Polymer Matrix Composites

Transcription

1 Polymer Matrix Composites

2 Soviet Advanced Composites Technology Series Series editors: J. N. Fridlyander, Russian Academy of Sciences,, Russia 1. H. Marshall, University of Paisley, Paisley, UK This series forms a unique record of research, development and application of composite materials and components in the former Soviet Union. The material presented in each volume, much of it previously unpublished and classified until recently, gives the reader a detailed insight into the theory and methodology employed and the results achieved, by the Soviet Union's top scientists and engineers in relation to this versatile class of materials. Titles in the series 1. Composite Manufacturing Technology Editors: A. G. Bratukhin and V. S. Bogolyubov 2. Ceramic- and Carbon-matrix Composites Editor: V. 1. Trefilov 3. Metal Matrix Composites Editor: J. N. Fridlyander 4. Polymer Matrix Composites Editor: R. E. Shalin 5. Fibre Science and Technology Editor: V. 1. Kostikov 6. Composite Materials in Aerospace Design Editors: G. I. Zagainov and G. E. Lozino-Lozinski

3 Polymer Matrix Composites Edited by R. E. Shalin All-Russian Scientific Institute for Aviation Materials, t1i CHAPMAN & HAll London Glasgow Weinheim. New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras

4 Published by Chapman 8t Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt SUN, UK Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK Blackie Academic & Professional. Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G64 2NZ, UK Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, Weinheim, Germany Chapman & Hall USA, One Penn Plaza, 41st Floor, New York NY 10119, USA Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras , India First edition Chapman & Hall Typeset in 10/12 Palatino by Thomson Press (I) Ltd., New Delhi ISBN-13: : / e-isbn-13: Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: ~!Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINISO Z and ANSI/NISO Z (Permanence of Paper).

5 Contents List of contributors Series preface Preface viii ix xi 1 Polymeric matrices in fibre-reinforced composite materials 1 E.B. Trostyanskaya 1.1 Introduction High-crosslink-density polymeric matrices Matrices manufactured of thermostable linear and low-crosslinkdensity polymers 73 References Some principles for creating fibrous composites with a polymeric matrix 92 G.M. Gunyaev 2.1 Introduction Compatibility of components and solidity of polymeric composites Structural defects and mechanical properties of polymeric composites Control over properties of composites by changing composition and structure 114 References Structural carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics and their properties 132 T.G. Sorina and G.M. Gunyaev 3.1 Introduction Components for structural carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics 133

6 vi Contents 3.3 Epoxy carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics with thermoplastic matrix Component properties and high-temperature strength of heatresistant carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics Structure-simulating modelling of carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics with given tensile and compressive properties 182 References Organoplastics V.D. Protassov 4.1 Reinforcing materials 4.2 Binders 4.3 Composites References 5 Glass plastics B.A. Kiselev 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Glass-fibre fillers 5.3 Binders of glass plastics 5.4 Properties of glass plastics 5.5 Glass plastics technology and applications References 6 Hybrid composite materials B. V. Perov and J.P. Khoroshilova Introduction Levels of hybridization and structure of hybrid composite materials Calculation and design of hybrid composite materials Production of hybrid composite materials and articles therefrom Characteristic features and fields of application 300 References Principles of developing organic-fibre-reinforced plastics for aircraft engineering G.P. Mashinskaya and B. V. Perov 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Peculiarities of the properties of aramid fibres used as fillers for polymeric composites 7.3 Thermoreactive binders for organoplastics

7 Contents 7.4 Peculiarities of the physicochemical interaction of aramid fibres with the components of thermoreactive oligomeric binders 7.5 Peculiarities of thermoreactive binder curing in the presence of aramid fibres 7.6 Adhesive interaction in polymeric fibre-polymeric cured matrix systems 7.7 Relaxation processes in organoplastics 7.8 Mechanical properties of organic-fibre-reinforced plastics 7.9 Effect of water and its vapour on organoplastic properties 7.10 Dielectric properties of organoplastics 7.11 Thermal properties of organoplastics 7.12 Applications of organoplastics in aircraft engineering References Index VII

8 Contributors G.M. Gunyaev I.P. Khoroshilova B.A. Kiselev G.P. Mashinskaya BV. Perov V.D. Protassov Scientific and Technological Institute of Special Machine-Building, Khot'kovo R.E. Shalin T.G. Sorina E.B. Trostyanskaya The Tsiolkovsky Institute of Aircraft Technology,

9 Series preface Some years ago in Paisley (Scotland) the International Conference on Composite Materials, headed by Professor I. Marshall, took place. During the conference, I presented a paper on the manufacturing and properties of the Soviet Union's composite materials. Soviet industry had made great achievements in the manufacturing of composite materials for aerospace and rocket applications. For example, the fraction of composites (predominantly carbon fibre reinforced plastics) in the large passenger aircrafts Tu-204 and is 12-15% of the structure weight. The percentage by weight share of composites in military aircraft is greater and the fraction of composites (organic fibre reinforced plastics) used in military helicopters exceeds a half of the total structure weight. The nose parts of most rockets are produced in carbon-carbon materials. In the Soviet spacecraft 'Buran' many fuselage tubes are made of boron-aluminium composites. Carbon-aluminium is used for space mirrors and gas turbine blades. These are just a few examples of applications. Many participants at the Paisley conference suggested that the substantial Soviet experience in the field of composite materials should be distilled and presented in the form of a comprehensive reference publication. So the idea of the preparation and publication of a six volume work Soviet Advanced Composites Technology, edited by Academician J. Fridlyander and Professor I. Marshall, was born. Academician J.N. Fridlyander, May 1994

10 Preface Polymeric composites based on continuous glass, carbon and organic fibres have found wide application in many branches of modern engineering. High-strength and high-modulus reinforced plastics possess a unique combination of mechanical technological and service properties. They differ from other traditional structural materials in the fact that the design of composite components and articles cannot be carried out separately from the design and development of the initial materials, beginning with the selection and preparation of raw materials. The above-mentioned features and also the factor of the free variation of composite properties over the whole complex of technical and theoretical problems associated with composite development, design and production, i.e. the study of their properties, reveal their potential. In the modern scientific and technical literature, editions of complex character that provide the specialist with the necessary information are rather rare. This book (Volume 4 of the series) gives the basic principles of the development of high-strength high-modulus composites in Russia. A wide spectrum of problems has been considered, associated with the synthesis of the initial components (binders and reinforcing fillers), the development of formulations, the study of the properties of glass-, carbon- and organic-fibre-reinforced plastics, and the peculiarities of hybrid composites design. Definite types of reinforced materials widely used in the Russian aerospace industry and other branches of engineering and national economy are considered. The data presented can serve as a useful information source for scientists, industrial engineers and designers working in this advanced materials science field, and also for representatives of industry and business dealing with the production and application of micro-reinforced and hybrid composite articles. R.E.Shalin, Russia