 Materials Testing Machine a. o use on recreational craft Paragliding equipment, harnesses EN 1651 Materials Testing Machine a. o Fibre ropes EN ISO 2307 Materials Testing Machine a. o Fibre ropes, splices DIN Materials Testing Machine Round or spiral plated man-made fibre ropes DIN Materials Testing Machine Tow ropes for passenger cars DIN Materials Testing Machine a. o Netting Yarns and Nets Knot tensile test for netting yarns for fishing nets DIN , ISO 1805 Materials Testing Machine Elongation of netting yarns for fishing nets ISO 3790 Materials Testing Machine Fishing nets, mesh breaking force of netting ISO 1806 Materials Testing Machine a. o safety nets EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Air cargo equipment. air/land pallet nets ISO 4115 Materials Testing Machine a. o Twines and Agricultural Twines Sisal agricultural twines EN ISO 5080 Materials Testing Machine a. o Polyolefin agricultural twines EN ISO 4167 Materials Testing Machine a. o Sisal twines EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Polypropylene twines EN Materials Testing Machine a. o Textile Compounds Touch and close fasteners, cycling procedure EN 1414 Materials Testing Machine a. o Touch and close fasteners, peel strength EN Materials Testing Machine Touch and close fasteners, longitudinal shear EN Materials Testing Machine strength Zippers, test methods ASTM D 2061, BS 3084 Materials Testing Machine a. o Resistance to unsnapping of Snap Fasteners BS 4162, ASTM D 4846 Materials Testing Machine a. o

62 Contents Standard Test Means / Test Instrument Page 5.11 Thermal Insulating Products Thermal insulating products for building EN 826, ASTM C 165 Materials Testing Machine applications, compression behaviour Thermal insulating products for building EN 1605 Materials Testing Machine applications, deformation under specified compressive load and temperature conditions Thermal insulating products for building EN 1606 Creep Tester applications, compressive creep Thermal insulating products for building EN 1607 Materials Testing Machine applications, tensile strength perpendicular to faces Thermal insulating products for building EN 1608 Materials Testing Machine applications, tensile strength parallel to faces Thermal insulating products for building EN Materials Testing Machine applications, bending behaviour Mineral fibre insulating materials; DIN Materials Testing Machine determination of interlaminar tensile strength perpendicular to plane of insulating layer Structural Capacities of Insulated Panels ASTM E 1803 Materials Testing Machine a. o Mentioned Standards, Status June

63 Notes 39

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