Structural Elongation and Alignment in an Fe-0.4C Alloy by Isothermal Ferrite Transformation in High Magnetic Fields
|
|
- Shannon O’Neal’
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Materials Transactions, Vol. 44, No. 12 (2003) pp to 2536 Special Issue on Structural and Functional Control of Materials through Solid-Solid Phase Transformations in High Magnetic Field #2003 The Japan Institute of Metals Structural Elongation and Alignment in an Fe-0.4C Alloy by Isothermal Ferrite Transformation in High Magnetic Fields Xin Jiang Hao, Hideyuki Ohtsuka* and Hitoshi Wada Tsukuba Magnet Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba , Japan Structural elongation and alignment in an Fe-0.4C alloy transformed in high magnetic fields has been studied by quantitative microscopy analysis. An elongated and aligned two-phase structure is formed in high magnetic fields by isothermal ferrite transformation both below and above Curie temperature. Equiaxed ferrite grains nucleate randomly at austenite grain boundaries and they become elongated by preferred growth along the direction of applied magnetic field. Below Curie temperature, the degree of elongation increases with increasing transformation temperature, whereas it decreases above Curie temperature. Small chemical driving force for ferrite precipitation and large magnetization of ferrite in high magnetic fields favor the formation of elongated structure. (Received July 15, 2003; Accepted October 16, 2003) Keywords: structural elongation and alignment, ferrite transformation, high magnetic field, quantitative microscopy, isothermal transformation 1. Introduction Recently with the rapid development of high field magnets, it has been shown that high magnetic field has influences on the solid/solid phase transformations such as martensite, 1) ferrite 2 11) and pearlite 12) transformation behavior and recrystallization behavior and texture 13 17) of Fe-based alloys. The elongated and aligned structure is a unique feature of transformed structure in magnetic fields. It was first reported by Ohtsuka et al. that an elongated and aligned structure is formed by austenite () to ferrite () transformation during slow cooling in a high magnetic field. 4) A method of quantitative characterization of the degree of structural elongation has been developed in our previous paper. 6) It was found that the degree of structural elongation formed by slow cooling increases continuously with increasing magnetic field strength up to 10 T. The structural alignment of ferrite was also reported by Maruta et al. 10) and Shimotomai et al., 11) and they concluded that a combination of prior rolling and transformation in an external field is essential to yield a two-phase microstructure with elongated ferrite grains, but elongated structure is obtained without any deformation as shown in this paper and previous papers. 4,6,7) The purpose of this study is to clarify: (1) whether ferrite grains are elongated and aligned by isothermal transformation, (2) whether ferrite grains are elongated and aligned above Curie temperature of -Fe, (3) whether the elongated structure is formed in nucleation stage or growth stage, and (4) the dependence of the degree of elongation on transformation temperature. 2. Experimental Procedures The alloy used in the present study was Fe-0.4C alloy prepared by vacuum induction melting and its chemical composition was Fe-0.41C-0.08Si-0.003Al (in mass%). The Ae 3 temperature of this alloy was calculated by Thermo-Calc to be about 785 C. After hot rolling specimens were *Corresponding author, ohtsuka.hideyuki@nims.go.jp machined to 5 mm 5 mm 1 mm, and then set in a vacuum furnace, which was installed in a helium-free type superconducting magnet with a bore size of 100 mm. A magnetic field perpendicular to the 5 mm 5 mm specimen s surface was increased to 10 T in 27 min before austenization and kept constant during austenization, isothermal holding and subsequent cooling, and then decreased to 0 T. Specimens were fixed at the center of magnetic field and the magnetic force to the specimen is negligible. Specimens were austenitized at 1000 C for 15 min and cooled to C at a cooling rate of 50 C/min, then isothermally held for ferrite transformation, followed by rapid cooling down to room temperature by helium gas. The specimen temperature can be decreased from 1000 to 400 C in about 40 seconds by helium gas quenching. Microstructure observation was performed on the plane parallel to the direction of magnetic field by optical microscope after polishing and 3% nital etching, and the direction of applied magnetic field is shown by an arrow in each picture. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Effects of magnetic field on isothermal ferrite transformation Figure 1 shows the micrographs of specimens transformed at 740 C, which is lower than the Curie temperature (T c ¼ 770 C) of -Fe, for one hour without (a) and with a magnetic field of 10 T (b). The white grains are precipitated from during isothermal holding. The dark regions are pearlite transformed from during quenching by helium gas. Without an applied magnetic field, most of ferrite grains are equiaxed. With an applied magnetic field, the microstructure is quite different. First, the volume fraction of transformed ferrite is higher than that without magnetic field. Second, the shape of many ferrite grains is rod or needle-like, and its long axis mostly aligns with the direction of magnetic field. Figure 2 shows the microstructures of specimens heat treated at 785 C (higher than T c ) for 240 min. Without magnetic field (a), even after isothermal holding at 785 C (Ae 3 temperature of this alloy) for 240 min, there is no ferrite precipitation,
2 Structural Elongation and Alignment in an Fe-0.4C Alloy by Isothermal Ferrite Transformation in High Magnetic Fields 2533 Fig. 1 Microstructures of Fe-0.4C alloy heat treated below Curie temperature of ferrite. Specimens were austenitized at 1000 C for 15 min and transformed at 740 C for 1 hour without (a) or with a magnetic field of 10 T (b), followed by helium gas quenching. Fig. 2 Microstructures of Fe-0.4C alloy heat treated above Curie temperature of ferrite. Specimens were austenitized at 1000 C for 15 min and transformed at 785 C for 240 min without (a) or with a magnetic field of 10 T (b), followed by helium gas quenching. since transformation driving force is zero. The austenite grain boundaries are clearly shown by thin films of ferrite precipitated along austenite grain boundaries during quenching by helium gas both in (a) and (b). With magnetic field (b), big ferrite grains precipitated along austenite grain boundaries, and the ferrite grains are elongated along the direction of magnetic field. It was noticed that, with or without a magnetic field of 10 T, there is no much difference for ferrite transformation during quenching by helium gas, and only a small amount of ferrite precipitates along the austenite grain boundaries as thin films. Figures 1 and 2 show clearly that high magnetic field has strong effects on the ferrite transformation behavior and microstructures both below and above T c. Ferrite transformation is accelerated and the volume fraction of ferrite is increased by a magnetic field. 2,3,5,8,9) This is because the Ae 3 temperature increases with magnetic field as shown by thermodynamic calculation, 5,8,9) and magnetic field provides the driving force for ferrite precipitation. The elongation and alignment of ferrite grains during slow cooling has been already reported by the authors, 4,6,7) and now confirmed also for isothermal transformation both below and above T c. The elongation and alignment of ferrite grains is a unique feature obtained by transformation in a high magnetic field, however, its formation mechanism is not well understood. The mechanism is discussed in the next section based on the nucleation and growth of ferrite grains in a magnetic field. 3.2 Nucleation and growth of ferrite in a magnetic field Figure 3 shows the micrographs of specimens transformed at 785 C for (a) 10 min, (b) 20 min, (c) 30 min and (d) 240 min with a magnetic field of 10 T. It was found that during transformation, most of ferrite grains precipitate at austenite grain boundaries and triple junctions. At the initial stage (a), grains are equiaxed and distributed randomly at austenite grain boundaries. With increasing holding time to 20 min (b) and 30 min (c), the amount of transformed ferrite increases and some ferrite grains start to elongate along the magnetic field. Ferrite grains grow preferably along the magnetic field. After 240 min holding (d), most of ferrite grains are elongated and some of them are distributed head to tail and connected with each other along the direction of applied magnetic field. The degree of structural elongation can be evaluated by measuring the number of intersections between test lines and ferrite/austenite phase boundaries. 6) The degree of elonga-
3 2534 X. J. Hao, H. Ohtsuka and H. Wada Fig. 3 Microstructures of Fe-0.4C alloy heat treated in a magnetic field of 10 T. Specimens were austenitized at 1000 C for 15 min and transformed at 785 C for (a) 10 min, (b) 20 min, (c) 30 min and (d) 240 min. tion! is calculated from the following equation, 18)! ¼ N? N k N? þ 0:571N k Fig. 4 Degree of elongation as a function of transformation time. in which N? and N k are the intersection number when test lines are vertical or parallel to the direction of magnetic field respectively. Figure 4 shows the measured degree of elongation as a function of transformation time. During transformation, the degree of elongation increases continuously. At initial stage, the degree of elongation is very weak. Then, the degree of elongation quickly increases. Finally, the degree of elongation increases slowly. The elongated and aligned structure is mostly formed during the grain growth stage, not the nucleation stage. 3.3 Effects of transformation temperature on the degree of elongation Figure 5 shows the microstructures of specimens heat treated at (a) T c and (b) 750 C for 30 minutes with a magnetic field 10 T. At T c, ferrite grains are elongated and many of them are almost aligned with the direction of applied magnetic field as shown in (a). Decreasing transformation temperature to 750 C, the volume faction of ferrite increases and ferrite grains become smaller. Besides austenite grain boundaries, the interiors of austenite grains also become possible nucleation sites because nucleation driving force increases. Rod or needle-like ferrite grains appear and their long axis is not always aligned along the magnetic field. The measured degree of elongation! at different temperature is shown in Fig. 6. The degree of elongation increases with decreasing temperature and reaches a peak at T c and then decreases gradually. The reason for elongation of ferrite grains is not well understood. It is speculated that grain elongated along the direction of magnetic field reduces the demagnetization field in ferrite grains and therefore decreases the free energy of
4 Structural Elongation and Alignment in an Fe-0.4C Alloy by Isothermal Ferrite Transformation in High Magnetic Fields 2535 Fig. 5 Microstructures of Fe-0.4C alloy heat treated in a magnetic field of 10 T. Specimens were austenitized at 1000 C for 15 min and transformed at (a) 770 C and (b) 750 C for 30 min. Fig. 6 Degree of elongation as a function of transformation temperature. at 0 K). At T c it increases to about 0:287M 0. Below T c, the magnetization composes of spontaneous magnetization and field-induced magnetization. At 760 C, the magnetization was calculated to be 0:313M 0 and it increased to 0:367M 0 at 740 C. Therefore the degree of elongation increases with decreasing temperature. As for the chemical driving force, small chemical driving force favors the elongation of ferrite as shown by the experimental data that the degree of elongation increases with decreasing cooling rate, 4,7) that is, decreasing chemical driving force. With decreasing transformation temperature, the chemical driving force for ferrite precipitation increases, which promotes isotropic growth. The degree of elongation of ferrite grain is determined by the competition between demagnetization effect and chemical driving force, and their combined effects make the degree of elongation reach peak value at around T c. system. 4) As is already shown above, ferrite grains are elongated as a result of preferred growth along the magnetic field. However, it is very hard to explain the microscopic mechanism of elongation because growth rate depends on several factors, such as = phase boundary energy, chemical driving force for ferrite transformation, demagnetization effect and diffusion of carbon. There is no report about the effects of magnetic field on = phase boundary energy and diffusion of carbon, so only the demagnetization effect and the driving force will be considered as follows. The demagnetizing field H d in ferrite grain is expressed as follows. H d ¼ðN d MÞ= 0 Where N d is the demagnetizing factor which depends on the shape of ferrite grain, M is the magnetization of ferrite and 0 is the permeability of vacuum. High magnetization strength of ferrite, that is, large M promotes the preferred growth of ferrite along the direction of magnetic field to reduce N d and thereby the demagnetization energy. The magnetization strength of pure Fe in a magnetic field of 10 T was calculated by molecular field theory. 5) It was found that magnetic moment exists even above Curie temperature 5,8,9) and the field induced magnetization at 785 C is about 0:245M 0 (M 0 ¼ 1: A/m, saturation magnetization of pure Fe 4. Conclusions (1) Structural elongation and alignment was found in Fe- 0.4mass%C alloy by isothermal ferrite transformation both below and above Curie temperature in a high magnetic field. (2) Equiaxed ferrite grains nucleated randomly at austenite grain boundaries and they become elongated during growth along the direction of applied magnetic field. (3) The degree of elongation depends on the transformation temperature. Below Curie temperature, the degree of elongation increases with increasing transformation temperature, whereas it decreases above Curie temperature. (4) Small chemical driving force for ferrite precipitation and large magnetization of ferrite in high magnetic field favor the formation of elongated and aligned structure. The dependence of the degree of elongation on temperature is determined by the competition between demagnetization effect and chemical driving force. REFERENCES 1) T. Kakeshita, K. Kuroiwa, K. Shimizu, T. Ikeda, A. Yamagishi and M. Date: Mater. Trans., JIM 34 (1993)
5 2536 X. J. Hao, H. Ohtsuka and H. Wada 2) Y. Xu, H. Ohtsuka and H. Wada: Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 24 (2000) ) Y. Xu, H. Ohtsuka and H. Wada: Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Japan 25 (2000) ) H. Ohtsuka, Y. Xu and H. Wada: Mater. Trans., JIM 41 (2000) ) Jong-Kyo Choi, H. Ohtsuka, Y. Xu and Wung-Yong Choo: Scr. Mater. 43 (2000) ) X. J. Hao, H. Ohtsuka, P. DE Rango and H. Wada: Mater. Trans. 44 (2003) ) P. DE Rango, X. J. Hao, H. Ohtsuka and H. Wada: Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Japan 28 (2003) ) H. Guo and M. Enomoto: Mater. Trans., JIM 41 (2000) ) M. Enomoto, H. Guo, Y. Tazuke, Y. R. Abe and M. Shimotomai: Metall. Mater. Trans. 32A (2001) ) K. Maruta and M. Shimotomai: J. Cryst. Growth (2002) ) M. Shimotomai, K. Maruta, K. Mine and M. Matsui: Acta Mater. 51 (2003) ) Y. Xu, H. Ohtsuka and H. Wada: Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Japan 25 (2000) ) T. Watanabe, Y. Suzuki, S. Tanii and H. Oikawa: Philos. Mag. Lett. 62 (1990) ) N. Masahashi, M. Matsuo and K. Watanabe: J. Mater. Res. 13 (1998) ) Y. Xu, H. Ohtsuka, S. Umezawa, K. Anak, S. Miyazaki and H. Wada: Proc. of the Fourth Int. Conf. on Recrystallization and Related Phenomena (ReX 99), Tsukuba, July (1999) ) Y. Xu, H. Ohtsuka, K. Itoh and H. Wada: Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 24 (2000) ) Y. Xu, H. Ohtsuka and H. Wada: Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Japan 25 (2000) ) E. E. Underwood: Quantitative Microscopy, ed. by R. T. Dehoff and F. N. Rhines, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968) pp
Effects of Austenite Conditioning on Austenite/Ferrite Phase Transformation of HSLA Steel
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 1 (2004) pp. 137 to 142 #2004 The Japan Institute of Metals EXPRESS REGULAR ARTICLE Effects of Austenite Conditioning on Austenite/Ferrite Phase Transformation of HSLA
More informationEffect of strong magnetic field on isothermal transformation of degenerate pearlite in an Fe-C-Mo alloy
Available online at www.amse.org.cn Acta Metall. Sin.(Engl. Lett.)Vol.23 No.4 pp248-254 August 2010 Effect of strong magnetic field on isothermal transformation of degenerate pearlite in an Fe-C-Mo alloy
More informationAFM Observation of Microstructural Changes in Fe-Mn-Si-Al Shape Memory Alloy* 1
Materials Transactions, Vol. 49, No. 4 (2008) pp. 812 to 816 #2008 The Japan Institute of Metals AFM Observation of Microstructural Changes in Fe-Mn-Si-Al Shape Memory Alloy* 1 Motomichi Koyama 1; * 2,
More informationEffect of magnetic field on solid-solid phase transformations in iron-based ferromagnetic alloys
Journal of Physics: Conference Series Effect of magnetic field on solid-solid phase transformations in iron-based ferromagnetic alloys To cite this article: T Kakeshita and T Fukuda 29 J. Phys.: Conf.
More informationHeat treatment and effects of Cr and Ni in low alloy steel
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 34, No. 7, December 2011, pp. 1439 1445. Indian Academy of Sciences. Heat treatment and effects of Cr and Ni in low alloy steel MOHAMMAD ABDUR RAZZAK Materials and Metallurgical
More informationDepartment of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba-yama 02, Sendai , Japan
/. Phys. IV France 11 (2001) Pr8-205 EDP Sciences, es Ulis Effect of ausaging on the morphology of martensite in an Fe-25%Ni-7.5%Si alloy Y. Himuro, O. Ikeda, R. Kainuma and K. Ishida Department of Materials
More informationEffects of Coiling Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-strength Hot-rolled Steel Plates Containing Cu, Cr and Ni
, pp. 692 698 Effects of Coiling Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-strength Hot-rolled Steel Plates Containing Cu, Cr and Ni Sung-Joon KIM, Chang Gil LEE, Tae-Ho LEE and Sunghak
More informationEffects of Mo Addition and Austenitizing Temperature on Hardenability of Low Alloy B-added Steels
, pp. 1150 1155 Effects of Mo Addition and Austenitizing Temperature on Hardenability of Low Alloy B-added Steels Hitoshi ASAHI Nippon Steel Corporation, Steel Research Laboratories, Shintomi, Futtsu-shi,
More informationDeformation Microstructure and Texture in a Cold-Rolled Austenitic Steel with Low Stacking-Fault Energy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 51, No. 4 (2010) pp. 620 to 624 Special Issue on Crystallographic Orientation Distribution and Related Properties in Advanced Materials II #2010 The Japan Institute of Metals
More informationEnhanced Phenomena in Metals with Electric and Magnetic Fields: I Electric Fields
Materials Transactions, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2005) pp. 1083 to 1087 #2005 The Japan Institute of Metals OVERVIEW Enhanced Phenomena in Metals with Electric and Magnetic Fields: I Electric Fields Hans Conrad
More informationPhase Transformation of 00 Martensite Structure by Aging in Ti-8 mass%mo Alloy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 5 (2004) pp. 1629 to 1634 Special Issue on Recent Research and Developments in Titanium and Its Alloys #2004 The Japan Institute of Metals Phase Transformation of 00
More informationEffect of normalization on the microstructure and texture evolution during primary and secondary recrystallization of Hi-B electrical steel
Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences Vol. 23, April & June 2016, pp. 165-170 Effect of normalization on the microstructure and texture evolution during primary and secondary recrystallization
More informationCompetitive Nucleation and Growth of {111} with {001} GP Zones and 0 in a Stress-Aged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 10 (2004) pp. 2974 to 2980 #2004 The Japan Institute of Metals Competitive Nucleation and Growth of {111} with {001} GP Zones and 0 in a Stress-Aged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy
More informationModule 31. Heat treatment of steel I. Lecture 31. Heat treatment of steel I
Module 31 Heat treatment of steel I Lecture 31 Heat treatment of steel I 1 Keywords : Transformation characteristics of eutectoid steel, isothermal diagram, microstructures of pearlite, bainite and martensite,
More informationEffects of Magnetic Field Intensity on Carbon Diffusion Behavior in Pure Iron in α-fe temperature region
Effects of Magnetic Field Intensity on Carbon Diffusion Behavior in Pure Iron in α-fe temperature region Y Wu, H. H. Li, G.S. Duan, X Zhao To cite this version: Y Wu, H. H. Li, G.S. Duan, X Zhao. Effects
More informationThe Relationship between Crystal Rotation Axis Orientation and Active Slip System in Pure Aluminum Tricrystal Deformed in Compression
Materials Transactions, Vol. 49, No. 3 (2008) pp. 419 to 423 #2008 The Japan Institute of Metals The Relationship between Crystal Rotation Axis Orientation and Active System in Pure Aluminum Tricrystal
More informationQuantitative Analysis of Atomic-scale Alloying Elements Using TEM
Technical Report UDC 543. 5 : 621. 385. 22 : 539. 18 Quantitative Analysis of Atomic-scale Alloying Elements Using TEM Takafumi AMINO* Abstract Steel properties can change greatly depending on the steel
More informationKinetics of austenite formation during continuous heating in a low carbon steel
Materials Characterization 58 (2007) 256 261 Kinetics of austenite formation during continuous heating in a low carbon steel F.L.G. Oliveira a, M.S. Andrade b, A.B. Cota c, a REDEMAT, Federal University
More informationMartensite Formation in Austempered Ductile Iron with Unidirectional and Cyclic Loading
419 Martensite Formation in Austempered Ductile Iron with Unidirectional and Cyclic Loading R. Böschen, H. Bomas, P. Mayr, H. Vetters, Institut fur Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, PRC Introduction The purpose
More informationLab Materials Science
Institute for Micro- and Nanomaterials Lab Summer Term 2007 Group 9: Adelheid Grob & Sukhum Ruangchai & Brook Esseye lab on June, 21st 2007 1 Questions 1.1 What is the goal of metallographic sample preparation?
More informationSTRAIN-INDUCED STABILISATION OF AUSTENITE AGAINST BAINITE TRANSFORMATION
STRAIN-INDUCED STABILISATION OF AUSTENITE AGAINST BAINITE TRANSFORMATION S. B. Singh 1 and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia 2 1 Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India 2 University of Cambridge, UK S. B.
More informationEffects of Ni and Heat Treatment on Long-term Creep Strength of Precipitation Strengthened 15Cr Ferritic Heat Resistant Steels
, pp. 1747 1753 Effects of Ni and Heat Treatment on Long-term Creep Strength of Precipitation Strengthened 15Cr Ferritic Heat Resistant Steels Yoshiaki TODA, Mitsuyoshi IIJIMA, 1) Hideaki KUSHIMA, 2) Kazuhiro
More informationEffect of Nb on Hot Rolled High Strength Steel Sheets Produced by Thin Slab Casting and Hot Direct Rolling Process
, pp. 1658 1663 Effect of Nb on Hot Rolled High Strength Steel Sheets Produced by Thin Slab Casting and Hot Direct Rolling Process Shunichi HASHIMOTO CBMM ASIA CO.,LTD., 4-1-4, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo
More informationMicrostructure Evolution of Polycrystalline Pure Nickel during Static Recrystallization 1
Materials Transactions, Vol. 43, No. 9 (2002) pp. 2243 to 2248 c 2002 The Japan Institute of Metals Microstructure Evolution of Polycrystalline Pure Nickel during Static Recrystallization 1 Makoto Hasegawa
More informationEffects of Electric Field Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of a Ni-Cr-W-Mo Superalloy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 50, No. 7 (2009) pp. 1644 to 1648 Special Issue on New Functions and Properties of Engineering Materials Created by Designing and Processing #2009 The Japan Institute of Metals
More informationPhase Transformations in Metals Tuesday, December 24, 2013 Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, PE 1
Ferrite - BCC Martensite - BCT Fe 3 C (cementite)- orthorhombic Austenite - FCC Chapter 10 Phase Transformations in Metals Tuesday, December 24, 2013 Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, PE 1 Why do we study
More informationMulti-pass Hot Rolling of Steels
Multi-pass Hot Rolling of Steels Multi-pass hot rolling is a general practice in the production of plates. An illustration of a plate mill, Fig. 1, is shown below to demonstrate how a series of processes
More informationSeong-Hee Lee 1, Hiroshi Utsunomiya 2, Tetsuo Sakai 3
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 7 (24) pp. 2177 to 2181 Special Issue on Ultrafine Grained Structures #24 The Japan Institute of Metals Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ultra Low Carbon
More informationInternational Conference on Material Science and Application (ICMSA 2015)
International Conference on Material Science and Application (ICMSA 2015) Influence of Er on Microstructure and Properties of Al-0.2%Zr-0.06%B Heat-resistant Alloy Conductor Prepared by Continuous ECAE
More informationEngineering Materials
Engineering Materials Heat Treatments of Ferrous Alloys Annealing Processes The term annealing refers to a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time
More informationKinetics - Heat Treatment
Kinetics - Heat Treatment Nonequilibrium Cooling All of the discussion up till now has been for slow cooling Many times, this is TOO slow, and unnecessary Nonequilibrium effects Phase changes at T other
More informationThis is a repository copy of Softening Kinetics of Plain Carbon Steels Containing Dilute Nb Additions.
This is a repository copy of Softening Kinetics of Plain Carbon Steels Containing Dilute Nb Additions. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/119751/ Version: Accepted
More informationIntroduction to Heat Treatment. Introduction
MME444 Heat Treatment Sessional Week 01 Introduction to Heat Treatment Prof. A.K.M.B. Rashid Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Introduction Can you control the microstructure that formed during cooling of
More information27-301, Fall 02, Rollett. Total marks = 100 (20 per question). 1 st Homework, due Sept. 6th
27-301, Fall 02, Rollett Total marks = 100 (20 per question). 1 st Homework, due Sept. 6th Notes/Answers The thermal histories asked for in this homework are not always unique defined so the homeworks
More informationSchematic representation of the development of microstructure. during the equilibrium solidification of a 35 wt% Ni-65 wt% Cu alloy
Schematic representation of the development of microstructure during the equilibrium solidification of a 35 wt% Ni-65 wt% Cu alloy At 1300 ºC (point a) the alloy is in the liquid condition This continues
More informationMTLS 4L04 Steel Section. Lecture 6
MTLS 4L04 Steel Section Lecture 6 Tempering of Martensite To get around the problem of the brittleness of the Martensite, Martensite is heat treated at elevated temperatures (200-700 C) to precipitate
More informationCold Rolling-Induced Multistage Transformation in Ni-Rich NiTi Shape Memory Alloys
Materials Transactions, Vol. 49, No. 9 (2008) pp. 2136 to 2140 #2008 The Japan Institute of Metals EXPRESS REGULAR ARTICLE Cold Rolling-Induced Multistage Transformation in Ni-Rich NiTi Shape Memory Alloys
More informationEffects of Excess Mg and Si on the Isothermal Ageing Behaviours in the Al Mg 2 Si Alloys
Materials Transactions, Vol. 43, No. 6 (2002) pp. 1371 to 13 c 2002 The Japan Institute of Metals Effects of Excess Mg and Si on the Isothermal Ageing Behaviours in the Al Mg 2 Si Alloys Long Chau Doan,
More informationPredicting the Occurrence of Dynamic Transformation and Rolling Mill Loads Drops by Hot Torsion and Compression Testing
International Journal of Metallurgical Engineering 2013, 2(1): 1-9 DOI: 10.5923/j.ijmee.20130201.01 Predicting the Occurrence of Dynamic Transformation and Rolling Mill Loads Drops by Hot Torsion and Compression
More informationEffect of titanium additions to low carbon, low manganese steels on sulphide precipitation
University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year 2008 Effect of titanium additions to low carbon, low manganese steels on sulphide precipitation
More informationContinuous Transition of Deformation Modes in Fe-30Mn-5Si-1Al Alloy* 1
Materials Transactions, Vol. 51, No. 7 (2010) pp. 1194 to 1199 #2010 The Japan Institute of Metals Continuous Transition of Deformation Modes in Fe-30Mn-5Si-1Al Alloy* 1 Motomichi Koyama 1; * 2, Takahiro
More informationMechanical Properties and Microstructures of a Thin Plate of Nickel-Free Stainless Steel with Nitrogen Absorption Treatment
Materials Transactions, Vol. 44, No. 7 (2003) pp. 1363 to 1369 #2003 The Japan Institute of Metals Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of a Thin Plate of Nickel-Free Stainless Steel with Nitrogen
More informationMicrostructural evolution of Al Zn Mg Cu (Sc) alloy during hot extrusion and heat treatments
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 155 156 (2004) 1330 1336 Microstructural evolution of Al Zn Mg Cu (Sc) alloy during hot extrusion and heat treatments Dong-Woo Suh a,, Sang-Yong Lee a, Kyong-Hwan
More informationHot Deformation and Acicular Ferrite Microstructure in C Mn Steel Containing Ti 2 O 3 Inclusions
, pp. 819 823 Hot Deformation and Acicular Ferrite Microstructure in C Mn Steel Containing Ti 2 O 3 Inclusions Jae-Hyeok SHIM, Jung-Soo BYUN, Young Whan CHO, 1) Young-Joo OH, 1) Jae-Dong SHIM 1) and Dong
More informationChapter 8: Strain Hardening and Annealing
Slide 1 Chapter 8: Strain Hardening and Annealing 8-1 Slide 2 Learning Objectives 1. Relationship of cold working to the stress-strain curve 2. Strain-hardening mechanisms 3. Properties versus percent
More informationBinary Phase Diagrams - II
Binary Phase Diagrams - II Note the alternating one phase / two phase pattern at any given temperature Binary Phase Diagrams - Cu-Al Can you spot the eutectoids? The peritectic points? How many eutectic
More information{001} Texture Map of AA5182 Aluminum Alloy for High Temperature Uniaxial Compression
Materials Transactions, Vol., No. (00) pp. 6 to 67 #00 The Japan Institute of Light Metals {00} Texture Map of AA8 Aluminum Alloy for High Temperature Uniaxial Compression Hyeon-Mook Jeong*, Kazuto Okayasu
More informationMicrostructural and Textural Evolution by Continuous Cyclic Bending and Annealing in a High Purity Titanium
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 9 (24) pp. 2826 to 2831 #24 The Japan Institute of Metals Microstructural and Textural Evolution by Continuous Cyclic Bending and Annealing in a High Purity Titanium
More informationMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AN ULTRAFINE GRAINED C-MN STEEL
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AN ULTRAFINE GRAINED C-MN STEEL Rongjie Song; Dirk Ponge; Dierk Raabe Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany ABSTRACT The mechanical
More informationDynamic Recovery and Static Recrystallization of 1.8 % Al Steel in Hot Deformation*
Dynamic Recovery and Static Recrystallization of 1.8 % Al Steel in Hot Deformation* By Chiaki OUCHI** and Tomoyoshi OKITA** Synopsis Dynamic recovery and the following static recrystallization process
More informationMechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Medium Carbon Dual Phase Steels
Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Medium Carbon Dual Phase Steels Manoranjan Kumar Manoj 1*, Vivek Pancholi 2 and Sumeer Kumar Nath 2 Metallurgical Engineering Department 1, National Institute
More informationTexture and Microstructure of Ti-Ni Melt-Spun Shape Memory Alloy Ribbons
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 2 (2004) pp. 214 to 218 Special Issue on Materials and Devices for Intelligent/Smart Systems #2004 The Japan Institute of Metals Texture and Microstructure of Ti-Ni
More informationEffect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Properties of a Low Carbon Copper Bearing Steel
, pp. 257 261 Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Properties of a Low Carbon Copper Bearing Steel M. K. BANERJEE, P. S. BANERJEE and S. DATTA Department of Metallurgy, B. E.
More informationEffect of TMCP Parameters on the Microstructure and Properties of an Nb Ti Microalloyed Steel
, pp. 851 857 Effect of TMCP Parameters on the Microstructure and Properties of an Nb Ti Microalloyed Steel Yanchun LIU, Fuxian ZHU, Yanmei LI and Guodong WANG The State Key Laboratory of Rolling & Automation,
More informationCharacteristics of Retained Austenite in Quenched High C-High Cr Alloy Steels
Materials Transactions #2009 The Japan Institute of Metals Characteristics of Retained Austenite in Quenched High C-High Cr Alloy Steels Muneo Yaso 1, Shuhei Hayashi 2; *, Shigekazu Morito 2, Takuya Ohba
More informationRECRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF α MARTENSITE IN TRANSFORMABLE FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS
RECRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF α MARTENSITE IN TRANSFORMABLE FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS Javad Mola, Bruno C. De Cooman - Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea Jieon Park
More informationResearch and Development of Cold Rolled Hot-dip Galvanized DP590 Steel with Low Cost
2015 2 nd International Conference on Material Engineering and Application (ICMEA 2015) ISBN: 978-1-60595-323-6 Research and Development of Cold Rolled Hot-dip Galvanized DP590 Steel with Low Cost Yun
More informationEquilibria in Materials
2009 fall Advanced Physical Metallurgy Phase Equilibria in Materials 09.01.2009 Eun Soo Park Office: 33-316 Telephone: 880-7221 Email: espark@snu.ac.kr Office hours: by an appointment 1 Text: A. PRINCE,
More informationSimulation of Microstructural Evolution in Rod Rolling of a Medium C-Mn Steel. P. A. Manohar, Kyuhwan Lim, A. D. Rollett and Youngseog Lee *
Simulation of Microstructural Evolution in Rod Rolling of a Medium C-Mn Steel P. A. Manohar, Kyuhwan Lim, A. D. Rollett and Youngseog Lee * Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
More informationEstimation of Decarburization Depth by Magnetic NDE Technique
Estimation of Decarburization Depth by Magnetic NDE Technique More info about this article: http://www.ndt.net/?id=21193 Rajat K. Roy*, V. Rajinikanth, Siuli Dutta, Ashis K. Panda, Amitava Mitra MST Division,
More informationWITH DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING DURING HOT
Textures and Microstructures, 1993, Vol. 22, pp. 113-126 Reprints available directly from the publisher. Photocopying Irmitted by license only (C) 1993 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers S.A. Printed
More informationJ = D C A C B x A x B + D C A C. = x A kg /m 2
1. (a) Compare interstitial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. (b) Cite two reasons why interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy diffusion. (a) With vacancy diffusion, atomic
More informationChapter 9 Heat treatment (This chapter covers selective sections in Callister Chap. 9, 10 &11)
Chapter 9 Heat treatment (This chapter covers selective sections in Callister Chap. 9, 10 &11) Study theme outcomes: After studying this chapter, students should or should be able to: - know and understand
More informationSelective Dissolution Characteristics of 26Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo-3W Duplex Stainless Steel in H 2 SO 4 /HCl Mixed Solution
Materials Transactions, Vol. 50, No. 5 (2009) pp. 1214 to 1218 #2009 The Japan Institute of Metals EXPRESS REGULAR ARTICLE Selective Dissolution Characteristics of 26Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo-3W Duplex Stainless Steel
More informationHeat Treatment of Steel Lab Report. Justin Lance 11/16/2011 Engineering 45 Lab Section 3 Troy Topping
Heat Treatment of Steel Lab Report Justin Lance justalance@gmail.com 11/16/2011 Engineering 45 Lab Section 3 Troy Topping troytopping@gmail.com ABSTRACT We observed how the properties of 4140 steel vary
More informationType II twins and their deformation characteristics in 18R martensite in a Cu Zn Al alloy
March 1998 Materials Letters 34 1998 351 355 Type II twins and their deformation characteristics in 18R martensite in a Cu Zn Al alloy Jianxin Zhang a,), Wei Cai a, Yufeng Zheng a,b, Liancheng Zhao a a
More informationAcoustic Emission Behavior of Martensitic Transformation in Early Stage during Deformation of Cu-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloy Single Crystals
Acoustic Emission Behavior of Martensitic Transformation in Early Stage during Deformation of Cu-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloy Single Crystals Kenichi YOSHIDA, Kotaro HANABUSA and Takuo NAGAMACHI Department
More informationLecture 31-36: Questions:
Lecture 31-36: Heat treatment of steel: T-T-T diagram, Pearlitic, Martensitic & Bainitic transformation, effect of alloy elements on phase diagram & TTT diagram, CCT diagram, Annealing, normalizing, hardening
More informationThe changes of ADI structure during high temperature annealing
ARCHIVES of FOUNDRY ENGINEERING Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences ISSN (1897-3310) Volume 10 Issue Special1/2010 87-92 15/1 The changes of ADI
More informationRecrystallization Behavior and Texture Formation of Rapidly Annealed Cold-Rolled Extralow Carbon Steel Sheets
Materials Transactions, Vol. 47, No. 7 (2006) pp. 1769 to 1775 #2006 The Japan Institute of Metals Recrystallization Behavior and Texture Formation of Rapidly Annealed Cold-Rolled Extralow Carbon Steel
More informationAs-Quenched Martensite with Precipitation Hardening
Technical Report As-Quenched Martensite with Precipitation Hardening UDC 621. 785. 616 Kazuki FUJIWARA* Kaori KAWANO Abstract The hardness of martensite depends on the content of the interstitial element
More informationReadme: VrHeatTreat HeatTreatDiskSetup1 Video
Readme: VrHeatTreat HeatTreatDiskSetup1 Video John Goldak, President Goldak Technologies Inc. May 13, 2008 The HDTV video, HeatTreatDiskSetup1, shows the procedure for setting up a heat treating project
More informationMaterial Degradation of Nuclear Structures Mitigation by Nondestructive Evaluation
Material Degradation of Nuclear Structures Mitigation by Nondestructive Evaluation 17 MnMoV 6 4 (WB35): Stretched Zone Material Degradation of Nuclear Structures Mitigation by Nondestructive Evaluation
More informationUltra-Fine Grain Development in an AZ31 Magnesium Alloy during Multi-Directional Forging under Decreasing Temperature Conditions* 1
Materials Transactions, Vol. 46, No. 7 (2005) pp. 1646 to 1650 #2005 The Japan Institute of Light Metals Ultra-Fine Grain Development in an Magnesium Alloy during Multi-Directional Forging under Decreasing
More informationMagnetic Properties and Recrystallization Texture Evolutions of Phosphorus-bearing Non-oriented Electrical Steel Sheets
, pp. 1666 1671 Magnetic Properties and Recrystallization Texture Evolutions of Phosphorus-bearing Non-oriented Electrical Steel Sheets Ichiro TANAKA and Hiroyoshi YASHIKI Corporate Research and Development
More informationEffect of Vanadium on Subcritical Heat Treatment Behavior of Hypoeutectic 16 wt% Cr Cast Iron containing 2 wt% Mo
Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, Vol.21 No.2 pp.13-18, 2011 Effect of Vanadium on Subcritical Heat Treatment Behavior of Hypoeutectic 16 wt% Cr Cast Iron containing 2 wt% Mo Rugauksorn JUNSAMOOT
More informationEvolution of Microstructure and Texture Associated with Ridging in Ferritic Stainless Steels
, pp. 100 105 Evolution of Microstructure and Texture Associated with Ridging in Ferritic Stainless Steels SooHo PARK, KwangYuk KIM, YongDeuk LEE and ChanGyung PARK 1) Stainless Steel Research Group, Technical
More informationMicrostructure and Mechanical Properties of a Microalloyed Steel After Thermal Treatments
Vol. Materials 6, No. Research, 2, 2003Vol. 6, No. 2, Microstructure 117-121, 2003. and Mechanical Properties of a Microalloyed Steel After Thermal Treatments 2003 117 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
More informationLecture 5: Heat Treatment of Steel
Lecture 5: Heat Treatment of Steel MMat 380 Lecture outline TTT diagrams (hypo and hyper eutectoid steels) CCT vs TTT diagrams Austenizing Heat Treatments For hypoeutectoid mild steels For hypereutectoid
More informationFormation of texture and anisotropy of shape memory effect in Fe-Mn-Si-Co-Cr alloy
J. Phys. IVFrance 11 (200fc) Pr8-211 EDP Sciences, Les Ulis Formation of texture and anisotropy of shape memory effect in Fe-Mn-Si-Co-Cr alloy K.K. Jee, J.O. Song 1, W.Y. Jang 2, M.C. Shin and C.S. Choi
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF FERRITE ON RETAINED AUSTENITE CHARACTERISTICS IN THERMOMECHANICALLY-PROCESSED LOW-SILICON CONTENT TRIP-ASSISTED STEELS
THE INFLUENCE OF FERRITE ON RETAINED AUSTENITE CHARACTERISTICS IN THERMOMECHANICALLY-PROCESSED LOW-SILICON CONTENT TRIP-ASSISTED STEELS Seyed Mohammad Kazem HOSSEINI 1, Abbass ZAREI-HANZAKI 2, Steve YUE
More informationMICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE GRAINED AlMgSi ALLOY PROCESSED BY ECAP AND IT S THERMAL STABILITY.
MICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE GRAINED AlMgSi ALLOY PROCESSED BY ECAP AND IT S THERMAL STABILITY. Kovářík Tomáš a Zrník Jozef b a ZČU, Univerzitní 22, 306 14 Plzeň, ČR, kt3@seznam.cz
More informationEffects of Normalizing Process on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel Weld Metal with Niobium Addition
, pp. 248 254 Effects of Normalizing Process on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel Weld Metal with Niobium Addition Shanping LU, Shitong WEI, Zhiquan LIU, Dianzhong
More informationEFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES OF HOT-WORK TOOL STEEL. Janusz KRAWCZYK, Piotr BAŁA
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES OF HOT-WORK TOOL STEEL Janusz KRAWCZYK, Piotr BAŁA AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science Department
More informationInfluence of Crystal Orientations on the Bendability of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 51, No. 4 (2010) pp. 614 to 619 Special Issue on Crystallographic Orientation Distribution and Related Properties in Advanced Materials II #2010 The Japan Institute of Light
More informationMICROSTRUCTURE AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TEXTURE OF STRIP-CAST 4.3wt%Si STEEL SHEET
Pergamon Scripta Materialia, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 881 885, 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd Copyright 1999 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. 1359-6462/99/$ see front matter PII S1359-6462(99)00044-5
More informationMicrostructural evolution of SKD11 tool steel during multi-stage thixoforming and subsequent heat treatments
Microstructural evolution of SKD11 tool steel during multi-stage thixoforming and subsequent heat treatments Yi Meng 1, a *, Hui-Min Zhou 1, Jia-Lin Gan 1 and Sumio Sugiyama 2 1 College of Materials Science
More informationEffect of Titanium Carbide Precipitates on the Ductility of 30 mass% Chromium Ferritic Steels
Materials Transactions, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2003) pp. 1153 to 1158 #2003 The Japan Institute of Metals Effect of Titanium Carbide Precipitates on the Ductility of 30 mass% Chromium Ferritic Steels Tadashi
More informationTHE EFFECT OF HARDENING HEAT TREATMENT ON AISI 1022 STEEL CONTAINING 15 AND 26 PPM BORON
Technology, 13(3), 139-144, (2010) TECHNOLOGY THE EFFECT OF HARDENING HEAT TREATMENT ON AISI 1022 STEEL CONTAINING 15 AND 26 PPM BORON Cemal ÇARBOĞA *, Burhanettin İNEM **, C. Sencer İMER *** * Ş.Koçhisar
More informationHeat Treatment of Steels : Metallurgical Principle
Heat Treatment of Steels : Metallurgical Principle Outlines: Fe ad Fe-Fe 3 C system Phases and Microstructure Fe-Fe 3 C Phase Diaram General Physical and Mechanical Properties of each Microstructure Usanee
More informationControl of Grain Growth Process by a Local Heating Method
Trans. JWRI, Vol.34 (2005), No.1 Control of Grain Growth Process by a Local Heating Method SHIBAYANAGI Toshiya *, TSUKAMOTO Masahiro** and ABE Nobuyuki * Abstract The present work deals with a preferential
More informationFactors Affecting Surface Roughness of Low Carbon Resulfurized Free Cutting Steel
JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 23 (Mar. 2018) Factors Affecting Surface Roughness of Low Carbon Resulfurized Free Cutting Steel IMANAMI Yuta *1 TOMITA Kunikazu *2 NISHIMURA Kimihiro *3 Abstract: Factors affecting
More informationDetection of Sensitization for 600 Alloy and Austenitic Stainless Steel by Magnetic Field Sensor
19 th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 16 Detection of Sensitization for 6 Alloy and Austenitic Stainless Steel by Magnetic Field Sensor Hiroaki KIKUCHI 1, Hiroki YANAGIWARA 1, Hideki TAKAHASHI
More informationEffect of microalloying elements on microstructure and properties of quenched and tempered constructional steel
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Effect of microalloying elements on microstructure and properties of quenched and tempered constructional steel To cite this article:
More informationFormation of Ultrafine Ferrite by Strain-induced Dynamic Transformation in Plain Low Carbon Steel
, pp. 746 754 Formation of Ultrafine Ferrite by Strain-induced Dynamic Transformation in Plain Low Carbon Steel Jong-Kyo CHOI, Dong-Han SEO, Jae-Sang LEE, Kyung-Keun UM and Wung-Yong CHOO POSCO Technical
More informationAGING BEHAVIOR IN CO-CR-MO-C ALLOYS
AGING BEHAVIOR IN CO-CR-MO-C ALLOYS Alfirano, Anistasia Milandia and Suryana Metallurgical Engineering Department, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Cilegon, Indonesia E-Mail: alfirano@ft-untirta.ac.id
More informationHOT DEFORMATION EFFECTS ON AUSTENITE DECOMPOSITION
OUTLINE---Contents HOT DEFORMATION EFFECTS ON AUSTENITE DECOMPOSITION 3-7 Parameters, techniques 8-17 Ferrite, TTT, acceleration 18-25 Nucleation and growth 26-31 Composition: low C tool steels H. J. McQueen,
More informationArch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 3,
Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 3, 1473-1477 DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0228 D. HAUSEROVA* #, J. DLOUHY*, J. KOTOUS* STRUCTURE REFINEMENT OF SPRING STEEL 51CrV4 AFTER ACCELERATED SPHEROIDISATION Material research
More informationUNIT-II PART- A Heat treatment Annealing annealing temperature Normalizing.
UNIT-II PART- A 1. What is "critical cooling rate" in hardening of steels? This critical cooling rate, when included on the continuous transformation diagram, will just miss the nose at which the pearlite
More informationTable 1 Chemical composition of the specimens. Wt.% Ni Cr Fe Mn Si C Alloy NiCrFe alloy (X = 9-12,16) 92-X X
MAGNETIC IMAGING OF CHROMIUM DEPLETION IN THERMALLY SENSITIZED NI-CR-FE ALLOYS Y. Kamada 1, T. Sakurashita 1, S. Takahashi 1, I. G. Park 2, K. Ara 1, H. Kikuchi 1 and T. Sato 1 1 Iwate University, Morioka,
More information