Micron-Sized Nanoporous Antimony with Tunable Porosity for. High Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries

Transcription

1 1 Micron-Sized Nanoporous Antimony with Tunable Porosity for High Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries Yongling An, Yuan Tian, Lijie Ci, Shenglin Xiong, Jinkui Feng,*, Yitai Qian SDU & Rice Joint Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan , P. R. China. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan , P. R. China. Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei , P. R. China.

2 2 Figure S1. (a) The schematic of evolution of the Zn-Sb alloy via vacuum distillation method. (bm) SEM images of evolution structure of the different ratio Zn-Sb alloy at different distillated temperature. (b-d) SEM images of the Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=1:4) distillated at (b) 0 o C, (c) 400 o C,

3 3 and (d) 500 o C. (e-g) SEM images of the Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=2:3) distillated at (e) 0 o C, (f) 400 o C, and (g) 500 o C. (h-j) SEM images of the Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=3:2) distillated at (h) 0 o C, (i) 400 o C, and (j) 500 o C. (k-m) SEM images of the Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=4:1) distillated at (k) 0 o C, (l) 400 o C, and (m) 500 o C.

4 4 Figure S2. (a-d) XRD evolution of the Zn-Sb alloy ((a) Zn:Sb=1:4, (b) Zn:Sb=2:3, (c) Zn:Sb=3:2, (d) Zn:Sb=4:1), distillated via the vacuum distillation method.

5 5 Figure S3. (a-d) Raman evolution of the Zn-Sb alloy ((a) Zn:Sb=1:4, (b) Zn:Sb=2:3, (c) Zn:Sb=3:2, (d) Zn:Sb=4:1), distillated via the vacuum distillation method.

6 6 Figure S4. The EDS results and mapping images of the Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=1:4), distillated at (a-c) 0 o C, (b-e) 400 o C, and (f-h) 500 o C.

7 7 Figure S5. The EDS results and mapping images of the Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=2:3), distillated at (a-c) 0 o C, (b-e) 400 o C, and (f-h) 500 o C.

8 8 Figure S6. The EDS results and mapping images of the Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=3:2), distillated at (a-c) 0 o C, (b-e) 400 o C, and (f-h) 500 o C.

9 9 Figure S7. The EDS results and mapping images of the Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=4:1), distillated at (a-c) 0 o C, (b-e) 400 o C, and (f-h) 500 o C.

10 10 Figure S8. SEM images of evolution structure of the Zn-Sb alloy, distillated by the vacuum distillation method at (a) 600, (b) 700, (c) 800, and (d) 900 C.

11 Figure S9. SEM image of NP-Sb

12 12 Figure S10. SAED of Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=4:1), distillated at 500 o C via the vacuum distillation method.

13 13 Figure S11. (a, b) TEM, (c) HRTEM, and (d) SAED of Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=1:4), distillated at 500 o C via the vacuum distillation method.

14 14 Figure S12. (a, b) TEM, (c) HRTEM, and (d) SAED of Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=2:3), distillated at 500 o C via the vacuum distillation method.

15 15 Figure S13. (a, b) TEM, (c) HRTEM, and (d) SAED of Zn-Sb alloy (Zn:Sb=3:2), distillated at 500 o C via the vacuum distillation method.

16 16 Figure S14. (a, c, e) N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and (b, d, f) corresponding pore size distribution of Zn-Sb alloy ((a, b) Zn:Sb=1:4, (c, d) Zn:Sb=2:3, (e, f) Zn:Sb=3:2), distillated at 500 o C via the vacuum distillation method.

17 Figure S15. (a) XRD and (b) Raman of bulk-sb. 17

18 Figure S16. (a, b) SEM images, (c) EDS, and (d) mapping image of bulk-sb. 18

19 19 Figure S17. N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and corresponding pore size distribution of bulk- Sb.

20 20 Figure S18. The 1 st galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles of NP-Sb-20 anode at 100 ma g -1.

21 Figure S19. Galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles of bulk-sb anodes at 100 ma g

22 22 Figure S20. (a) Charge/discharge profiles and (b) cycling capability of NP-Sb-80 anode at 100 ma g -1.

23 23 Figure S21. (a) Charge/discharge profiles and (b) cycling capability of NP-Sb-60 anode at 100 ma g -1.

24 24 Figure S22. (a) Charge/discharge profiles and (b) cycling capability of NP-Sb-40 anode at 100 ma g -1.

25 25 Figure S23. (a, b) Charge/discharge profiles of the (a) bulk-sb and (b) NP-Sb-20 anodes at different current densities.

26 26 Figure S24. (a) Charge/discharge profiles and (b) cycling capability of NP-Sb-20 anode for SIBs at 100 ma g -1.

27 27 Figure S25. (a-d) SEM images of the bulk-sb anode (a) before and (c) after 50 cycles, and the NP- Sb-20 anode (b) before and (d) after 50 cycles.

28 Figure S26. TEM images of bulk-sb (a) and NP-Sb-20 (b) after 50 cycles at 100 ma g

29 29 Figure S27. (a-d) EIS spectra of bulk-sb (a) before cycle and (c) after the 1st, 5th, 10th, 20th, and 50th cycle, NP-Sb-20 anodes (b) before cycle and (d) after the 1st, 5th, 10th, 20th, and 50th cycle.

30 30 Table S1. A survey of Sb-based anode materials for SIBs. Sb-Based Anode Materials (SIBs) Current Density (ma g -1 ) Cycle Number (Cycles) Capacity Retention (%) Reversible Capacity (mah g -1 ) Reference Fe-Sb Sn-Ge-Sb SnSb AlSb Mo 3 Sb Sb/C Fibers SbNP/MWCNT Sb@C Coaxial Nanotubes rgo/nano Sb Antimony/Multilayer Graphene Hybrid Sb Nanorod Array Hollow Sb@C Yolk- Shell Spheres NiSb Intermetallic Hollow Nanospheres Sb-carbon Composite Microspheres Sb Nanocrystals Bulk Sb NP-Sb This work 15

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