R. Hari Setyanto 1,a, Kuncoro Diharjo 2, Prabang Setyono 3, I Made Miasa 4

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1 2013 Joint International Conference on Rural Information & Communication Technology and Electric-Vehicle Technology (rict & ICeV-T) November 26-28, 2013, Bandung-Bali, Indonesia Absorber of Paper Waste and Rice Husk to Reduce Noice in Car Cabin of Electrical Vehicle R Hari Setyanto 1,a, Kuncoro Diharjo 2, Prabang Setyono 3, I Made Miasa 4 1 Dept of Industrai Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia 2 Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia 3 Dept Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia 4 Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Surakarta, Indonesia a Student in Doctorate Degree, Dept Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia 1 hstyan97@gmailcom : 2 kuncorodiharjo@ftunsacid; 3 prabangsetyono@gmailcom; 4 miasa@ugmacid Abstract This study was conducted to determine the potential of office paper waste and rice husk as acoustic cell material as an absorbent noise The acoustic cell material combines waste paper and rice husk are given a binder of PVA (polyvinyl acetate) Studies conducted with specimens of making destroy paper then mixed with rice husk Previous chemically treated rice husks with alkali method governed by variations immersion 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours, the purpose of this treatment is to remove lignin and determine the effect on noise absorption Variations in the composition of office paper (OP) : rice husk (RH) are 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, while the variation is the addition of PVA binder 6, 8, and 10% of the total weight of the OP + RH Variations compaction is 3:4, 4:4, and 5:4, and the specimen thickness variation is 1, 15, 2 cm 2 microphone impedance test is based on ASTM E1050 used for noise absorption test specimens Impedance test showed that the optimal noise absorption occurs in specimens composition; OP:RH (80:20), PVA 6 %, rice husk without alkali treatment (0 hours), 3:4 compaction, and specimen thickness 2 cm The noise absorption coefficient (α) is optimal from 03 to 04 Keywords office paper, rice husk, acoustics cell, noise absorption I INTRODUCTION Driver and passenger comfort factor in the development of modern automobile will always be increased in accordance with the competitive nature of the market and customer demand Automotive design engineers face the challenging but complex problem of meeting ever expanding but often conflicting design criteria and legislations, defined on various functional performance attributes such as strength and stiffness, emitted noise and vibration levels, crashworthiness, safety and ecological impact [2] Innovative designs must be achieved and brought to market before a competitor does Better products must be launched on a shorter time frame and at lower cost [3] Physical prototype phases must be eliminated, and product decisions must be taken earlier in the design process [4],[5] One factor to consider is comfort noise control in the car cabin, because the noise can result in hearing loss, decreased concentration, and the occurrence of accidents [6], and therefore to anticipate the result of the noise factor it is necessary to design the basic material that is uptake noisy According Fangueiro [7], is a fibrous material that has properties of porous materials and also a very good of silencers when used in conjunction with other materials The use of porous materials from synthetic materials such as PVC, polyester, and polypropylene has also been widely used as a noise absorber panels [8] Although the material has been able to absorb noise well, but these materials are not environmentally friendly because the waste will not decompose naturally, therefore, necessary materials are more environmentally friendly alternative Based on the above problems is need for research for alternative materials that are more environmentally friendly as a replacement for synthetic material Office paper and rice husk waste are very abundant, and the waste is potentially as noisy as an absorber material, either as a porous acoustic cell and cell-based acoustic resonator, thus this step is a form of product development II MATERIAL AND METHOD A Material Office paper waste and rice husk derived from Surakarta, Indonesia Office paper waste, crushed using a crusher machine, it is intended that the paper can be evenly mixed particles of the rice husk While before the rice husk particles mixed with paper, rice husk is first soaked in an alkaline solution (NaOH 5%) with variations for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours B Method Manufacturing techniques that will be done on office paper and rice husk waste are as follows; acoustic cell manufacturing process variation with volume fraction ratio as shown in Table I /13/$ IEEE

TABLE I VARIATIONS IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE ACOUTIC CELL Office Paper (v f ) Rice Husk (v f ) 80% 20% 85% 15% 90% 10% PVA (w f ) (% of total OP+RH) 6, 8, 10% The steps in the manufacture of acoustic

various concentrations of 6, 8, and 10% It is intended to facilitate the mixing of the paper, PVA glue, and rice husk Mixing is done with a mixer so that office paper, rice husks and glue can be

is mixing volume 125 times normal volume, will be pressed / compacted to 1 times the volume The acoustic cell manufacturing mechanism shown in Fig 1 Fig 3 Circuit diagram of the sound absorption

Variations in the composition of office paper (OP): rice husk (RH) Variations in the composition of OP: RH is 80:20%, 85:15%, and 90:10%, permanent variation is 6% PVA, RH immersion (2 hours) in

acoustic cell manufacturing After molding cell acoustic complete, then molding the results of the cutting cylinder shaped, made a noise absorption test specimens Specimens measuring 30 mm in diameter

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department of Physics UNS Fig 4 Curve of the noise absorption coefficient (α) on the variation of composition OP: RH Fig 2 Example of acoustic cell of

composition OP:RH others (85:15 and 90:10) noise of the absorption coefficient lower Therefore, the optimum composition OP: RH is 80:20 Macro photo shows that the greater the percentage of rice husk

2 TABLE I VARIATIONS IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE ACOUTIC CELL Office Paper (v f ) Rice Husk (v f ) 80% 20% 85% 15% 90% 10% PVA (w f ) (% of total OP+RH) 6, 8, 10% The steps in the manufacture of acoustic cell, the first paper that has been destroyed and then soaked in water with a ratio of 1:3, meaning 1 kg total weight (office paper particles and rice husk) mixed with 3 kg of a solution of PVA with various concentrations of 6, 8, and 10% It is intended to facilitate the mixing of the paper, PVA glue, and rice husk Mixing is done with a mixer so that office paper, rice husks and glue can be evenly mixed (homogeneous) on the surface of the paper grain and rice husk The printing process is done with a variety of compaction (compaction) 3:4, 4:4, and 5:4 Suppose the intended 5:4 compaction is mixing volume 125 times normal volume, will be pressed / compacted to 1 times the volume The acoustic cell manufacturing mechanism shown in Fig 1 Fig 3 Circuit diagram of the sound absorption coefficient measurement tool [1] C Macro photo Specimens/fiber without and with treatment, fiber surface morphology was observed using macro photo at different resolutions III RESULT AND DISCUSSION A Variations in the composition of office paper (OP): rice husk (RH) Variations in the composition of OP: RH is 80:20%, 85:15%, and 90:10%, permanent variation is 6% PVA, RH immersion (2 hours) in alkaline solution (NaOH 5%), compaction 4:4, and acoustic cell thickness 1 cm Test results of noise absorption in the most optimum composition of 80:20%, as shown in Figure 4 Fig 1 Mechanisms of acoustic cell manufacturing After molding cell acoustic complete, then molding the results of the cutting cylinder shaped, made a noise absorption test specimens Specimens measuring 30 mm in diameter with a thickness of 10, 15, 20 mm (as shown in Fig 2) were tested using 2 microphone impedance tube in accordance with ASTM E-1050, as shown in Fig 3 The test is performed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department of Physics UNS Fig 4 Curve of the noise absorption coefficient (α) on the variation of composition OP: RH Fig 2 Example of acoustic cell of noise absorption The curve shows the composition OP: RH (80:20) that the noise absorption coefficient (α) were increased significance due to an increase in the frequency of the sound, while the composition OP:RH others (85:15 and 90:10) noise of the absorption coefficient lower Therefore, the optimum composition OP: RH is 80:20 Macro photo shows that the greater the percentage of rice husk will give significance impact on increasing noise absorption coefficient (α) of acoustic cell specimens, as shown in Fig 5 Rice husks intact to form a new cavity in the specimen, which will enlarge the cavity noise absorption

concentration of adhesive (PVA) will bind strongly interface so that the porous particles are formed will be smaller, especially the porous formation of inter-particle office paper a OP:RH (80:20),

variation was 6%, 8%, and 10% Fixed variable composition is OP: RH (80:20), soaking RH (2 hours) in a solution of alkali (NaOH 5%), 4:4 compaction, and acoustic cell thickness 1 cm Noise absorption

alkali solution (NaOH 5%) Variations soaking rice husk in alkaline solution (NaOH 5%) is 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours Permanent variable is 6% PVAc, the composition K: SP (80:20), 4:4 compaction and

immersion, thus in this variation is selected rice husk without alkali treatment (0 hours) Fig 6 Curve of noise absorption coefficient on the percentage PVA variation The curve shows that the

absorption coefficient is lower Therefore, the percentage of PVA at a concentration of 6% gives the most optimal noise absorption PVA concentration will affect the value of absorption coefficient

between the paper surface sesame and/or inter-surface paper with rice husk occurs less strong bond, so that the particles will form a porous, in addition to physical, when viewed overall greater Fig

3 concentration of adhesive (PVA) will bind strongly interface so that the porous particles are formed will be smaller, especially the porous formation of inter-particle office paper a OP:RH (80:20), macro b OP:RH (85:15), macro Porous Porous a PVA 6%, macro photo b PVA 8%, macro photo c OP:RH (90:10), macro Fig 5 Macro photo of porous on OP:RH variation B PVA variations PVA concentration variation was 6%, 8%, and 10% Fixed variable composition is OP: RH (80:20), soaking RH (2 hours) in a solution of alkali (NaOH 5%), 4:4 compaction, and acoustic cell thickness 1 cm Noise absorption test results the most optimum use of PVA as much as 6% of the weight (K + SP), as shown in Fig 6 c PVA 10%, macro Fig 7 Macro photo of porous on PVA variations C Variations soaking rice husk in alkali solution (NaOH 5%) Variations soaking rice husk in alkaline solution (NaOH 5%) is 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours Permanent variable is 6% PVAc, the composition K: SP (80:20), 4:4 compaction and acoustic cell thickness 1 cm Fig 8, the curve indicates that rice husk without soaking the alkali (0 hours) noise of the absorption coefficient (α) is better than the rice husks are experiencing immersion, thus in this variation is selected rice husk without alkali treatment (0 hours) Fig 6 Curve of noise absorption coefficient on the percentage PVA variation The curve shows that the specimen is given as much as 6% PVA, noise absorption coefficient (α) were increased significance as an increase in the frequency of the sound, while the concentration of PVA in 8% and 10%, noise absorption coefficient is lower Therefore, the percentage of PVA at a concentration of 6% gives the most optimal noise absorption PVA concentration will affect the value of absorption coefficient noisy, so if observed through macro photo (Fig 7) shows that 6% PVA concentration on the specimen surface is more porous than the greater concentration of PVA This happens due to the adhesiveness between the paper surface sesame and/or inter-surface paper with rice husk occurs less strong bond, so that the particles will form a porous, in addition to physical, when viewed overall greater Fig 8 Curve of noise absorption coefficient (α) on the variation of alkali soaking (NaOH 5%) rice husk D Compaction variations Compaction variations used in this research is 3:4, 4:4, and 5:4 Permanent variable is composition OP: RH (80:20), PVA 6%, without alkali soaking of rice husk alkali (0 hours), and the acoustic cell thickness 1 cm (Fig 10)

a Untreated, macro photo b 1 hours soaking, macro a Compaction (3:4), macro b Compaction (4:4), macro c 2 hours soaking, macro d 3 hours soaking, macro Fig 9 Macro photo of porous on alkali soaking

the same volume, but different in the womb will affect the particle density, so it has a 3:4 compaction porous greater than 4:4 and 5:4 compaction, as shown in Fig 11 Acoustic cell surface with 3:4

Acoustic cell thickness variations Variations in the thickness of the acoustic cell used in this research are 1, 15 and 2 cm Fixed variable composition: OP:RH (80:20), PVAC 6%, without alkali soaking

with other thickness (Fig 12), thus on the variation chosen is making specimens with a thickness of 2 cm Fig 12 Curve of noise absorption coefficient (α) on the variation of acoustic cell thickness A

absorption coefficient curve on the acoustic cell thickness of 2 cm showed that the absorption of sound at low frequencies can be absorbed by the absorption coefficient (α) of above 035 Meanwhile, if

except the acoustic cell thickness IV CONCLUSION The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of the acoustic cell of office paper - rice husk waste reinforced with PVA binder Results are

4 a Untreated, macro photo b 1 hours soaking, macro a Compaction (3:4), macro b Compaction (4:4), macro c 2 hours soaking, macro d 3 hours soaking, macro Fig 9 Macro photo of porous on alkali soaking of rice husk c Compaction (5:4), macro Fig 11 Macro photo of porous on specimen compaction variations Fig 10 Curve of noise absorption coefficient (α) on the variation of acoustic cell compaction In the same volume, but different in the womb will affect the particle density, so it has a 3:4 compaction porous greater than 4:4 and 5:4 compaction, as shown in Fig 11 Acoustic cell surface with 3:4 compaction looks so tenuous, and it is porous which can be entered by the frequency of the sound so that it will have an impact on the sound absorption coefficient (α) is higher than others E Acoustic cell thickness variations Variations in the thickness of the acoustic cell used in this research are 1, 15 and 2 cm Fixed variable composition: OP:RH (80:20), PVAC 6%, without alkali soaking of the rice husk (0 hours), and a 3:4 compaction Noise absorption curve on the specimen thickness variation suggests that the specimen thickness of 2 cm has better noise absorption value compared with other thickness (Fig 12), thus on the variation chosen is making specimens with a thickness of 2 cm Fig 12 Curve of noise absorption coefficient (α) on the variation of acoustic cell thickness A number of studies relating to the absorption of sound by using a porous material had been concluded that the absorption of low frequency sound has a direct relationship with the thickness [9] Noise absorption coefficient curve on the acoustic cell thickness of 2 cm showed that the absorption of sound at low frequencies can be absorbed by the absorption coefficient (α) of above 035 Meanwhile, if the observations were made by using a macro photograph (Fig 13), on the surface of the specimen showed pore density the same, because all three have remained the same variable at 3:4 compaction, except the acoustic cell thickness IV CONCLUSION The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of the acoustic cell of office paper - rice husk waste reinforced with PVA binder Results are summarized as follows: 1 The composition of acoustic cell optimal is office paper 80%, 20% rice husk, 6% PVA (OP + RH), without alkali soaking the rice husk (0 hours), 3:4 compaction, and a thickness of 2 cm The noise absorption coefficient (α) between 03-04;

5 2 The acoustic cell based office paper and rice husk waste potentially as noise absorption in the car cabin ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to express their acknowledgment to the Program of Electric Vehicle Development FY 2013 under the Ministry of Education and Culture (DIPA /2013, June 21, 2013) for financing publication REFERENCES [1] ASTM E Standard Test Method for Impedance and Abosorption of Acoustical Materials Using A Tube Two Microphones and A Digital Frequency Analysis System [2] S Donders, L Hermans, E Nauwelaerts, S Chojin, 2008 CAE Technologies for Efficient Vibro-Acoustic Vehicle Design Modification and Optimization Proceeding of ISMA2008 [3] H Van der Auweraer H and J Leuridan, 2004 The New Paradigm of Testing in Todays Product Development Process Proceeding ISMA2004, Leuven, Belgium, Sept 20-22, 2004, pp [4] G Wohlke, E Schiller, Digital Planning Validation in automotive industry Computers in Industry, 56(4): , 2005 [5] M Shephard, M Beall, R O Bara, B Webster, 2004 Toward simulation-based design Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 40(12): , 2004 [6] M N Mead, 2007 Noise Pollution: The Sound Behind Heart Effects Environ Health Perspect Journal 2007 November; 115(11): A536 A537 [7] R Fangueiro, 2011 Fibrous and Composite Materials for Civil Engineering Applications First Edition, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Philadelphia, USA [8] 3M-Company, M ThinsulateTM Acoustic Insulation AU3002-2: 3M Insulation Products ABSS, 3M Deutschland, Carl Schurz Strasse 1, D Neuss, Germany [9] Hoda S Seddeq, 2009 Factors Influencing Acoustic Performance of Sound Absorptive Materials Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4):

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