B-dul Biruinţei 102, Pantelimon, Jud. Ilfov, C.P Splaiul Independenţei 313, sector 6, Bucureşti, România, C.P REZUMAT / ABSTRACT

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1 Metallurgy and New Materials Researches, Vol. XIX, No. 2/211 ISSN: OBŢINEREA DE PREALIAJE NANOSTRUCTURATE Al-Sr PRIN PROCEDEUL MELT-SPINNING MELT SPINNING PROCESS FOR NANOSTRUCTURED Al-Sr MASTER ALLOY OBTAINING Dumitru MITRICĂ 1, Vasile SOARE 1, Marian BURADA 1, Viorel BĂDILIŢĂ 1, Victoria SOARE 1, Ionuţ CONSTANTIN 1, Petru MOLDOVAN 2, Gabriela POPESCU 2 dmitrica@imnr.ro 1 Institutul Naţional de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Metale Neferoase şi Rare IMNR, Pantelimon B-dul Biruinţei 12, Pantelimon, Jud. Ilfov, C.P Universitatea POLITEHNICA - BIOMAT, Bucureşti, Splaiul Independenţei 313, sector 6, Bucureşti, România, C.P. 632 REZUMAT / ABSTRACT A P R T u fost obţinute benzi nanostructurate de prealiaj Al-1Sr prin procedeul melt-spinning, la viteze diferite de rotaţie a discului. Benzile obţinute au fost studiate prin microscopie electronică SEM şi difracţie de raze X, cu identificarea morfologică, fazică şi compoziţională a constituenţilor nanostructuraţi apăruţi. Microstructura probelor obţinute la viteze mici de rotaţie 3 m/s (2 rot/min) conţine predominat fază primară Al 4 Sr sub formă rotunjită cu dimensiuni de cristalit de 4-1 nm, iar la viteze mari de rotaţie 8-12 m/s (4-6 rot/min) fază eutectic α-al + Al 4 Sr sub formă de şiruri paralele de mărimi nanometrice (<5 nm). S-a analizat influenţa parametrilor procesului asupra geometriei benzilor obţinute. A fost realizată o corelare a datelor experimentale cu teoriile matematice de determinare a dimensiunilor benzii, specifice prealiajului Al-1Sr. ibbons of nanostructured Al-1Sr master alloy were obtained by melt-spinning process at different rotating speeds. The resulted ribbons were characterized by electron microscopy SEM and X-ray diffraction; with morphology, phase and composition determination of nanostructured constituents. Microstructures obtained at low rotational speeds of 3 m /s (2, rpm) contained mainly rounded primary phase Al 4 Sr with crystallite sizes of 4-1 nm. At higher speeds of 8-12 m/s (4-6 rpm), the eutectic phase α-al + Al 4 Sr forms parallel stripes of nanometric size particles (<5 nm). It was analyzed the influence of process parameters on the geometry of the obtained ribbons and the correlation of experimental data with theoretical findings for determining the dimensions of the Al-1Sr master alloy ribbons. Key words: melt spinning, Al-1Sr, microstructure, geometry 1. INTRODUCERE 1. INTRODUCTION Prealiajele Al-Sr prezintă un interes deosebit la modificarea aliajelor de aluminiu pentru turnătorie. Dintre multiplele avantaje microstructurale obţinute prin adăugarea stronţiului ca modificator în aliajele Al-Si întâlnim: controlul morfologic al siliciului primar regăsit în structura solidificată, împiedicarea formării siliciului acicular prin transformarea sa în formă fibroasă fină şi reducerea porozităţii materialului turnat, [1]. S-a determinat că efectul remarcabil de modificare al stronţiului este bazat pe creşterea anormală a planelor pereche, care conduce la instabilitatea ridicată a zonei de interfaţă şi permite ramificarea Al-Sr master alloys are of particular interest to the modification of cast aluminum alloys. Among the many advantages obtained by the additions of strontium as modifier in Al-Si alloys are: the morphological control of primary silicon found in the solidified structure, prevention of the acicular silicon formation by transformation into fine fibrous form and the reduced porosity of the solidified alloy, [1]. It has been determined that the remarkable modifying capability of strontium was based on formation of abnormal plane pairs, which leads to high instability of interface area and allows multiple branching of Metallurgical Research Institute & Romanian Society for Metallurgy

2 Dumitru Mitrică, Vasile Soare, Marian Burada, Viorel Bădiliţă, Victoria Soare, Ionuţ Constantin, Petru Moldovan, Gabriela Popescu repetată a fazei de Si primar. Stronţiul se introduce în topitură sub formă de prealiaj pentru a îmbunătăţii procesul de dizolvare şi a reduce pierderile prin oxidare. Cele mai cunoscute prealiaje de Al-Sr utilizate în practică sunt cele cu 3%, 5% şi 1% Sr. Caracteristica lor principală este prezenţa în microstructură a compusului intermetalic stabil Al 4 Sr, sub formă de fază primară cu punct de topire de 134ºC. Adiţia de procente mici de prealiaj în topitura de aliaj de aluminiu şi menţinerea la temperatură ridicată, produce dizolvare fazei Al 4 Sr în aluminiu şi stronţiu metalic. În practică se întâlnesc pierderi considerabile de material modificator la separarea incompletă a celor două metale sau timpi îndelungaţi de menţinere pentru omogenizare. Aceste dezavantaje se pot remedia prin introducerea prealiajului modificator sub formă nanostructurată, cu mărimi de fază primară Al 4 Sr mult reduse, [2]. O metodă eficientă de obţinere sub formă nanostructurată a materialelor metalice în cantităţi accesibile industrial este solidificarea ultrarapidă din topitură (RSP-rapid solidification processing). Solidificarea ultrarapidă prezintă multe caracteristici avantajoase din punctul de vedere industrial al obţinerii de structuri avansate în materialele metalice. Prin această metodă au fost elaborate aliaje în stare amorfă, cvasicristalină sau nano cu proprietăţi mult superioare celor obţinute prin alte metode. Aplicabilitatea lor este limitată în oarecare măsură de omogenitatea structurală a materialului obţinut, [3]. Metoda RSP este capabilă de a produce o finisare de grăunte avansată, iar prin lărgirea limitelor de solubilitate în stare solidă se formează faze cristaline, cvasicristaline sau amorfe metastabile. Cea mai des întâlnită metodă de solidificare ultrarapidă a topiturilor de materiale metalice este cunoscută sub numele de melt spinning. Aceasta constă din turnarea unui jet subţire de aliaj topit pe un disc în mişcare de rotaţie. Jetul de material topit se formează prin extruziune din baia metalică, prin acţiunea unui gaz inert sub presiune. La contactul cu suprafaţa discului, aliajul topit trece rapid din starea lichidă în stare solidă având ca rezultat îngheţarea structurii acestuia. În literatura de specialitate se întâlnesc nenumărate studii de cercetare cu referire la obţinerea de diferite materiale metalice nanostructurate prin solidificare ultrarapidă, [4-7], dar doar câteva au fost realizate în domeniul prealiajelor modificatoare Al-Sr, [2, 8, 9, 1]. Astfel, Z. Zhang et. comp., [2] au caracterizat structural benzi de prealiaj Al-Sr, cu diferite compoziţii, obţinut prin metoda melt spinning. Microstructurile obţinute au conţinut fie faze nanocristaline rotunjite de compus AlSr 4 la viteze mici de răcire a aliajului (< 4,6x1 5 Ks -1 ), fie şiruri paralele de eutectic la viteze mari de răcire (>7,7x1 5 Ks 1 ). Aceiaşi autori au studiat în [8] evoluţia structurală a fazei de eutectic α-al + Al 4 Sr, cu observaţia peak-urilor largi de raze X primary Si phase. Strontium is added to the melt as master alloy to improve the dissolution process and reduce losses by oxidation. The most known Al-Sr master alloys contain 3%, 5% and 1% Sr. Their main characteristic is the presence in the micro structure of a stable intermetallic compound Al 4 Sr as primary phase, with a melting point of 134 C. As a result of small additions of master alloy in aluminum alloy melt followed by holding at high temperature, causes Al 4 Sr phase decomposition into elementary aluminum and strontium. In practice, there are important efficiency problems determined by in-complete phase separation and/or long holding times of the alloy melt. These disadvantages can be substantially reduced by introducing the modifier master alloy in a nano-structured form, with smaller primary Al 4 Sr phase and thus improved dissolution rates, [2]. An efficient method for obtaining nanostructured metallic materials in industrial quantities is the rapid solidification process (RSP). Rapid solidification process has many advantageous features in terms of mass production for obtaining advanced metallic materials. Amorphous, quasicristalline or nano structures have been developed by this method, with properties superior to those obtained by other methods. Nevertheless, its applicability is limited to some extent because of structural inhomogeneity of the obtained material, [3]. RSP method is able to produce advanced grain refining and metastable amorphous, crystalline or quasicrystalline structures by broadening the solid solubility limits in materials. The most common method of rapid solidification of molten metallic materials is known as melt spinning. This consists of pouring a thin stream of molten alloy on a rotating disk. A jet of molten metal is formed by extrusion from the molten metal bath by the action of an inert gas under pressure. At the contact with the disc surface, the molten alloy quickly passes into the solid state, resulting in the freezing of the liquid microstructure. In literature countless research studies exist, relating to the elaboration of various nanostructured metallic materials by rapid solidification, [4-7], but only a few were related to Al-Sr modifier masteralloys, [2, 8, 9, 1]. Z. Zhang et. comp., [2] characterized structurally Al-Sr prealloy ribbons, with different compositions, obtained by melt-spinning. The obtained microstructures contained either rounded nanocrystalline phases of AlSr 4 compound, at low alloy cooling rates (< 4.6x 1 5 Ks -1 ), or parallel eutectic arrays, at high cooling rates (>7.7x1 5 Ks 1 ). The same authors studied in [8] the structural evolution of a eutectic α-al + Al 4 Sr phase, observing the large X-ray peaks obtained and eutectic supra-saturation at high cooling rates. 12

3 Obţinerea de prealiaje nanostructurate Al-Sr prin procedeul melt-spinning obţinute şi suprasaturarea cu eutectic la viteze mari de răcire. Concomitent cu evaluarea microstructurală, configuraţia geometrică a benzilor solidificate ultrarapid reprezintă un factor important în studiul eficienţei procesului melt spinning aplicat unei anumite categorii de materiale. În tratarea cantitativă a procesului de solidificare a jetului metalic pe suport de răcire în mişcare sunt de elucidat următoarele probleme: modul în care se formează banda solidificată; constrângerile de natură energetică, termică şi termodinamică exercitate în proces; relaţiile între dimensiunile benzii rezultate şi condiţiile de solidificare; natura şi consecinţele instabilităţilor dinamice care pot apărea în proces. Importanţa practică a elucidării acestor probleme rezidă în faptul că oferă baza teoretică pentru proiectarea tehnologiilor bazate pe acest proces. Principalii parametrii ai procesului de solidificare ultrarapidă prin melt-spinning sunt: unghiul de impact cu suportul de răcire (Ө, grd), distanţa ajutaj-disc (d d-t, mm), temperatura de ejecţie a materialului (T E, C), diametrul ajutajului (D d, mm), presiunea gazului în tubul de quarţ (P g, bari) şi rotaţia discului (N tamb, rot/min). Cunoscând valorile parametrilor de proces se poate calcula geometria filamentului obţinut. În acest sens, s-au realizat numeroase studii în literatura de specialitate, pentru diferite materiale supuse procedeului melt spinning. Marea majoritate a studiilor au ca punct comun teorii emise încă din anii 7 de către Lieberman - Graham [11] şi Kavesh [12]. În aceste teorii se menţionează dependenţa dimensiunilor geometrice ale benzii solidificate ultrarapid funcţie de parametrii sistemului prin studiul a două regimuri de formare: formare dominată de fenomene de transport termic şi formare dominată de echilibrul energetic. În cazul regimului de formare guvernat de procese de transfer termic o mare importanţă o are variaţia cu timpul a grosimii stratului limită termic. Astfel, în ipoteza formării benzii prin propagarea stratului limită guvernat termic se poate ajunge la următoarele relaţii, [12]: Simultaneously to the micro structural evaluation, the geometric configuration of rapidly solidified ribbons represents an important factor in studying the efficiency of the melt spinning process applied to a certain category of materials. In a quantitative approach of the solidification process for a metallic jet on a rotating cooling device, the following issues are to be explained: the manner of solidified ribbon formation; constraints of energetic, thermal and thermodynamic nature exerted in the process; relations between the resulting ribbon dimensions and solidification conditions; nature and consequences of dynamic instabilities which may occur in the process. The practical importance in solving these issues resides in creating theoretical grounds for designing technologies based on this process. The main parameters of the rapid solidification process by melt-spinning are: angle of impact with the cooling device (Ө, deg), nozzle - disk distance (d n-d, mm), material ejection temperature (T E, C), nozzle diameter (D n, mm), gas pressure in the silica tube (P g, bar) and disk rotation (N disk, rpm). Knowing the values for the process parameters, the geometry of the obtained fiber can be calculated. In this regard, numerous studies were realized in literature, for different materials processed by melt-spinning method. Most of the studies are concurrent with theories issued by Lieberman - Graham [11] and Kavesh [12], since the 7 s. These theories mention the dependence of geometric dimensions of the rapid solidified ribbon on the system parameters by studying two formation theories: heat transport theory and momentum transport theory. For heat transport processes, the variation of the thermal boundary layer with time is very significant. Thus, the hypothesis of ribbon formation by thermal propagation of the boundary layer leads to the following equations, [12]: t w 1 Q 1n n n 1 cos V n n 1 cos ) 1n (1) Q ( (2) V unde: t - grosimea medie a benzii, (μm); w - lăţimea benzii, (mm); Q - debitul de aliaj, (L/min); V - viteza de rotaţie a discului, (m/s); - unghiul de incidenţă a topiturii pe suprafaţa discului, (grade); n - panta medie a curbei de variaţie în timp a grosimii stratului limită termic, (adimensional). where: t - average thickness of the ribbon, (m); w - ribbon width, (mm); Q - alloy flow rate, (L/min); V - disk rotation speed, (m/s); - incidence angle of the melt on the disk surface, (degrees); n - medium slope for the time dependent variation curve of the thermal boundary layer thickness, (dimensionless). 13

4 Dumitru Mitrică, Vasile Soare, Marian Burada, Viorel Bădiliţă, Victoria Soare, Ionuţ Constantin, Petru Moldovan, Gabriela Popescu Debitul de aliaj Q se determină funcţie de elementele constructive ale tubului de quarţ, natura materialului, suprapresiunea gazului aplicat topiturii P g şi diametrul ajutajului D d. Viteza de rotaţie a discului V este determinată de numărul de rotaţii N disc şi diametrul discului D disc prin relaţia: The alloy flow rate, Q, can be calculated based on crucible dimensions, material nature, gas overpressure P g and nozzle diameter D n. The disk rotation speed V depends on the rotations per minute N disk and disk diameter D disk, using the equation: V = N disc π D disc (3) unde: D - diametrul discului, (mm); N disc - numărul de rotaţii disc, (rot/min). Unghiul de incidenţă al topiturii θ este fixat la începutul experimentelor, iar indicele n se calculează funcţie de panta curbei grosime strat limită timp (în practică se utilizează valoarea,75). În cazul regimului de natură energetică se urmăreşte evaluarea termenilor din bilanţuri de energie cinetică şi superficială. Rezultatul acestor corelaţii trimite la o relaţie simplă de proporţionalitate de tipul t = c/v. Factorul de proporţionalitate c este dependent de debitul de material topit turnat pe suprafaţa de răcire şi de natura materialului. Relaţii de determinare a grosimii benzii cu acest regim au fost emise recent de Vincent et all [13], where: D - disk diameter, (mm); N disk - number of disk rotations per minute, (rpm). The melt incidence angle was fixed at the beginning of the experiments, and the coefficient n was calculated depending on the slope of the boundary layer thickness time curve (in practice is used.75). In case of momentum transport based regime, the variables are evaluated by kinetic and surface energy balances. The results of these correlations offers a simple proportionality equation t = c/v. The proportionality factor c depends on the flow rate of the molten material poured on the cooling surface and also on the material nature. The equations for determining ribbon thickness in this regime were recently issued by Vincent et all [13], l t 1.72 V.5 (4) şi de Kramer et all [14]: and Kramer et all [14]: l t 5 V.5 (5) unde: η vâscozitatea dinamică a aliajului, (Pa s) ; l lungimea băii metalice la contactul aliajului topit cu discul, (m) ; ρ densitatea aliajului, (g/cm 3 ). Ambele relaţii exprimă un factor de proporţionalitate de tipul t ~ V -1/2. Dar, în ambele situaţii nu au fost precizate detalii experimentale clare legate de presiunea de ejecţie şi debitul de aliaj utilizat. Analiza concordanţei datelor experimentale cu relaţiile teoretice pentru cele două modalităţi de tratare a sistemului a fost realizată de numeroşi autori. Astfel, Kavesh în [12], a obţinut cele mai bune corelări pentru datele experimentale utilizând regimul de transfer termic, pe când Libermann în [14] cu fonduri de cercetare substanţiale înclină situaţia în favoarea regimului de transfer energetic. Neconcordanţe teoretice în relaţiile emise de Kavesh where: η dynamic viscosity of the alloy, (Pa s); l length of the metallic bath at molten alloy contact with the disk, (m); ρ alloy density, (g/cm 3 ). Both equations express a proportionality factor type t ~ V -1/2. But, in both situations, were not specified clear experimental details concerning the ejection pressure and utilized alloy flow rate. Numerous authors have determined the concordance analysis of the experimental data with theoretical equations for the two methods of controlling the system. Thus, Kavesh obtained the best correlations for the experimental data using the thermal transport regime [12], while Libermann [14], with the help of substantial research funds, favors the momentum transport regime. Theoretical discrepancies were stated in the works of 14

5 Obţinerea de prealiaje nanostructurate Al-Sr prin procedeul melt-spinning au fost menţionate în lucrările lui Agrawal [15] şi Vincent et all [13], cel din urmă obţinând valori experimentale dependente de regimul de transfer energetic. În lucrarea de faţă se studiază obţinerea nanostructurată a prealiajelor de AlSr1 prin solidificare ultrarapidă melt spinning cu prezentarea influenţei parametrilor procesului asupra microstructurii şi dimensiunii benzilor obţinute. Agrawal [15] and Vincent et all [13], concerning the equations issued by Kavesh. The experimental data obtained by latter author proved to be dependent of momentum transport regime. Present work studies the obtaining of nanostructured Al-1Sr master alloys by rapid solidification melt spinning with presenting the influence of the process parameters on the microstructure and geometry of the obtained ribbons. 2. LUCRĂRI EXPERIMENTALE 2. EXPERIMENTAL Instalaţia experimentală melt spinning utilizată în procesul experimental (Figura 1) conţine un ansamblu tub de cuarţ creuzet grafit, un echipament de topire în inducţie şi un disc rotitor din cupru. Prealiajul AlSr1 a fost elaborat în prealabil într-un cuptor electric sub atmosferă de argon şi turnat în bare de Ф1 mm. Analiza chimică a prealiajului obţinut a evidenţiat o compoziţie (9,6% Sr) în limitele standardelor în vigoare. The melt spinning experimental setup (Figure 1) contains a quartz tube graphite crucible assembly, induction melting equipment and a copper made rotating disk. The Al-1Sr master alloy was previously elaborated in an electric furnace under argon atmosphere and casted into Ф1 mm rods. The chemical analyses of as-cast master alloy revealed a standardized composition with 9.6% Sr. Fig.1. Schema instalaţiei experimentale de solidificare ultrarapidă prin metoda melt spinning / Experimental installation for rapid solidification by melt spinning 15

6 Dumitru Mitrică, Vasile Soare, Marian Burada, Viorel Bădiliţă, Victoria Soare, Ionuţ Constantin, Petru Moldovan, Gabriela Popescu Etapele experimentale parcurse au constat din: - pregătirea instalaţiei cu introducerea barelor de prealiaj turnat în tubul de cuarţ - creuzet grafit; - topirea prin inducţie la 11 C cu menţinere pentru omogenizare şi fluidizare; - poziţionare dispozitiv turnare la 1-2 mm şi unghi de incidenţă de 7 grade de discul rotitor din Cu de diametru Ф38 cm; - ejectarea pre-aliajului topit prin crearea unei suprapresiuni de gaz inert (25 KPa) în tubul de cuarţ şi colectarea benzilor cu prelevarea probelor pentru caracterizări. Întregul proces a fost condus în atmosferă protectoare de argon. S-au obţinut probe de prealiaj Al-1Sr solidificate ultrarapid cu viteze de rotaţie a discului de rot/min. The experimental process steps consisted of: - preparing the installation with introducing master alloy rods in the silica tube graphite crucible; - induction melting at 11 C and maintaining for homogenization and fluidization; - placing the casting device at 1-2 mm distance and 7 degrees incidence angle from the Cu rotating disk, with the diameter of Ф38 cm; - ejecting molten pre-alloy by creating inert gas overpressure (25 KPa) in the silica tube; and ribbon handling with sample preparation for characterizations. Al-1Sr master alloy samples were obtained by rapid solidification with disk rotation speeds of rpm/min. 3. REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analiza chimică a eşantioanelor efectuată cu un spectrometru de emisie optică cu plasmă - DCP, Spectraspan V-Beckman Germania, a arătat o repartizare compoziţională a elementelor componente asemănătoare valorilor standard pentru produse turnate. Investigarea macro a benzilor de Al-1Sr a pus în evidenţă aspectul lucios al suprafeţei de contact cu discul, caracteristice stării vitroase a materialului. Benzile de material prezintă o duritate şi fragilitate crescută faţă de starea turnată. Dimensiunile benzilor de material amorf Al-1Sr sunt de: 4-9 μm în grosime şi,7-1,5 mm în lăţime. The chemical analysis of the samples, performed with an optical emission plasma spectrometer DCP, Spectraspan V-Beckman Germany, revealed a compositional repartition of the elements similar to the standard values for similar cast products. Macroscopic investigation of Al-1Sr ribbons showed a glossy ribbon to disk surface, which is characteristic to the vitreous state of the material. Comparing to the as-cast state master alloy, the melt spun ribbons present higher hardness and brittleness. Dimensions of Al-1Sr ribbons are: 4-9 μm in thickness and mm in width. AlSr1 turnat AlSr1 melt spinning Fig. 2. Imagini SEM de prealiaj Al-1Sr obţinut prin metode diferite / SEM images of Al-1Sr pre-alloy obtained by various methods Analiza SEM a probelor prelevate de Al-1Sr a fost realizată cu un microscop electronic cu baleiaj HITACHI, model S-26N. Imaginile rezultate conţin eutecticul αal-al 4 Sr şi compusul primar Al 4 Sr. Pentru a pune în evidenţă morfologia acestor faze s-a procedat la eliminarea matricei de Al soluţie solidă. SEM analysis of the A-1Sr samples was performed by a HITACHI S-26N scanning electron microscope. Resulting images showed presence of αal-al 4 Sr eutectic and Al 4 Sr primary compound. In order to emphasize the compound phase morphology, the Al solid solution background was excluded from 16

7 Obţinerea de prealiaje nanostructurate Al-Sr prin procedeul melt-spinning Astfel, pentru prealiajul în stare turnată, se poate observa forma alungită şi colţuroasă a fazei primare de Al 4 Sr, cu dimensiuni de 8 2 μm în lungime şi 15 2 μm în grosime, mărginită de lamele curbe de Al 4 Sr (eutectic). Imaginile rezultate din analiza cu baleiaj a microstructurii benzilor de Al-1Sr solidificate rapid la viteza de 2 rot/min, conţin particule de Al 4 Sr înglobate în matricea de soluţie solidă alfa de aluminiu. Prin comparaţie cu prealiajul turnat, în aceste microstructuri nu se poate identifica faza de eutectic. În plus forma compusului Al 4 Sr este rotunjită şi acesta prezintă dimensiuni de 1-4 nm (Figura 2). Odată cu mărirea vitezei de rotaţie a discului se observă o micşorare a dimensiunilor particulelor de compus Al 4 Sr cu rotunjirea accentuată a formei lor. La viteze mari de rotaţie (4-6 rot/min) dispare complet faza de Al 4 Sr primar şi rămâne numai eutecticul cu soluţia solida alfa de aluminiu. Spre deosebire de benzile de prealiaj solidificate la viteze mici de rotaţie a discului, microstructura SEM a benzilor de prealiaj solidificate prin melt spinning la rotaţii de 4-6 rot/min conţine şiruri paralele de compus Al 4 Sr de dimensiuni < 5 nm. Caracterizarea fazică a fost efectuată cu un difractometru de raze X de tip BRUKER D8 DISCOVER. Prelucrarea datelor a fost realizată cu ajutorul modulului FPM (Full Pattern Matching) din componenţa pachetului de programe DIFFRAC plus BASIC (Bruker AXS) şi al bazei da date ICDD PDF-2 Release 26. Structura probei de prealiaj a fost studiată cu radiaţii de lungimea de undă Cu-Kα (λ = 1,546 Å). Metoda FPM a permis determinarea concentraţiilor, dimensiunii medii de cristalit şi a constantelor de reţea pentru cele trei faze identificate în cele patru eşantioane. Benzile de prealiaj solidificate ultrarapid au fost analizate pe ambele suprafeţe (suprafaţă liberă notată cu S şi suprafaţă de contact cu discul notată cu F). Difractogramele rezultate din analiza de raze X a prealiajului Al-1Sr (Figura 3) indică în principal prezenţa de faze metastabile de soluţie solidă suprasaturată α-al cu particule dispersate de Al 4 Sr. Spre deosebire de prealiajul turnat, în probele rezultate prin solidificare ultrarapidă compusul intermetalic Al 4 Sr este prezent în proporţii mai mici cu dimensiuni de cristalit mult micşorate (3-5 nm). Nu se observă o diferenţă majoră între compoziţia stratului limită de prealiaj solidificat ultrarapid şi stratul de contact cu atmosfera incintei (de ex: 17,5% faţă de 18,1% Al 4 Sr în cele două straturi), dar cu diferenţe notabile la dimensiunile de cristalit ale acestora (32 nm faţă de 45,8 nm). the micrograph. Thus, for the cast master alloy, coarse plate-like primary Al 4 Sr phase is observed, with dimensions of 8 2 μm in length and 15 2 μm in thickness, bounded by thin flakes of Al 4 Sr (eutectic). Images resulting from scanning analysis of Al-1Sr ribbons obtained by rapid solidification at 2 rpm contain Al 4 Sr particles embedded in an alpha aluminum solid solution. Comparing to the as-cast master alloy, the eutectic phase its not distinguished in these microstructures. Furthermore, the shape of the Al 4 Sr compound is rounded, with sizes of 1-4 nm (Figure 2). The increase in disk rotation speed determines size reduction and pronounced roundening of Al 4 Sr particles. At high rotation speeds (4-6 rpm) the primary Al 4 Sr phase completely disappears and only the eutectic and the alpha aluminum solution remain stable. Unlike ribbons solidified at low disk rotation speeds, SEM microstructure of master alloy ribbons solidified at 4-6 rpm contain parallel Al 4 Sr arrays, of maximum 5 nm. Phase characterization was performed using a BRUKER D8 DISCOVER X-ray diffractometer. The data obtained was processed using the FPM (Full Pattern Matching) module from the DIFFRAC plus BASIC (Bruker AXS) program package and the ICDD PDF-2 Release 26 database. The structure of the master alloy sample was studied with radiations of Cu-Kα (λ = Å) wavelength. FPM method permitted the determination of the concentrations, average crystallite sizes and atomic lattice parameters for the three phases identified in the four samples. Rapidly solidified master alloy ribbons were analyzed on both sides (free surface noted S and the disk contact surface noted F). Diffractograms resulting from X-ray analysis of Al-1Sr master alloy (Figure 3) contain mainly metastable phases of oversaturated α-al solid solution with dispersed Al 4 Sr particles. Unlike the cast master alloy, in samples obtained by rapid solidification the Al 4 Sr intermetallic compound is present in smaller proportions and with highly reduced crystallite sizes (3-5 nm). It is not observed a major difference between the boundary layer composition and the layer in contact with the chamber atmosphere (eg: 17.5% vs. 18.1% Al 4 Sr in the two layers), but with significant differences between their crystallite sizes (32 nm vs nm). 17

8 Dumitru Mitrică, Vasile Soare, Marian Burada, Viorel Bădiliţă, Victoria Soare, Ionuţ Constantin, Petru Moldovan, Gabriela Popescu Intensity (cps) 2 1 2Theta (deg) 2Theta (deg) Es 1743 AlSr-S1-x Es 1743 AlSr-S1-x_Eval Es 1743 AlSr-S1-x_Delta Al Al4Sr Es 1744 AlSr-S2-x Es 1744 AlSr-S2-x_Eval Es 1744 AlSr-S2-x_Delta Al Al4Sr Intensity (cps) 1 2Theta (deg) 2Theta (deg) Es 1745 AlSr-f1-x Es 1745 AlSr-f1-x_Eval Es 1745 AlSr-f1-x_Delta Al Al4Sr Es 1746 AlSr-f2-x Es 1746 AlSr-f2-x_Eval Es 1746 AlSr-f2-x_Delta Al Al4Sr Fig. 3. Prezentarea grafică a rezultatelor metodei FPM pentru analiză cantitativă de fază prin DRX pentru probele de prealiaj Al-1Sr solidificat ultrarapid. Notaţiile S şi f corespund suprafeţei libere a benzii respectiv celei de contact cu discul / Graphs obtained by quantitative phase analysis method FPM of X-ray diffraction for melt spun Al-1Sr master alloy samples. S - free surface and f - disk contact surface Tabelul/Table 1 Dimensiuni cristalite şi parametri de reţea prealiaje AlSr1 solidificate ultrarapid / Crystallite sizes and lattice parameters for ultra-rapidly solidified AlSr1 master alloys AlSr-S1-x (atmos./alloy, 44 rpm) AlSr-S2-x (atmos./alloy, 2 rpm) AlSr-f1-x (alloy/disk, 44 rpm) AlSr-f2-x (alloy/disk, 2 rpm) (Al)ss (%ms.) 82.8% 82.5% 82.1% 81.9% Al4Sr (%ms.) 17.2% 17.5% 17.9% 18.1% Sr in sample (%ms.) 7.7% 7.8% 8.% 8.1% a (Al)ss (Ǻ) D (Al)ss (nm) a Al4Sr (Ǻ) c Al4Sr (Ǻ) D Al4Sr (nm)

9 Obţinerea de prealiaje nanostructurate Al-Sr prin procedeul melt-spinning Bibliografie bază de date / PDF reference Tabelul/Table 2 Faza / Tip structură / Bibliografie PDF / a (Ǻ) c (Ǻ) Phase Structure type PDF reference Al Cub. A (*) Al4Sr Tetr. D (I) Creşterea vitezei de rotaţie a discului şi deci a vitezei de răcire a prealiajului determină o scădere mică a dimensiunilor de cristalit atât a soluţiei solide α-al (64,57 nm la 2 rot/min şi 62,9 nm la 44 rot/min), cât şi a particulelor de Al 4 Sr (32, nm la 2 rot/min faţă de 3, nm la 44 rot/min). Concentraţiile estimate ale fazelor, constantele de reţea, dimensiunile medii de cristalit, determinate prin metoda FPM sunt prezentate în Tabelul 1, iar referinţele PDF în Tabelul 2. În concluzie atât analizele de raze X cât şi analizele SEM efectuate pe probe de prealiaje de AlSr1 solidificate ultrarapid pun în evidenţă obţinerea de microstructuri metastabile, cu finisare accentuată, în domeniul nanocristalin (< 1 nm). Rezultatele experimentale şi cele calculate pentru grosimea şi lăţimea benzilor obţinute funcţie de viteza de rotaţie a discului sunt prezentate în Tabelul 3. Procesul experimental a urmărit dependenţa dimensiunilor benzii obţinute de viteza de rotaţie a discului de răcire N tamb cu menţinerea constantă a valorilor pentru ceilalţi parametri: unghiul de impact cu suportul de răcire Ө = 7 grd, distanţa ajutaj-disc d d-t = 1 mm, temperatura de ejecţie a materialului T E = 11ºC, diametrul ajutajului D d = 1 mm, presiunea gazului în tubul de quarţ P g = 25 kpa. Debitul de aliaj ejectat în timpul procesului a fost calculat la Q = 4 cm 3 /sec. Increasing the disk rotation speed and thus the solidification rate of the master alloy, determines a small decrease of the crystal size both for the α-al solid solution (64.57 nm at 2 rpm and 62.9 nm at 44 rpm) and Al 4 Sr particles (32. nm at 2 rpm vs. 3. nm at 44 rpm). Estimated phase concentrations, lattice parameters, medium crystal sizes, determined by the FPM method are given in Table 1, and the PDF references are presented in Table 2. In conclusion, both characterization methods (X-ray and SEM analysis) performed on melt spun Al-1Sr master alloy samples reveal metastable microstructures, with pronounced refining, in the nanocrystalline domain (< 1 nm). Table 3 presents the experimental results and those calculated for the ribbon thickness and width function of the disk rotation speed. The experimental process pursued the dependence between the sizes of the obtained ribbons and the cooling disk rotation speed N tamb, maintaining constant values for the other parameters: angle of impact with the cooling device Ө = 7 deg, the nozzle disk distance d n-d = 1 mm, ejection temperature T E = 11ºC, nozzle diameter D n = 1 mm, gas overpressure P g = 25 kpa. The flow rate of the alloy ejected during the process was calculated to be Q = 4cm 3 /sec. Tabelul/Table 3 Viteza de rotaţie a discului / Disk rotation speed N disc Grosimea benzii şi viteza de răcire funcţie de parametrii procesului / Ribbon thickness and cooling rate function of process parameters Valori experimentale / Experimental values Grosimea benzii exp. / Ribbon thickness exp. Lăţimea benzii exp. / Ribbon width exp. Valori calculate / Calculated values Regim transfer termic / Heat transport regime Grosimea Lăţimea benzii benzii calc. / calc./ Ribbon Ribbon thickness width calc. calc. [μm] [mm] Regim echilibru energetic / Momentum transport regime Grosimea benzii calc. / Ribbon thickness calc. [μm] cu (4) cu (5) [rpm] [μm] [mm]

10 Dumitru Mitrică, Vasile Soare, Marian Burada, Viorel Bădiliţă, Victoria Soare, Ionuţ Constantin, Petru Moldovan, Gabriela Popescu Rezultatele experimentale obţinute şi valorile calculate prin utilizarea formulelor (1) şi (2) corespunzătoare regimului de transfer termic şi relaţiile (4) şi (5) pentru regimul de echilibru energetic sunt prezentate în Tabelul 3. Din datele experimentale obţinute se observă o scădere a grosimii benzii cu creşterea vitezei de rotaţie a discului. Pentru calculul grosimii benzii cu ajutorul relaţiilor date de studiul procesului prin intermediul regimului de echilibru energetic s-au utilizat formule şi date din literatură pentru ρ [2] şi η [16]. Astfel, densitatea a aliajului a fost aproximata folosind formula: The obtained experimental results and the values calculated with heat transport regime equations (1) and (2), momentum transport regime equations (4) and (5) are given in Table 3. A decrease of the ribbon thickness with increasing the disk rotation speed is noticed. In momentum transport regime calculations, alloy density and viscosity η were determined using specific literature data [2 and 16]. Thus, the alloy density was approximated using the formula: = X i i (6) unde: X i - reprezintă fracţia molară a componentului i în aliaj; i - este densitatea componentului pur i. Densitatea aliajului Al-1Sr a fost determinată ca fiind 2,697 g/cm 3. Vâscozitatea aliajului binar a fost determinată pe baza modelului lui Hirai: where: X i - represents the molar fraction of the component i in the alloy; I - is the density of the pure component i. The density of the Al-1Sr alloy was determined to be g/cm 3. The viscosity of the binary alloy was determined using Hirai s model: 2 / 3 1/ T m 2.65Tm exp, Pa s (7) 1/ 6 M R T Tm unde: ρ - densitatea aliajului (2697 Kg/m 3 ); M - masa atomică a aliajului (,29 Kg/mol); T m - temperatura de topire a aliajului (188 K); T - temperatura de lucru (1373 K); R - constanta universală a gazelor (8, J/Kmol). Pentru grosimea benzii, datele experimentale prezintă valori apropiate de cele obţinute teoretic cu ajutorul relaţiei (1) şi mult diferite de cele obţinute cu ajutorul relaţiilor (4) şi (5). În ceea ce priveşte lăţimea benzii, se observă valori teoretice uşor crescute faţă de cele măsurate. Aceasta se datorează în special iregularităţilor dimensionale ale benzii. Din analiza rezultatelor prezentate de cele două regimuri de studiu ale procesului se observă o mult mai bună corelare a datelor experimentale cu modelul stratului limită controlat termic emis de Kavesh (aproximare de 95% faţă de 5% prin regimul de echilibru energetic). Aşadar, se poate emite concluzia că tratarea procesului melt spinning în regim de transfer termic oferă un cadru utilizabil practic pentru corelarea parametrilor procesului şi pentru prevederea rezultatelor acestuia. Atât caracterizările microstructurale cât şi dimensionale în urma solidificării rapide prin melt spinning a prealiajului Al-1Sr indică obţinerea de benzi nanostructurate, cu dimensiuni mici, pentru viteze de rotaţie mai mari sau egale cu 44 rot/min. where: ρ - alloy density (2697 Kg/m 3 ); M - alloy atomic mass (.29 Kg/mol); T m - alloy melting temperature (188 K); T - working temperature (1373 K); R - universal gas constant ( J/Kmol). For ribbon thickness, the experimental data present values close to those calculated using equation (1) and different to the values obtained using equations (4) and (5). As for the ribbon width, theoretical values are slightly greater than the measured ones. This is due especially to the dimensional irregularities of the ribbon. By analyzing the results yielded from the two regimes calculations, a better correlation is observed between the experimental data and the heat transport controlled boundary layer model, offered by Kavesh (95% approximation versus 5% for the momentum transport regime). Thus, the conclusion to be drawn is that studying the melt spinning process through heat transport regime determines useful methodology for correlating process parameters and predicting results. Both, the microstructural and the dimensional determinations performed on melt spun Al-1Sr indicate the formation of small size nanostructured ribbons for disk rotation speeds equal to or higher than 44 rpm. 2

11 Obţinerea de prealiaje nanostructurate Al-Sr prin procedeul melt-spinning Benzile obţinute pot fi ulterior presate în brichete sau bare pentru a fi utilizate în procesul de modificare a aliajelor de aluminiu pentru turnătorie de tipul Al-Si sau Al-Si-Mg. Obtained ribbons could be subsequently pressed to form porous briquettes or bars to be added as modifiers for Al-Si or Al-Si-Mg casting alloys. 4. CONCLUZII 4. CONCLUSIONS 1. Prealiajul modificator Al-1Sr a fost solidificat ultrarapid prin metoda melt spinning. Benzile de prealiaj au fost analizate chimic şi microstructural prin spectroscopie de tip DCP, microscopie optică, electronică SEM şi difracţie de raze X. 2. Microstructura benzilor obţinute la viteze mari de rotaţie conţine compuşi intermetalici Al 4 Sr de formă rotundă, cu dimensiuni de cristalit de 3-4 nm şi cu o repartizare compoziţională relativ omogenă între straturi. 3. Din analiza dimensională a benzilor se observă o bună corelare a datelor obţinute experimental cu cele calculate prin regimului de strat limită de transfer termic. Grosimi de bandă mai mici de 45 μm sau obţinut la turaţii ale discului de răcire mai mari de 44 rot/min. 4. Utilizarea benzilor la producerea de semifabricate prin presare directă fără sinterizare este recomandată de dimensiunile mici şi microstructurii nano ale acestora. Produsele presate pot fi utilizate ulterior la modificarea topiturilor aliajelor de aluminiu de turnătorie. 1. The Al-1Sr modifying master alloy was rapidly solidified using the melt spinning method. Master alloy ribbons were analyzed chemically and microstructurally by DCP spectroscopy, optical microscopy, SEM and X-ray diffraction. 2. The microstructure of the ribbons obtained at high rotation speeds contains spherical Al 4 Sr intermetallic compounds, with crystallite sizes of 3-4 nm and relatively homogenous distribution of composition between layers. 3. From the dimensional analysis of the ribbons a good correlation is observed between the experimental data and the data calculated using the boundary layer heat transfer theory. Ribbon thicknesses lower than 45 μm were obtained at rotation speed exceeding 4,4 rpm. 4. The use of ribbons in original state to produce compacts by direct pressing without sintering is facilitated by their small sizes and nano microstructure. Pressed products can be subsequently used to modify aluminum casting alloys. BIBLIOGRAFIE / REFERENCES [1] P. MOLDOVAN, G. POPESCU, M. BUŢU, M. CUHUTENCU, L. BUŢU - Influenţa conţinutului de Sr, Ti şi B asupra structurii şi morfologiei aliajului AlSi7Mg,3, Revista de chimie, vol. 58, nr. 6 (27), pag [2] Z. ZHANG, X. BIAN, Y. WANG, X. LIU - Microstructures and modification performance of melt-spun Al-1 Sr alloy, Journal of Materials Science 37 (22), pag [3] S. GÂDEA, M. PETRESCU, N. PETRESCU - Aliaje amorfe solidificate ultrarapid - sticle metalice, Editura ştiinşifică şi enciclopedică (1988), pag [4] M.G. CHU - Microstructure and solidification analysis of melt-spun Al---Ti and Al---Ti---B alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 179/18 (1994), pp. 669 [5] T. GROSDIDIER, P. KERAMIDAS, G. SHAO and P. TSAKIROPOULOS - Influence of 2.8% zirconium addition on the micro-structure of rapidly solidified Al-8Fe-4Ni alloy, Materials Science and Engineering. A vol. 267 (1999), pp. 6 [6] T. GROSDIDIER, P. KERAMIDAS, J.J. FUNDENBERGER, F. WAGNER, P. TSAKIROPOULOS - Influence of atomised powder characteristics on texture and microstructure development in extruded Al-8Fe-4Ni base alloys, Materials Science and Engineering, A vol. 267 (1999), pp

12 Dumitru Mitrică, Vasile Soare, Marian Burada, Viorel Bădiliţă, Victoria Soare, Ionuţ Constantin, Petru Moldovan, Gabriela Popescu [7] D.H. PING, K. HONO, A. INOUE - Microstructural characterization of a rapidly solidified ultrahigh strength Al 94.5 Cr 3 Co 1.5 Ce 1 alloy, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 31 (2), pp. 67 [8] Z. ZHANG, X. BIAN, Y. WANG - Microstructural characterization of nanoscale eutectics in melt spun Al-1Sr alloy, Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 18, Nr. 1 (22 ), pp (5) [9] Y. WANG, Z. ZHANG, X. BIAN and J. ZHANG - Effect of rapid solidification on heat Capacities of Al-Sr alloys, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 73 (23), pp. 323, 331 [1] Y. WANG, G. LIU, X. BIAN, Y. SUN and Z. ZHANG, - Transient spinodal decomposition during annealing of rapidly solidified Al-1Sr, Journal of University of Science and technology, vol. 1, nr. 1 (23), pp [11] H. LIBERMANN and C. GRAHAM - Production of Amorphous Alloy Ribbons and Effects of Apparatus Parameters On Ribbon Dimensions, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 12, ed. 6 (1976), pp [12] S. KAVESH - Principles of Fabrication, Gilman, eds., Metallic Glasses, ASM, Metals Park, (1978), pp [13] J.H. VINCENT, J.G. HERBERTSON and H.A. DAVIES - Comments on The geometry of melt spun ribbon, Journal of Materials Science letters, vol.2 (1983), pag [14] M.J. KRAMER, H. MECCO, K.W. DENNIS, E. VARGONOVA, R.W. McCALLUM, R.E. NAPOLITANO - Rapid solidification and metallic glass formation, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 353 (27), pag [15] D.C. AGRAWAL - Melt spinning parameters and the geometry of metallic glass ribbon, Journal of Materials Science Letters, vol.1 (1982), pag [16] M. HIRAI - Estimation of viscosities of liquid alloys, ISIJ International, vol. 33 (1993), pag

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