The Orbite Process: Low-cost, eco-friendly red mud-free alumina production from a variety of ores

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1 Yves Noël, Chief Marketing Officer, Orbite Aluminae Inc. The Orbite Process: Low-cost, eco-friendly red mud-free alumina production from a variety of ores TM

2 Safe Harbour Statement Certain information contained in this document may include forward-looking information. Without limiting the foregoing, the information and any forward-looking information may include statements regarding projects, costs, objectives and future returns of the Company or hypotheses underlying these items. In this document, words such as may, would, could, will, likely, believe, expect, anticipate, intend, plan, estimate and similar words and the negative form thereof are used to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements should not be read as guarantees of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether, or the times at or by which, such future performance will be achieved. Forward-looking statements and information are based on information available at the time and/or the Company management s good-faith beliefs with respect to future events and are subject to known or unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other unpredictable factors, many of which are beyond the Company s control. These risks uncertainties and assumptions include, but are not limited to, those described in the section of the Management s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) entitled Risk and Uncertainties as filed on March 22, 2012 on SEDAR,and in the section Risk Factors of the Annual Information Form of March 30th, 2012 also filed on SEDAR, and could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements. The Company does not intend, nor does it undertake, any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking information or statements contained in this document to reflect subsequent information, events or circumstances or otherwise, except as required by applicable laws. The PEA, subject to an audit report that is filed under SEDAR, is preliminary in nature and it includes Inferred Mineral Resources of aluminous clay as they relate to rare metals and earth rare elements that are considered too speculative geologically to have the economic considerations applied to them that would enable them to be categorized as Mineral Reserves. There is no certainty that the conclusions reached in the PEA will be realized. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves have not demonstrated economic viability. 2

3 Agenda Background and History Orbite s Business Strategy Closed-loop Hydrochloric process Case study with alternative feedstocks Conclusion Q&A 3

Aluminium Production and Bauxite Reserves (1) Current bauxite reserves estimated at = 29 bt (2) Above 50% of the world bauxite resource can not be economically exploited (3) In China, middle-low

4 Aluminium Production and Bauxite Reserves (1) Current bauxite reserves estimated at = 29 bt (2) Above 50% of the world bauxite resource can not be economically exploited (3) In China, middle-low grade Bauxite (A/S) < 7 represents over 70% of the resources (4) Regions Aluminium Bauxite production reserves China 51% 3% North America 13% < 1 % CIS 9% 1% Middle East 7% 1% Europe 5% 9% Asia excluding China 5% 14% Central & South America 5% 25% Australia 4% 21% Africa 1% 26% (1): UC Rusal (2): USGS, January 2012 (3): XVIII international Symposium of ICSOBA Proceedings, Zhengzhou, China, November, 2010, pp (4): XVIII international Symposium of ICSOBA Proceedings, Zhengzhou, China, November, 2010, pp

5 Acid Alumina Recovery from Non-Bauxite Rocks Various extraction methods have been investigated to extract alumina from nonbauxites ores over the last century: Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric Acid / Hydrochloric Acid (H+) Nitric Acid Fluoride methods Hydrochloric Acid Most active periods: s World War II s 5

6 Orbite s Approach and Business Strategy Our achievements A Talented Team The Resource Patented/ Proprietary Technology Markets & Products Smelter Grade Alumina SGA Plant By-products HPA Plant High Purity Alumina Licensing 6

7 Geographical localisation Orbite s 610 km 2 Grande-Vallée deposit contains the potential to supply the alumina needs of the local smelters for centuries 7

8 Orbite s SGA Process Clay Preparation Plant (CPP) MgO Metal oxides production and acid recovery MgO, CaSO 4.2H 2 O Acid Leaching Plant (ALP) Aluminium Chloride Crystallization Plant (ACP) Hydrothermal Acid Recovery Plant (HARP) HARP Value added metal chloride crystallisation Non hydrolysable elements, electrolysis (acid recovery) AHCL Alkali (NaOH, KOH) Calcination Plant (CP) HARP REEP REO/RMO Extraction Plant (REEP) Alkali Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plant (AHCl) Magnesium Oxide Plant (MgO) Hydrochloric Acid Purification Plant (HClP) CPP Mineral preparation and classifying ALP ALP Semi continuous leaching Chlorides/solid separation and washing ACP Aluminum chloride crystallisation Acid purification CP Iron oxides production and acid recovery HCIP Aluminum chloride calcination and acid recovery Solids Separation Rare earths Fe 2 O 3 Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) Purified SiO 2 Purified TiO 2 8

9 SGA Plant Layout (550 kt /year) 9

10 Orbite s SGA Process Main Distinctive Facts 10

11 Extraction percentage (%) Orbite s Unique Hydrochloric Acid Leaching Typical extraction curve of Al and Fe - Single stage vs semi-continuous Al (Batch) Fe (Batch) Al (S-Conti.) Fe (S-Conti.) Leaching time (h) 11

Orbite s Prodcution Orbite s Clay Feed composition (Main constituents) SiO 2 : 50.0-52.0% Al 2 O 3 : 20.0-25.0% Fe 2 O 3 : 8.00-9.00% CaO: 0.48% MgO: 1.33% Na 2 O: 1.06% K 2 O: 2.86% MnO: 0.

5% Main Products produced from Orbite raw material based on feed (tpy) to SGA plant: 2,436,000 Product Production anticipated (tpy) Recovery yield Al 2 O 3 551,253 94.3% Fe 2 O 3 203,103 98.

12 Orbite s Prodcution Orbite s Clay Feed composition (Main constituents) SiO 2 : % Al 2 O 3 : % Fe 2 O 3 : % CaO: 0.48% MgO: 1.33% Na 2 O: 1.06% K 2 O: 2.86% MnO: 0.16% Cr 2 O 3 : 0.01% TiO 2 : 0.85% P 2 O 5 : 0.145% SrO: 0.015% BaO: 0.050% V 2 O % Other (including H 2 O and REO): % Main Products produced from Orbite raw material based on feed (tpy) to SGA plant: 2,436,000 Product Production anticipated (tpy) Recovery yield Al 2 O 3 551, % Fe 2 O 3 203, % SiO 2 1,239, % TiO 2 20, % MgO 30, % NaOH 56,875 NaOCl 7,690 KOH 65,091 KOCl 8,523 CaSO 4 46,837 Total REO/RMO 1, % REO/RMO Details of finalized design of REE as of parution of paper (tpy) Ce 2 O Nd 2 O Pr 2 O Dy 2 O Er 2 O Eu 2 O Y 2 O Ga 2 O Sc 2 O

CAPEX And OPEX Clay Feedstock Bayer Process Orbite s Process (1) CAPEX distribution Applicability Residues High Grade Bauxite (low

0 Tonnes per tonne of Alumina, ph 13, concentration 10-30%)** Aluminous Clays, Bauxite (low and high-grade), Kaolin, Nepheline,

8% Engineering, 8.8% Mining equipment, 6.

Q3 2012) *** $210**** By-Products Some have gallium Value-Added & Marketable (Silica, Hematite, MgO, other oxides, Scandium,

13 CAPEX And OPEX Clay Feedstock Bayer Process Orbite s Process (1) CAPEX distribution Applicability Residues High Grade Bauxite (low silica content) Red Mud ( Tonnes per tonne of Alumina, ph 13, concentration 10-30%)** Aluminous Clays, Bauxite (low and high-grade), Kaolin, Nepheline, Red Mud, Fly Ash and other aluminous sources Minimal Process equipment, 46.5% Buildings, construction, 26.1% Infrastructure, 11.8% Engineering, 8.8% Mining equipment, 6.8% CAPEX/tonne of Alumina (Including Infrastructure) $1500 * $1100 Cost structure OPEX/tonne of Alumina $190 to $475 (Avg $287 in Q3 2012) *** $210**** By-Products Some have gallium Value-Added & Marketable (Silica, Hematite, MgO, other oxides, Scandium, Gallium, Rare Earths) Maintenance 12% Other 11% G&A 2% Labor 16% Energy and Power 56% Consumables 3% (1): Based on Genivar s PEA *Source: 2011 Aluminum Summit **Source: The Red Mud Project ***Source: Commodity Research Unit (CRU) International Ltd. **** No cost allocated to by-prodcuts: Fe 2 O 3, SiO 2, MgO, rare earths, etc. 13

14 Materials Succesfully Tested Using Orbite s Technology Clay Bauxite Red Mud Fly Ash Carbonatite Kaolin Nepheline 14

15 The Orbite s Paradigm Shift for Red Mud Liability Expense Orbite s process offers : Asset Profit Center Existing Bayer process plants to become Zero Reject plant; Extension of residue site lifespan; Conversion of liabilities into assets; Strategic investment (profit center) with less than a 2 year payback; Opportunity for aluminum industry to take a turn. 15

produced in 2010; Red mud inventory will reach more than 3 billion tons by

16 Red Mud World Status Over 2.6 billion tons of red mud inventoried in 2007; 120 million tons of red mud produced in 2010; Red mud inventory will reach more than 3 billion tons by circa 2012; Red mud contains several extractable elements such as: Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3, SiO 2, TiO 2, Ga, etc.; Source: CSIRO 16

Red Mud Processing: A Recent Case Study Raw material Composition measured and/or evaluated (% wt.) Al 2 O 3 12.55-21.40 ZrO 0.06-0.

36 Zn 50-253 ppm K 2 O 0.00-0.12 Ni 6.9-130 ppm CaO 2.48-12.1 Cu 6.9-140 ppm S total 0.10-3.50 Pb 60-80 ppm TiO 2 3.46-4.76 As 0.

100 Re 2 O 3 61-100 ppm Main Products produced from Red Mud based on feed (tpy) to plant of: 1,000,000 Product Produced (tpy)

17 Red Mud Processing: A Recent Case Study Raw material Composition measured and/or evaluated (% wt.) Al 2 O ZrO Fe 2 O Cr SiO Co 2-40 ppm MgO Cd ppm Na 2 O Zn ppm K 2 O Ni ppm CaO Cu ppm S total Pb ppm TiO As ppm V 2 O Ga 2 O ppm P 2 O Sc 2 O ppm MnO Re 2 O ppm Main Products produced from Red Mud based on feed (tpy) to plant of: 1,000,000 Product Produced (tpy) Recovery yield Al 2 O 3 203, % Fe 2 O 3 326, % SiO 2 70, % NaOH 130,476 NaOCl 17,641 TiO 2 (98%+ purity) 34, % CaSiO 3 62,111 Ga 2 O % Sc 2 O % 17

18 Red Mud Processing: A Recent Case Study (1 MT/yr) TPY $/tonne Revenues Smelter Grade Alumina $ 350 $ Hematite $ 200 $ High Purity Silica $ 25 $ NaOH $ 122 $ NaOCl $ 185 $ CaSiO $ 25 $ TiO $ 700 $ Ga 2 O 3 75 $ $ Sc 2 O 3 11 $ $ Mixed Oxides 3760 $ 5 $ Annual revenue $ OPEX Costs $ Gross profit $ CAPEX (Incl. Contingencies) $ Payback (years) 2 18

19 Metallurgical Alumina Refining Fuel Consumption 2011 Other (9%) Oil (15%) Coal (43%) Gas (26%) Electricity (7%) Source: 19

20 Conclusion Orbite s Technology: Works on a variety of aluminous ores (High-Grade Bauxite, Low-Grade Bauxite, Red Mud, Fly Ash, Nepheline, Kaolin) Allows the economic extraction of smelter grade alumina, high purity alumina, rare earths and rare metals (scandium and gallium) as well as other value-added byproducts like Silica (99%+ purity), Hematite (99%+ purity) and Magnesium Oxide Does not generate Red Mud Technology proven at commercial scale Alumina and aluminium meet industry specifications Cleantech: over 95% of the clay components are turned into marketable products Commercially viable way to recover the economic value of red mud and fly ash residues 20

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22 Backup Slides 22

23 Alumina Production: Cash Cost Comparison World ex-china Alumina Refinery Cash Costs for Q (nominal US$/t) 3 Avg. Industry Cash Cost 3 Recent Alumina Spot Price PEA 1 100% of Opex - $ / tonne Alumina PEA 1 Co-Product Opex Allocation by Energy - $91 / tonne Alumina SGA Operating Costs as per PEA 1 1: Revised PEA dated May 2012 Scenario 2 (includes all by-products) 2: Orbite SGA Plant Final Design press release dated Oct 2, :Commodity Research Unit (CRU) International Ltd. Note: China Refinery production represents approximately 20M tonnes per year. 23

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COMPLEX ADDITIVES ON THE BASIS OF BAUXITE RESIDUE FOR INTENSIFICATION OF IRON-ORE SINTERING AND PELLETIZING

COMPLEX ADDITIVES ON THE BASIS OF BAUXITE RESIDUE FOR INTENSIFICATION OF IRON-ORE SINTERING AND PELLETIZING Sergey Gorbachev Andrey Panov, Gennadiy Podgorodetskiy, Vladislav Gorbunov RUSAL ETC and Moscow