Manganese in Soils and Plants

Transcription

1 Manganese in Soils and Plants Proceedings of the International Symposium on 'Manganese in Soils and Plants' held at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, August 22-26, 1988 as an Australian Bicentennial Event Edited by Robin D. Graham Department of Agronomy, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia Robert J. Hannam Northfield Laboratories, South Australian Department of Agriculture, Adelaide, Australia and Nicholas C. Uren School of Agriculture, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia Publication sponsored by BHP-UTAH Minerals International { universitatsbibli^t :. HANNOVER TECHNIGCHE fjnfqrmatiqnsriibliqthek KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

2 Table of Contents 6 List of Contributors Preface Organising Committee Financial Supporters xi xin xv xvii Historical Preface l R.D. Graham and J.P.Quirk 1. An Introduction to Manganese Biological Chemistry N.P. Hughes and R.J.P. Williams 1. Introduction 7 2. Manganese chemistry 7 3. The biological chemistry of Mn Summary 18 Manganese in Soils 2. Geochemistry of Manganese in Soil R.J. Gilkes and R.M. McKenzie 1. Introduction The crystal chemistry of Mn Manganese in rock-forming minerals Manganese in soils Conclusions Inorganic Reactions of Manganese in Soils W.A. Norvell 1. Introduction Solubility relationships of Mn solid phases Forms of Mn in soil solution Surface reactions Fertilizer reactions 52

3 VI 4. Manganese Redox Reactions and Organic Interactions in Soils Richmond J. Bartlett 1. Introduction: Mn, key to life Soil Mn redox methods phandpe Reverse dismutation of Mn Electron demand and net oxidation studies ManganeseCm) catalysis and free radicals Contributions of components of the living soil Manganese mediation of soil N transformations Role of Mn in formation of humic polymers The Biology of Manganese Transforming Microorganisms in Soil W.C. Ghiorse 1. Introduction Ecology Taxonomy Physiology and biochemistry Conclusions Determination of Plant-available Soil Manganese H.M. Reisenauer Introduction Plant factors in soil Mn availability SoilMn Soil tests for plant available Mn Available soil Mn Conclusions Manganese in Plants 7. The Uptake and Translocation of Manganese by Plant Roots D.T. Clarkson 1. Introduction The nature of the supply of Mn to the root surface Electrochemical considerations 103

4 4. Kinetics of Mn 2+ uptake Metabolic dependence of Mn 2+ uptake Interactions between the uptake and translocation of Mn 2+ and other ions Uptake rates compared with growth requirement for Mn Concluding remarks 110 Vll 8. Distribution and Movement of Manganese in Plants Jack F. Loneragan 1. Introduction Movement of Mn in plants Distribution of Mn in plants Conclusions The Biochemistry of Manganese in Plants James N. Burnell 1. Introduction Manganese in proteins Manganese as a cofactor C 4 photosynthesis Concluding remarks Physiological Functions of Manganese in Plants Lindsay C. Campbell and Ross O. Nable 1. Introduction Growth physiology of Mn Environmental interactions with Mn Manganese in metabolism Future directions The Role of Manganese in Disease Resistance D.M. Huber and N.S. Wilhelm 1. Introduction Effect of disease on Mn Effect of Mn on disease Mechanisms of disease control with Mn Conclusions 167

5 Vlll 12. The Physiology of Manganese Toxicity W.J. Horst 1. Introduction Manganese toxicity symptoms Factors affecting Mn tolerance levels of plant tissues Relationships between toxicity symptoms and physiological effects of high Mn concentrations in plant tissues Physiology of differential Mn tolerance Summary and conclusions 184 Manganese in Soil-Plant Systems 13. Mechanisms of Manganese Acquisition by Roots from Soils H. Marschner 1. Introduction Plant and soil factors in absorption Dynamics of Mn at the soil-root interface (rhizosphere) Conclusions Occurence and Correction of Manganese Deficiency in Plants D.J. Reuter, A.M. Alston and J.D. McFarlane 1. Introduction Occurrence of Mn deficiency Prevention and correction of Mn deficiency Conclusions Manganese Fertilizers K.H. Walter 1. Introduction The chemistry of Mn sources Incorporation of Mn into macro-nutrient fertilizers Conclusions 238

6 16. Detection of Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity in Plants R.J. Hannam and K. Ohki IX 1. Introduction Diagnosis of Mn deficiency Prognosis of Mn deficiency Diagnosis of Mn toxicity Conclusions Genotypic Differences in Tolerance to Manganese Deficiency R.D. Graham 1. Introduction The agronomic case for breeding for Mn efficiency Genotypic differences in tolerance to Mn efficiency Genetics of Mn efficiency Mechanisms of Mn efficiency Screening techniques for identifying Mn-efficient genotypes Conclusions Distribution and Amelioration of Manganese Toxic Soils E. Schlichting and L.A. Sparrow 1. Introduction The global distribution of Mn toxic soils The development of Mn toxic soils The amelioration of Mn toxic soils Conclusions Genetics and Breeding of Plants Tolerant of Manganese Toxicity CD. Foy, B.J. Scott and J.A. Fisher 1. Introduction Examples of differential tolerance Breeding for Mn tolerance Development and use of Mn tolerant germplasm Physiology of differential Mn tolerance Conclusions 302

7 X 20. Techniques for Research on Manganese in Soil-Plant Systems N.C. Uren, C.J. Asher and N.E. Longnecker 1. Introduction Solution culture systems Seed reserves of Mn Manganese oxides as sources of Mn Analysis and detection of Mn in soils and plants Soil preparation and pot culture Fractionation procedures Manganese in Soils and Plants An Overview A.D. Robson 1. Introduction Reactions of Mn in soils and plants Diagnosis and correction of Mn deficiency and toxicity Conclusion 333 Glossary of Plant Names 335 Index 337