Thermal Stability Analysis and Identification of Polymer films using TGA

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1 Thermal Stability Analysis and Identification of Polymer films using TGA Ethan Roach [1] Introduction [2] Samples and Experiments [3] Results [4] Conclusion and Acknowledgments Mount Greylock Regional High School 1781 Cold Spring Road, Williamstown, MA Abstract This research looks at the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) of four different samples of polymer films. This research draws upon mostly primary sources including a TA instruments Q50 TGA device and personal knowledge of how to work a simple recycling extruder. This case shows whether or not certain polymer types are suitable for certain recycling setups based on TGA data alone [1] Introduction Polymer films are used for packaging and storage of goods, and for the aesthetic elements of some products. The plastics used for packaging food are commonly polyolefin (polyethylene and polypropylene), polyester, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene. Polymer recycling is an important environmental issue and the identification of polymer types holds a key for the proper segregation of plastics during recycling and processing to resolve this problem. This paper focuses on answering the following hypothesis

2 Can we use TGA to identify certain polymers' thermal degradation properties and whether they can be recycled in traditional ways? If not, can we determine a way to recycle the polymer despite it's properties? [2] Samples used and the graph created [2.1] TGA Sample 1: Saran Wrap, PVDC The sample appears to start breaking down quickly around 200C, before leveling off at 30% mass around 400C. The sample resumes breaking down once the temperature hits 425C, but slows considerably once the mass hits 17% of the original sample, and keeps breaking down until the end of the heating cycle at 11%. [2.2] TGA sample 2: Cling wrap with adhesive, LLDPE The sample appears to start decomposing rapidly at about 450C, with a few small blips along the way which can be accounted for in the margin of error. The decomposition process finishes at about 525C, with a bit of a weird formation between 680C and 693C, which is probably machine error because the sample was already at negligible mass when the anomaly occurred, probably due to gas eddies in the furnace causing the crucible to bounce around on the scale. The majority of the mass was lost at 487C, dropping below the 50% mass mark. [2.3] TGA Sample 9: Transparency, PET

3 The sample appears to start decomposing rapidly at 400C, before leveling off around 10% original mass at 500C [2.4] TGA Sample 13: Sporting goods packaging, probably PVC The sample appears to start breaking down around 210C, before leveling off at 30% mass at 360C. The decomposition resumes at 450C, before stopping for the rest of the heat cycle at 13% original mass. Appears to be similar in composition to sample 1

4 [2.5] Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) TGA is a type of thermal analysis that allows us to measure the temperatures at which parts of the sample degrade into gas. An analysis of our polymer samples will reveal their heat tolerance and at what temperatures they can be processed at without breaking down into a gas. Analyzing the TGA graph with tell us at what temperatures parts of the polymer chain degrade into gasses, and from that information, we can determine the approximate makeup of the polymer chain. We have used a TA Instruments TGA (Model Q50) using a ceramic pan placed on a microbalance hook inside of the furnace chamber. Samples are heated at a rate of +10C/min. The TA Universal Analysis 2000 software has been used to analyze the TGA data and determine the precise figures in this report. [3] Results Samples 1 and 13 appear to be made of similar materials, if not the same. They are not very thermally stable, breaking down at 200C, below common temperature settings for plastic recycling extruders configured for ABS. Sample 2 appears to be stable enough to be recycled in a standard ABS temperature setup, as it starts to break down at around 450C. Sample 9 appears to also be stable enough to be recycled at the standard ABS temperature, as it starts to break down at 400C.

5 Standard plastic recycling extruders for ABS operate at an average temperature of around 240C, as shown by the melting point of most ABS plastics. [1] Further data from a DSC is needed to accurately gauge the temperature for a type of plastic to be recycled at, because TGA only measures the thermal breakdown of the polymer, not the melting point which is required for accurately setting up a recycling extruder. [4] Conclusion: Samples 1 and 13 are similar, but can't be recycled using traditional techniques and temperatures due to low thermal breakdown points. Samples 2 and 9 appear to be capable of passing through a recycling extruder without breaking down, but require a DSC test to determine if they will actually melt at those temperatures or if they don't melt at all. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Research in Polymers Program at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, National Science Foundation (Award Number ) and RPI Polymer Center for letting us use their testing equipment to gather this information. References [1] Personal experience from trial and error while setting up a 3D printer and filament recycling extruder for ABS plastics. The printer operates at around 225C depending on color, while the recycler operates at 240C

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