Contents. Part I Introduction to Medical Ceramics

Transcription

1 Contents Part I Introduction to Medical Ceramics 1 History. Market and Classification of Bioceramics Bioceramics Classification of Bioceramics Biopassive (Bioinert) and Bioactive Materials Mechanisms of Bioactivity Formation of a Silica-Rich Surface Layer Direct Precipitation of Apatite Protein Mediation Biopassive Ceramics Bioactive Ceramics Resorbable Biocerarnics Currently Used Glasses and Glass Ceramics Bioactive Glasses Glass-Ceramics Dental Ceramics... Selection Criteria of Ceramics for Medical Applications Biocompatibility Radioactivity Esthetics Refractive Index Chemical Solubility Mechanical Properties Tensile Strength Flexural Strength Biaxial Flexural Strength Fracture Toughness Microhardness Machinability...

2 2.7 Thermal Behavior Thermal Expansion Differential Thermal Analysis... 3 Grouping of Ions in Ceramic Solids Ceramic Solids The Structure of the Atom Formation of Ions and Ionic Compounds The Ionic Size Coordination Number Electronegativity Bonding of Ions in Ceramic Solids The Ionic Bond Strength Prediction of the Ionic Packing Structure Stability of the Coordination Structure Solid Solutions Model of Solid Solutions The Feldspar Solid Solution Using Rules of Ions Grouping The Basic Structural Units of Silicates Neosilicates (Single Tetrahedra) Sorosilicates (Double Tetrahedra) Cyciosilicates (Ring Silicates) Inosilicates (Chain Structure Silicates) Phyllosilicates (Sheet Structure Silicates) Tectosilicates (Framework Silicates)... Part I1 Manufacturing of Medical Glasses 4 Formulation of Medical Glasses Glass Chemical Compositions The Glass Stoichiometry Factors Affecting the Glass Stoichlometry Industrial Factors Affecting Glass Stoichiometry Replacement of Oxygen by Fluorine in Glass Chemical Compositions Information Needed for Glass Calculations Calculation of Glass Chemical Compositions Glass Chemical Composition in wt% (Weight Composition) Information Needed for Calculation Steps of Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition in wt%... Contents

3 4.9 Glass Chemical Composition in mol% (The Molar Composition) Definition of a Mole Steps of Calculation of the Chemical Composition in mol% Conversion of Molar Composition (mol%) to Weight Composition (wt%) Conversion of Weight Composition (wt%) to Molar Composition (mol%) Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition of K-Fluorrichterite Information Needed for Calculation Steps of Calculation of the Glass Chemical Composition in mol% Conversion of Molar Composition to Weight Composition Templates for Conversion of Glass of Molar Composition to Weight Composition Glass Batch Calculations Reaction and Decomposition of Raw Materials Metal Carbonates Metal Hydroxides Borax and Boric Acid Method of Calculation Glass Batch Compositions Batch Calculation for Stoichiometric Canasite Glass Batch Calculation for Stoichometric Fluorrichterite Glass Theoretical Estimation of Glass Properties Importance of Estimation Additives Law Calculation of Glass Density Factors for Calculating the Glass density Calculation of Density Change with Compositional Variation Calculation of the Refractive Index of a Glass Definition of the Refractive Index Calculation of the Refractive Indices for Glasses with Known Density Estimation of the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of a Glass Definition of the Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Coating a Glass to a Metal Substrate Estimation of the Thermal Expansion from Glass Chemical Composition Further Reading... 92

4 6 Design and Raw Materials of Medical Glasses Design of Glass Composition Raw Materials for Glass Feldspars Fluxing Agent Silica (SiO,) Alumina (A1,0, ) Other Glass Raw Materials Melting of Glass Batches The Glass Structure and Conditions of Glass Formation Glass Shaping into Block as Glass Ceramic Precursors Transformation Range of Glass and Annealing of Glass Blocks References Part I11 Manufacturing of Medical Glass Ceramics 7 Design of Medical Glass-Ceramics Glass Ceramic Fabrication Mechanisms of Nucleation and Crystallization BuWolume Nucleation Surface Nucleation and Crystallization Selection of Glass Compositions for Glass Ceramics Processing Optimum Heat Treatment Conditions Prediction of the Proper Glass Heat Treatment Schedule Glasses Crystallizing via Bulk Volume Crystallization Glass Crystallizing via Surface Crystallization Mechanism Glasses Crystallizing by Both Mechanisms: Surface and Volume Crystallization Interpretation of a Differential Thermal Analysis Curve Interpretation of Thermal Expansion Curves Significant Points on the Thermal Expansion Curve Dependency of the TEC on Heat Treatment Physical Changes Due to Crystallization The Impact of Environment on Choosing the Right Glass Ceramic Chemical Solubility of Glass-Ceramics The Chemical Solubility of Canasite...

5 Contents 8 Microstructural Optimization of Glass Ceramics Ceramic Microstructures Crystalline Shapes. Forms. and Habits Development of Glass Ceramic Microstructures Adjustment of Microstructure The P-Spodumene/Fluorophlogopite System Leucite-Fluorophlogopite Glass Ceramics Fluorcanasite Dental Glass Ceramics... 9 Development of Colow and Fluorescence in Medical Glass Ceramics Coloured Glasses Coloured Glass Ceramics Colourants Based on Spinel Structure Fluorescing Oxide Additives Uranium Oxides Cerium and Terbium Oxides Europium Compounds The Colour Evaluation Measurement of Colour Quantitative Measurement of Translucency or Opacity The Masking Ability of Veneering Ceramics Metamerism Fluorescing Glass Ceramics Development of Colours and Florescence in UV Regions Metamerism in Glass Ceramics: The Problem and Solution Opalescence... Part IV Models of Dentally Used Glass Ceramics 10 Leucite Glass-Ceramics Industrial Importance of Synthetic Leucite The &O-A1203Si02 Phase Diagram and Related Systems Chemical Compositions of Leucite Ceramics The Surface Crystallization Mechanism of Leucite Crystalline Structure of Leucite Crystalline Leucite Phases Tetragonal Leucite Glass-Ceramics Cubic Leucite Glass-Ceramics Pollucite Glass-Ceramics...

6 10.7 Criteria for Choosing the Compositions of Ceramic Coatings Design of Glass-Ceramic Veneers for Metal Substructures How to Modify Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Ceramic Coating Opacity Development in Veneering Glass-Ceramics Microstructural Optimization of Low Fusion Leucite Ceramics Classification of Leucite Dental Glass-Ceramics Glass-Ceramic Veneers for Metal or Ceramic Substructures Low Fusion Leucite Glass-Ceramics for Coating Gold Alloys Yellow Coloration in the Leucite Ceramics Machinable Mica Dental Glass-Ceramics Mica Glass-Ceramics Industrial Importance of Synthetic Mica History of Synthetic Mica Crystalline Structure of Mica Structure of Fluorophlogopite Chemical Reactions of Mica and Mica Related Phase Diagrams MgO-MgF.40, System Chemical ~om~ositichs of Mica Glass-Ceramics Development of Mica Glass-Ceramics Microstmctures The Crystallization of Tetrasilicic Mica The Crystallization of Fluorophlogopite (Trisilicic Mica) Glass-Ceramics Scientific and Technical Problems Encountered in Synthetic Mica Glass-Ceramics for Dental Applications Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramics Advantages of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics Crystallization of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics Crystalline Phase Development Mechanism of Crystallization Chemical Composition of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics The Properties of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics Problems Encountered with Lithium Disilicate...

7 Part V Bioactive Glass and Bioactive Glass Ceramics 13 Bioactive Glasses Nature of Bioactive Glass Chemical Composition of Bioactive Glasses Properties of Bioactive Glasses Bioactivity of Bioactive Glasses Models of Bioactive Glass Ceramics Apatite Glass Ceramics Apatite-Wollastonite Glass-Ceramics Apatite-Huorophlogopite Glass-Ceramics Apatite-Mullite Glass-Ceramics Fluorocanasite Glass Ceramics Potassium Fluorrichterite Glass-Ceramics... Index