Thermodynamics of Aluminum and Manganese Deoxidation Equilibria in Fe Ni and Fe Cr Alloys

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Thermodynamics of Aluminum and Manganese Deoxidation Equilibria in Fe Ni and Fe Cr Alloys"

Leonard Gerard Pitts
6 years ago
Views:

1 , pp Thermodynamcs of umnum and Manganese Deoxdaton Equlbra n Fe and Fe Cr loys Hrok OHTA and Hdeak SUITO Insttute for Multdscplnary Research for Advanced Materals, Tohoku Unversty, Katahra, Aoba-ku, Senda, Myagken Japan. (Receved on November 11, 2002; accepted n fnal form on March 25, 2003) umnum deoxdaton equlbrum and manganese dstrbuton have been studed at K n the equlbrum experment between CaO 2 O 3 slags and Fe 10, 20, 40 and 60mass% alloys or Fe 10, 20 and 40mass%Cr alloys contanng Mn and. On the bass of these results, the effect of or Cr on the actvty coeffcents of and Mn based on lqud ron s dscussed and the nteracton coeffcent between and O n lqud ron has been estmated. Some experments n whch Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy contanng and Mn was equlbrated wth CaO 2 O 3 slags have been carred out at It was found that the observed values for the oxygen content and the Mn dstrbuton rato n Fe 18mass%Cr 8 mass% alloy are n good agreement wth the calculated values by usng the actvty coeffcents of and Mn obtaned n ths study. KEY WORDS: deoxdaton; nteracton coeffcent; Mn dstrbuton; ron nckel alloy; ron chromum alloy. 1. Introducton Iron nckel alloys are now wdely used as electromagnetc and heat resstant materals because of ther excellent performance at hgh temperature, and Fe Cr alloys are used as corroson less materals. In -klled process durng the producton of these alloys, the accurate thermodynamc data on alumnum deoxdaton equlbrum s ndspensable to the compostonal control of nonmetallc nclusons. In prevous study, the alumnum deoxdaton equlbrum n Fe alloys has been studed by equlbratng Fe 30, 50, 70mass% alloys wth CaO 2 O 3 slags at K 1) and the effect of chromum on alumnum actvty n Fe 20mass%Cr alloy has been examned at 2) In order to nvestgate the reoxdaton reacton of alumnum wth MnO n slags thermodynamcally, one of the present authors prevously measured the actvty coeffcents of MnO n CaO 2 O 3, 3) CaO 2 O 3 SO 2, 3) CaO 2 O 3 MgO, 4) and CaO 2 O 3 SO 2 MgO 5) systems at It follows from these results that the manganese dstrbuton ratos between these alloys and aftermentoned slags can be evaluated, f the thermodynamc data for manganese n Fe and Fe Cr alloys are avalable. In ths study, alumnum deoxdaton equlbrum and manganese dstrbuton have been studed by equlbratng lqud Fe 10, 20, 40, 60mass%, Fe 10, 20, 40mass%Cr, or Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy wth CaO 2 O 3 slag at K usng 2 O 3 or CaO crucble. Based on these results, the actvty coeffcents of alumnum and manganese and the nteracton coeffcents of alumnum and oxygen n Fe and Fe Cr alloys have been determned based on pure ron. 2. Expermental 2.1. Procedure The master slags were prepared by premeltng the mxture of reagent-grade CaCO 3, 2 O 3, and MnO n a platnum crucble. A vertcal-resstance furnace wth heatng bars of LaCrO 3 was used. The equlbrum wth respect to manganese was approached from metal or slag sde n the followng experments. Hgh-purty electrolytc ron, nckel and chromum (30 g) startng wth approxmately 500 to 1000 ppm oxygen and CaO 2 O 3 ( MnO 1.0 mass%) slag (7 g) were melted at K under a deoxdzed Ar atmosphere and an approprate amount of Fe 1mass%, and/or Fe 20mass%Mn alloys were added by droppng. Thereafter, the melts were strred over a perod of 2 to 4 h by an 2 O 3 rod for 90 s at 30-mn ntervals n an 2 O 3 crucble experment. In a CaO crucble experment, only two tmes of strrng by an 2 O 3 rod was made for 30 s at 30-mn nterval n the meltng perod of 90 mn n order to elmnate the nfluence of an 2 O 3 strrng rod on a slag metal equlbrum. To elmnate oxde ncluson by flotaton, melts were unstrred for at least 1 h before quenchng. After equlbraton, the crucble was pulled out of the furnace, and quenched rapdly n a He gas stream, followed by water quenchng Chemcal Analyss Detaled descrptons of the chemcal analyses for acdsoluble and acd-nsoluble, 6) Ca, 6) Mn 7) and total oxygen 8) n metal phase and those for, 6) Ca, 6) Mn, 7) total Fe 9) and metallc Fe 9) n slag phase are already cted n prevous artcles. The, Ca, and Mn contents n metal and slag are also determned by nductvely coupled plasma ISIJ

2 emsson spectrometry after dssoluton of samples usng aqua resa. 3. Results and Dscusson The chemcal compostons of metal and slag phases n the experments for Fe, Fe Cr and Fe -Cr alloys are gven n Tables 1 to 3, respectvely. The composton of CaO 2 O 3 slag saturated wth an 2 O 3 or CaO crucble s denoted by AC or CA slag, respectvely, herenafter umnum Deoxdaton Equlbra n Fe and Fe Cr loys Apparent Equlbrum Constant umnum deoxdaton equlbrum n an Fe X alloy (X or Cr) s represented by 2 O 3 (s) 2 (Fe X) 3O (Fe X)...(1) The equlbrum constant of Eq. (1) based on an Fe X alloy, K 2 O 3 (Fe X), can be wrtten by Eq. (2). Table 1. Chemcal compostons of slag and metal phases n the experments for Fe alloys. Table 2. Chemcal compostons of slag and metal phases n the experments for Fe Cr alloys. Table 3. Chemcal compostons of slag and metal phases n the experments for Fe Cr alloys ISIJ 1302

3 log K 2 O 3 (Fe X) log{a 2 a (Fe X) 3 O(Fe X) /a 2 O 3 log{[%] 2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 log{ f (Fe X)2 f 3 O(Fe X)...(2) where a (Fe X) and f (Fe X) represent the actvty and actvty coeffcent of element n Henry s state, referred to 1 mass% based on an Fe X alloy, respectvely. a 2 O 3 represents the actvty of 2 O 3 relatve to pure sold standard state. It can be seen from Eq. (2) that the equlbrum constant of Eq. (1) can be calculated by usng the contents of oxygen and alumnum and the a 2 O 3 value for AC ( 0.33), 10) f the actvty coeffcents f (Fe X) and f O(Fe X) are estmated to be unty. The results for Fe alloys at K are plotted aganst nckel contents n Fg. 1, n whch the expermental data for [%] 0.01, [%O] 0.02, and [ppm Ca] 1.0 are used n order to elmnate the effects of f (Fe X) and f O(Fe X) values. The results of log{[%] 2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 values whch were obtaned by Cho and Suto 1) equlbratng Fe 30, 50, and 70mass% alloys wth AC slag at K are also shown n Fg. 1. The results of Ish et al., 11) whch were obtaned n the O equlbrum for Fe 50 to 90mass% alloys by usng an 2 O 3 crucble, are also ncluded. In the latter experment the content s 0.1 mass%. The apparent equlbrum constant of Eq. (1) based on Fe 36mass% at K, whch was obtaned by Fujwara et al., 12) are also shown n Fg. 1. The equlbrum constant for pure obtaned by Zhao et al. 13) are also ndcated n Fg. 1. The values from the equlbrum constant of Eq. (1) for pure Fe 14,15) and pure 14,16) are also ndcated by arrows. As can be seen from Fg. 1, the apparent equlbrum constant of Eq. (1) has a maxmum value at the composton of 50 mass%. The values of log{[%] 2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 for Fe 10, 20, 40mass%Cr alloys are shown n Fg. 2 along wth the value for pure Fe, whch s ndcated by arrow. It can be seen that the values for the apparent equlbrum constant of Eq. (1) ncrease wth an ncrease n the chromum content n alloy f (Fe) and f Cr (Fe) The actvtes of and O n lqud Fe X alloy (X or Cr) relatve to an nfnte dlute soluton of 1 mass% standard state can be defned based on pure ron. The equlbrum constant of Eq. (1) for pure lqud ron, K 2 O 3 (Fe), can be wrtten as follows: log K 2 O 3 (Fe) log{a 2 a (Fe) 3 O(Fe) /a 2 O 3 log{[%] 2 [%O] 3 f (Fe)2 f 3 O(Fe) /a 2 O 3...(3) where f (Fe) and f O(Fe) represent the actvty coeffcent of alumnum and oxygen n Henry s state, referred to 1 mass%, based on pure ron, respectvely. The followng equaton can be deduced from Eq. (3): 2log f (Fe) X log K 2 O 3 (Fe) log{[%] 2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 3logf O(Fe) X A...(4) where A s gven by 2(Í e (Fe)[%] Í r (Fe)[%] 2 ) 3(Í e [%] Í O(Fe) r O(Fe) [%]2 ) and s the component other than X. The f j(fe) X value represents the effect of element X on the actvty coeffcent of element j. The e j(fe) and r j(fe) values represent the frst-order and second order nteracton Fg. 1. The values for log[%] 2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 n Fe alloys plotted aganst nckel content. Fg. 2. The values for log[%] 2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 n Fe Cr alloys plotted aganst chromum content. coeffcents 14) gven n Table 4, respectvely, for pure Fe at The term A was found to be neglgbly small compared wth the sum of the frst and second terms on the rght hand sde of Eq. (4) under the present expermental condtons for [%] 0.01, [%O] 0.02, [ppm Ca] 1.0, and [%Mn] 0.2. Hence, n subsequent dscusson, A s taken as zero. The f O(Fe) 17,18) and f Cr O(Fe) 19 25) values n lqud Fe and Fe Cr alloys, respectvely, have been reported prevously. These values at K are plotted aganst the nckel content n an Fe alloy and the chromum content n an Fe Cr alloy, n Fgs. 3 and 4, respectvely. By usng the data of Sakao and Sano, 18) Cho and Suto 1) assessed the frstorder and second-order nteracton coeffcents as e O and r O , respectvely. The results of Janke and Fscher 24) who reported the frst and second-order nteracton coeffcents as e Cr O and r Cr O , respectvely, are used n ths study ISIJ

4 Table 4. Interacton parameters based on pure ron at 1873 K used n the present study. Fg. 5. Actvty coeffcent of alumnum n Fe alloy at Fg. 6. Actvty coeffcent of alumnum n Fe Cr alloy at Fg. 3. Actvty coeffcent of oxygen n Fe alloy at Fg. 4. Actvty coeffcent of oxygen n Fe Cr alloy at The log f (Fe) value can be calculated from Eq. (4) by usng the [%] 2 [%O] 3 values shown n Fg. 1, the a 2 O 3 value for AC ( 0.33) slag, the log K 2 O 3 (Fe) value ( 13.34; DG 2 O 3 (Fe) T J/mol14,15) ) at K and the log f O(Fe) values estmated from e O(Fe) and r O(Fe) gven n Table 4. The log f (Fe) values are plotted aganst the nckel content n Fg. 5, where the results by Cho and Suto 1) for Fe 30, 50, 70mass% alloys and that by Sgworth et al. 16) for pure nckel are also ncluded. From the slope of the lne n the range of [%] 40, the frstorder nteracton coeffcent (e (Fe) ) was estmated as The log f (Fe) Cr values obtaned from Eq. (4) are plotted aganst the chromum content n Fg. 6. The results by Ksh et al. 2) whch were obtaned by equlbratng an Fe 20mass%Cr alloy wth the AC slag at K are also shown. The value for e (Fe) Cr at K reported as by McLean and Bell 26) s ncluded for comparson. From the slope of the lne n the range of [%Cr] 40, the frst-order nteracton coeffcent (e (Fe) Cr ) was estmated as e O(Fe) and e O (Fe) The experments were carred out by equlbratng Fe or Fe Cr alloy contanng and O wth the AC (a 2 O ) 10) or CA (a 2 O ) 10) slag at The nteracton coeffcents of and O n Fe and Fe Cr alloys are estmated usng the expermental data n the followng ISIJ 1304

5 The followng relaton can be derved from Eq. (3): 2logf O(Fe) log K 2 O 3 (Fe) log{[%]2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 2log f (Fe) X 3logf O(Fe) X Ca 3logf O(Fe) A...(5) where A has a smlar meanng n Eq. (4), and and j represent the component other than X and O, and that other than X, and Ca, respectvely. In ths study, the effect of X on the actvty coeffcent of, and those of X and Ca 27) on the actvty coeffcent of O are studed. The term A n Eq. (5) found to be neglgbly small n the estmaton of f O(Fe). The log f O(Fe) value n an Fe alloy can be estmated from Eq. (5) by usng the K 2 O 3 (Fe) value,14,15) the values for log f O(Fe) and log f (Fe) shown n Fgs. 3 and 5, respectvely, and the log f Ca O(Fe) value.27) The relatons between log f O(Fe) and content n Fe 20 to 70mass% alloys are shown n the upper dagram of Fg. 7 by open 1) and half flled marks usng the data of [%] 0.01 for the sake of smplcty. However, the result obtaned by [%] 0.01 s almost the same as that by usng all data. The log f O(Fe) values for Fe Cr alloys are plotted aganst content n the lower dagram of Fg. 7. It can be seen from Fg. 7 that the log f O(Fe) values are ndependent on or Cr contents n alloys, although the data ponts scatter to a consderable degree. The eo(fe) value s estmated as 0.83 from the slope n the range of [%] 70 and [%Cr] 40. From the relaton of e(fe) O M /MO eo(fe) (M : molecular weght of element ), the value for e (Fe) O s estmated as 1.4. The log f O(Fe) value calculated from eo(fe) 3.6 and ro(fe) 1.7 assessed by Sgworth and Ellott 14) s shown by the broken lne. The log f O(Fe) values obtaned n Fe 20 to 70mass% alloys are dfferent from that assessed by Sgworth and Ellott 14) based on pure Fe. However, the eo(fe) value of 0.83 obtaned n ths work s a good agreement wth that of 0.89 obtaned by Zhao et al. 13) and 1.06 obtaned by Janke et al. 28) for pure. It s sad that the nteracton coeffcent between and O n [%] 20 s close to that n pure. Fg. 7. Actvty coeffcent of oxygen n Fe and Fe Cr alloys at K plotted aganst alumnum content Relaton between and O Contents The relatons between oxygen and alumnum contents n Fe 10, 20, 40, 60mass% alloys equlbrated wth 2 O 3 (a 2 O 3 1) are shown n Fg. 8, where the lnes for dfferent contents were calculated at K by the teratve method. In ths calculaton, the log K 2 O 3 (Fe) value, the respectve nteracton coeffcents gven n Table 4 and the values for eo(fe), e (Fe) O and e(fe) estmated n ths work were used. In the case of [%] 60, the f (Fe) values obtaned from Fg. 5 were used. The results of pure Fe and pure are also shown n Fg. 8. It can be seen that the oxygen contents at a gven level n Fe alloys have the maxmum value at the composton of 50 mass%. The data ponts shown n Fg. 8 correspond to the expermental results for Fe 10, 20, 40, 60mass% alloys equlbrated wth AC slag, whch were obtaned at a 2 O In order to have the results at a 2 O 3 1, the oxygen contents are multpled by 1.45, accordng to the approxmate relaton of [%O] [%O] meas. (1/a 2 O 3 ) 1/3 ([%O] meas. : measurement value of oxygen), whch s obtaned by assumng that the actvty coeffcent of oxygen s kept constant for a gven content. The half-flled marks represent the data of [Ca] 1 ppm. The expermental data for Fe 10, 20, 40, Fg. 8. Relatonshp between alumnum and oxygen contents n Fe 20, 40, 60mass% alloys at 1873 K. 60mass% alloys are n good accordance wth the respectve calculated lnes n the range of [%] The dscrepancy between the expermental and calculated results n the range of [%] 0.03 s attrbuted to the effect of calcum on the oxygen actvty. Smlarly, the relatons between oxygen and alumnum contents n Fe 10, 20, 40mass%Cr alloys equlbrated wth pure 2 O 3 are shown n Fg. 9, together wth the result of pure ron. These data ponts are obtaned by multplyng the oxygen contents 1.45 tmes, as mentoned prevously. It s seen that the oxygen content at a gven level ncreases wth ncreasng the chromum content up to 40 mass%. The half-flled marks represent the data of [Ca] 1 ppm. The expermental data n Fe 10, 20, 40mass%Cr alloys are n reasonable agreement wth the respectve calculated results n the range of [%] Manganese Dstrbuton between CaO 2 O 3 Slag and Fe or Fe Cr loys The manganese dstrbuton rato has been measured n ISIJ

6 Fg. 9. Relatonshp between alumnum and oxygen contents n Fe 10, 20, 40mass%Cr alloys at 1873 K. the experments where Fe and Fe Cr alloys contanng Mn and are equlbrated wth AC and CA slags at The manganese dstrbuton s dscussed n the followng. The exchange reacton wth respect to Mn and between slag and Fe X alloy s expressed as: 2 O 3 (s) 3Mn (Fe X) 3MnO (s) 2 (Fe X)...(6) The manganese dstrbuton rato between slag and Fe X alloy, L Mn ( (%Mn)/[%Mn]), can be wrtten by usng the equlbrum constant of Eq. (6) as follows: log L Mn 2/3 log[%] log{(a K Mn (Fe X) 1/3 a 2 O 3 1/3 f Mn(Fe X) ) /( f (Fe X) 2/3 g MnO )...(7) where a s a constant relatng to the converson from mole fracton of MnO to mass%. though a s a functon of slag composton, t s regarded as approxmately constant under the present expermental condtons. g MnO s the actvty coeffcent of MnO wth respect to pure sold standard state, referred to mole fracton. The values for log L Mn are plotted aganst content n Fg. 10 for Fe 10 to 60mass% alloys saturated wth AC and CA slags at The fndng that all expermental ponts for Fe 10 to 60mass% alloys follow the straght lnes wth a slope of 2/3, as expected from Eq. (7), ndcates that the second term on rght hand sde of Eq. (7) s constant. The relatonshps between L Mn and [%] for pure lqud Fe saturated wth AC and CA slags at K are also shown n Fg. 10, ndcatng that manganese dstrbuton rato at a gven level ncreases wth an ncrease n nckel content. The results of log L Mn for Fe 10, 20 and 40mass%Cr alloys are shown n Fg. 11. It can be seen that all data ponts for AC and CA slags fall easly on the correspondng lnes wth a slope of 2/3, as predcted from Eq. (7). It follows that the L Mn values at a gven level are ndependent of the Cr content n the studed concentraton range of Cr. The equlbrum constant of Eq. (6) for pure lqud ron, K Mn (Fe), can be wrtten by Fg. 10. Fg. 11. Manganese dstrbuton rato between slag and Fe alloys at K plotted aganst alumnum content. Manganese dstrbuton rato between slag and Fe Cr alloys at K plotted aganst alumnum content. log K Mn (Fe) log{(a (Fe) 2.a MnO 3 )/(a Mn(Fe)3 a 2 O 3 ) log{([%] 2 f (Fe)2 g MnO3 N 3 MnO ) /([%Mn] 2 f Mn(Fe)3 a 2 O 3 )...(8) In Fe alloys, the followng relatonshp can be deduced from Eq. (8). log f Mn(Fe) 2/3(log[%] log f (Fe) ) log[%mn] 1/3 log K Mn (Fe) 1/3 log a 2 O 3 log g MnO log N MnO B...(9) where B s gven by 2/3(Í e (Fe) [%] Í r (Fe) [%]2 ) (Í e Mn(Fe) [%] Í r Mn(Fe) [%]2 ) and s the component other than. The log f Mn(Fe) value can be obtaned from Eq. (9) by usng the expermental results gven n Table 1, the respectve nteracton coeffcents gven n Table 4, the a 2 O 3 values for AC ( 0.33) and CA ( ) slags, the g MnO values for AC ( 1.5) 3) and CA ( 5.3) 3), log K Mn (Fe) ( 9.34; DG T J/mol 14,15,29) ), and log f shown n Fg ISIJ 1306

7 Fg. 12. Actvty coeffcent of manganese n Fe alloys at Fg. 14. Relatonshp between alumnum and oxygen contents n Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy at Fg. 13. Actvty coeffcent of manganese n Fe Cr alloys at The relatons between log f Mn(Fe) and [%] for Fe alloys are shown n Fg. 12. though the data ponts scatter to a consderable degree, the frst order nteracton coeffcent between Mn and, emn(fe), can be determned as from a slope of the lne n Fg. 12 n the range of [%] 40. The log f Mn(Fe) Cr values are plotted aganst chromum content n Fg. 13. From a slope of the lne, the frst order nteracton coeffcent between Mn and Cr value, e Mn(Fe) Cr, can be estmated as n the range of [%Cr] 40, although consderable scatter s observed. Ths value s n good agreement wth the value for e Mn Cr whch s assessed at K n the range of [%Cr] ) 3.3. Thermodynamcs of Oxygen, umnum and Manganese n Fe Cr loys The results for the experments n whch Fe 18mass% Cr 8mass% alloy contanng alumnum and manganese was equlbrated wth AC slag at K are dscussed n the followng. The equlbrum constant of alumnum deoxdaton n an Fe Cr alloy can be derved from Eq. (3) as follows: log K 2 O 3 (Fe) log([%] 2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 ) 2(log f (Fe) Cr log f (Fe) log f (Fe) log f O (Fe) ) 3(log f O(Fe) Cr log f O(Fe) log f O(Fe) log f O O(Fe) ) log([%] 2 [%O] 3 /a 2 O 3 ) ( ) 2 2 e(fe) [% ] r(fe) [% ] j j ( O(Fe) O(Fe) ) 2 3 e [% j ] r [% j ]...(10) The relatons between oxygen and alumnum contents n Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy equlbrated wth 2 O 3 at K are shown n Fg. 14, where the lnes were calculated by the teratve method usng the equlbrum constant of Eq. (3) based on pure ron and the nteracton coeffcents estmated n ths work and the prevous data gven n Table 4. The results of pure Fe and pure are also shown n the fgure. The data ponts are recalculated by multplyng the oxygen contents 1.45 tmes n order to convert a 2 O to 1. The half-flled marks represent the data of [Ca] 1 ppm. The expermental data ponts fall on the lne of Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy. The manganese dstrbuton rato between CaO 2 O 3 slag and an Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy can be deduced from the equlbrum constant of Eq. (8) as follows: log L Mn 2/3 log[%] log(a K Mn (Fe) a 2 O 3 /g MnO ) log f Mn(Fe) Cr log f Mn(Fe) log f Mn(Fe) log f O Mn Mn(Fe) log f Mn(Fe) 2/3(log f (Fe) Cr log f (Fe) log f (Fe) log f (Fe) O Mn log f (Fe) ) 2/3 log[%] log(a K Mn (Fe) a 2 O 3 /g MnO ) ( e [% ] r [% ] ) 2 Mn(Fe) Mn(Fe) ( (Fe) (Fe) ) 2 2/ 3 e [% ] r [% ]...(11) The log L Mn values are plotted aganst the content n Fg. 15 for an Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy obtaned by equlbratng wth AC and CA slags at The lnes were calculated by the teratve method usng the equlbr ISIJ

8 (3) The value for eo(fe) for Fe and Fe Cr alloys s estmated as 0.83 n the range of [%] 1.0. (4) The observed values for the oxygen content and the Mn dstrbuton rato n Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy are n good agreement wth the calculated values by usng the actvty coeffcents of and Mn obtaned n ths study. REFERENCES Fg. 15. Manganese dstrbuton between CaO 2 O 3 slag and Fe 18mass%Cr 8mass% alloy at K plotted aganst alumnum content. um constant of Eq. (8) based on pure ron and the respectve nteracton coeffcents estmated n ths study gven n Table 4. The relatonshps between log L Mn and [%] for pure lqud Fe saturated wth AC and CA slags at K are also ndcated. The expermental data ponts equlbrated wth the AC (open mark) and CA (half-flled mark) slags fall approxmately on the respectve calculated lnes. These results ndcate that the nteracton parameters obtaned n ths study are reasonably well estmated. 4. Conclusons Thermodynamcs of alumnum deoxdaton equlbrum and manganese dstrbuton rato between slag and metal have been studed for Fe, Fe Cr and Fe Cr alloys at The conclusons obtaned n ths study are summarzed as follows: (1) The values for e(fe) and e Mn(Fe) for Fe alloys are determned as and , respectvely, n the range of [%] 40. (2) The values for e(fe) Cr Cr and e Mn(Fe) for Fe Cr alloys are determned as and , respectvely, n the range of [%Cr] 40. 1) S-W. Cho and H. Suto: Steel Res., 66 (1995), ) M. Ksh, R. Inoue and H. Suto: ISIJ Int., 34 (1994), ) H. Ohta and H. Suto: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 26B (1995), ) H. Ohta and H. Suto: ISIJ Int., 36 (1996), ) H. Ohta and H. Suto: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 29B (1998), ) H. Suto, H. Inoue and R. Inoue: ISIJ Int., 31 (1991), ) H. Suto and R. Inoue: Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 24 (1984), ) R. Inoue and H. Suto: Mater. Trans. JIM, 32 (1991), ) K. R. Lee and H. Suto: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 25B (1994), ) R. H. Ren and J. Chpman: Trans. TMS-AIME, 233 (1965), ) F. Ish and S. Banya: ISIJ Int., 32 (1992), ) H. Fujwara, A. Hattor and A. Ichse: Tetsu-to-Hagané, 85 (1999), ) Y. Zhao, K. Morta and N. Sano: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 29B (1998), ) G. K. Sgworth and J. F. Ellott: Met. Sc., 8 (1974), ) J. F. Ellott, M. Gleser and V. Ramakrshna: Thermochemstry for Steelmakng, Vol. II, Addson Wesley, London, (1963). 16) G. K. Sgworth, J. F. Ellott, G. Vaughn and G. H. Geger: Can. Metall. Q., 16 (1977), ) H. Sakao and K. Sano: Trans. Jpn. Inst., Met., 26 (1962), ) W. A. Fscher, D. Janke and W. Ackermann: Arch. Esenhüttenwes., 41 (1970), ) H. M. Chen and J. Chpman: Trans. Am. Soc. Met., 38 (1947), ) H. Sakao and K. Sano: J. Jpn. Inst., Met., 26 (1962), ) R. J. Fruhan: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME, 245 (1969), ) F. C. L. Larche and A. McLean: Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 13 (1973), ) Y. Nakamura and M. Uchmura: Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 13 (1973), ) D. Janke and W. A. Fscher: Arch. Esenhüttenwes., 47 (1976), ) K. Suzuk, S. Ban-ya and T. Fuwa: Tetsu-to-Hagané, 56 (1970), ) A. McLean and H. B. Bell: J. Iron. Steel Inst., 203 (1965), ) H. Ohta and H. Suto: ISIJ Int., 43 (2003), ) D. Janke and W. A. Fscher: Arch. Esenhüttenwes., 46 (1975), ) H. Gaye, C. Gateller, M. Nadf, P. V. Rboud, J. Salel and M. Faral: Rev. Métall., Cah. Inf. Tech., (1987), ) M. W. Chase, Jr., C. A. Daves, J. R. Downey, Jr., D. J. Frurp, R. A. McDonald and A. N. Syverud: J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14 (1985), Suppl., ISIJ 1308

Effect of Carbon on Nitrogen Solubility and AlN Formation in High Al Alloyed Liquid Steels

Effect of Carbon on Nitrogen Solubility and AlN Formation in High Al Alloyed Liquid Steels ISIJ Internatonal, Vol. 54 (2014), o. 7, pp. 1578 1583 Effect of arbon on trogen Solublty and Formaton n Hgh loyed Lqud Steels Jung-Mock JAG, Seok-Hyo SEO, Young-Dae KIM, Hyo-Jong A and Jong-Jn PAK* Department