Update on fuel R&D matters from the JRC
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1 P. Van Uffelen Update on fuel R&D matters from the JRC Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements P.O. Box 2340, Karlsruhe, Germany
2 JRC in the new European Commission The Euro & Social Dialogue Valdis Dombrovskis Latvia Tibor Navracsics Hungary Education, Culture, Youth & Citizenship JRC
3 ITU new organisational structure JRC Director General Vladimir Sucha JRC-ITU Director Maria Betti ISO 14001:2004 standard for environmental management OHSAS (Occupational Health and Safety Standard) ISO 9001:2000 quality management standard (since 1994)
4 JRC- new program structure Change from Action structure (approx. 70) to Project structure (more than 800); for ITU approx. 10 Actions / 100 Projects projects attributed to Policy Area and Key Orientation: for ITU Nuclear Safety and Security Indirect Actions and Competitive Projects constitute separate projects each projects with indicative maximum of 60 PM (personmonths)/year start and the end date of the project within the period clusters of projects possible deliverables with clear deadlines
5 Highlights 1. Recent developments and trends for TRANSURANUS 2. New experimental equipments 1. For HBS analysis: Vickers and acoustic method 2. POLARIS 3. SPS 7 May
6 Developments for TRANSURANUS New models for fission gas behaviour HBS formation and burst release during DBA (LOCA) role of open porosity (athermal release in nitride fuel) New input preparation toolbox New interface for multi-physics simulations of reactor 7 May
7 Xe Concentration in Grains (wt.%) Effective burnup PhD L. Holt, TUM EPMA data - JNM 226(1995)1 calc. 14D8 (max C) - JNM 419(2011)329 calc. H09 (max C) - IAEA Fumex-III 0.4 BuEff0 = 50 MWd/kgHM Calculated Local Burnup (MWd/kgHM) Effect of T on the onset of Xe depletion is visible in case 14D8 7
8 Xe concentration in the HBS ( µmol / mm 3 ) Fission gas release ( / ) Model for release from HBS during LOCA fgr HBS T 900 K 1500 K 1 exp T 1 exp 50 K 50 K MWd/kgHM PWR (12C3) MWd/kgHM HWR (~ HBRP) bu 0 = 50 MWd/kgHM bu 0 = 75 MWd/kgHM T (deg C) 8
9 Fission Gas Release ( / ) IFA Ifa (LOCA) 0.03 total release from grain boundaries 0.02 transient fisson gas release from HBS included not included Time (s) Relative importance of HBS release in comparison with grain boundary inventory 9
10 Athermal release through open porisity PhD A. Claisse, KTH Associate open porosity with cylinders along edges Assume gas atoms arriving at this open pores to be released immediately 7 May
11 Developments for TRANSURANUS New models for fission gas behaviour HBS formation and burst release during DBA (LOCA) role of open porosity (athermal release in nitride fuel) New input preparation toolbox New interface for multi-physics simulations of reactor 7 May
12 IFPE Power histories Data preparation (Condensation) Objective: avoid loss of information - simulating operational transients (ramp rates) - descriptive statistics of Calc vs. Exp. (Scatter, Bias, Trends) Proposal: use for IFPE 1. original power history pre-processed 'manually' (outliers) 2. FRA Toolbox (for optional use) with two output modes - piece-wise linear - constant power per time interval ('step function')
13 Linear Rating (kw/m) Preparation of IFPE Data Requirements for fuel performance codes minimizing rms distance between condensed and original data 10 orig. data points Zero Order Condensation First Order Condensation by Multidimensional Minimisation Polygonal Function 6 new Step Function Time (h)
14 FRA ToolBox Structure
15 Linear Heat Rate (kw/m) Linear Condensation Related Datasets 32 average mid 31 bottom 30 FRA PowerCondense Toolbox: different 4 sets - synchronized synchronised 29 top
16 Developments for TRANSURANUS New models for fission gas behaviour HBS formation and burst release during DBA (LOCA) role of open porosity (athermal release in nitride fuel) New input preparation toolbox New interface for multi-physics simulations of reactor 7 May
17 General coupling interface for TRANSURANUS o o o o MAIN PROGRAM Reactor dynamic codes System codes Sub-channel codes TU Replacement of simple fuel behaviour model PhD L. Holt (collaboration with HZDR, TUM)
18 TRANSURANUS Perspectives (1/3) Verification NEA benchmark for RIA (WGFS): phase I complete, phase II started NEA benchmark (EGIF): FBR MOX-MA: started FUMAC (IAEA benchmark): started
19 TRANSURANUS Perspectives (2/3) Developments Nitride fuel modelling and athermal release model (KTH) Thorium fuel modelling (TUM) Merging mechanistic transient release model with LOCA release (NucleoCon/WSE/INL/POLIMI/HZDR/TUM) Implement dynamic phase transition model for E1110/Zry4 H-uptake model (AEKI, CIAE) Double-sided coxidation after burst (CIAE) Alternative for stress corrosion cracking SPAKOR (TÜV, NPIC) Mechanical properties of high bu fuel (TUM)
20 TRANSURANUS Perspectives (3/3) mid / long term developments Coupling to other tools FP chemistry (MFPR, FactSage, etc.): with IRSN, TUD and others Multi-physics and 2 or 3D COMSOL Multi-Physics modelling of POLARIS ESSANUF TU-DYN3D TU-RELAP TU-ATHLET TU-SERPENT-COMSOL Integration in SALOME platform
21 Highlights 1. Recent developments and trends for TRANSURANUS 2. New experimental equipments 1. For HBS analysis: Vickers Hardness and micro-acoustic analysis 2. POLARIS 3. SPS 7 May
22 Porosity % Image analysis for porosity measurements and link to hardness PhD F. Cappa, TU München TRANSURANUS experimental data from image analysis mm r/r 0
23 Porosity % PWR commercial fuel 67 GWd/tHM (average) Vickers microhardness HV r/r 0
24 Characteristics of the fuels Vickers microhardness HV Spino et al This work r/r 0 Average burnup Spino et al. This work 67 GWd/tHM 67 GWd/tHM Enrichment %wt 3.95 %wt Mean fabrication grain size 7-10 µm 10 µm Fuel density 94.8 %TD 96 %TD Validation of results from α-doped fuels on SF hardness vs. damage Difference could be due to: 1. Different fuel characteristics 2. Different irradiation history 3. Ageing effect? T. Wiss et al., J. Nucl. Mater, 451 (2014) pp
25 Second objective Deeper analysis of porosity in connection with fission gas behaviour at high burn-up (and maybe also with mechanical properties) Pore size radial distribution Implementing a model for HBS? Gas-induced swelling rate evolving with burnup Derivation of 3D total pore density (Schwartz-Saltykov method) Estimation of HBS pore pressure?
26 Improved image analysis 2D pore distribution Pore density 2D [mm -2 ] 8x10 3 7x10 3 Kernel density estimate 6x10 3 5x10 3 4x10 3 3x10 3 2x10 3 1x pore diameter [ m]
27 Total pore density [mm -3 ] Pore density [mm -3 ] Results for PWR fuel 67 GWd/tHM (average) Similar onset of coalescence? 1.5x GWd/tHM Pore density 3D 1.0x x10 8 This work 5.5x10 8 Spino et al. 5.0x x x x x x x pellet radial position r/r 0 Spino et al., JNM, 354 (2006) pp x x x x Pellet radial position r/r 0
28 Acoustic microscopy PhD M. Marchetti, U. Montpellier Acoustic waves are generated by a piezoelectric transducer Acoustic waves propagate in: 1. Cylinder of high purity silica 2. Coupling liquid 3. Sample Reflected echo is recorded by the same transducer 7 May
29 Young s modulus (GPa) Preliminary results Step motor Acoustic sensor Sample holder Micrometric screws Laux et al Present work May Burnup (GWd/tU) 190
30 Highlights 1. Recent developments and trends for TRANSURANUS 2. New experimental equipments 1. For HBS analysis: Vickers Hardness and micro-acoustic analysis 2. POLARIS 3. SPS 7 May
31 u CLASH set-up Laser-Flash Facility for measurements of thermal diffusivity and Cp on non irradiated nuclear fuels PhD T. Pavlov, Imperial College T range: C 31
32 Thermal camera steady state transient
33 Inverse method for thermal conductivity Extract experimental thermograms Filter noise Levenberg- Marquardt parameter optimization (k thermal conductivity, e - emissivity, h heat transfer coefficient) Not nverged Solve transient model producing FEA thermograms Least square fitting between simulated and experimental thermograms Fit parameters to experimental thermograms converged Obtain temperature dependent expression ( λ(r) λ(t) )
34 Results (UO 2 )
35 Highlights 1. Recent developments and trends for TRANSURANUS 2. New experimental equipments 1. For HBS analysis: Vickers Hardness and micro-acoustic analysis 2. POLARIS 3. SPS 7 May
36 SPS: principle of operation Dr. M. Cologna (JRC-ITU) i (A) t (ms) Spark Plasma Sintering 36
37 Initial consideration SPS of UO 2 Dense Fuels at lower T (1000 C vs 1600 C), in shorter t (~30 min vs ~20h) Enables scientific studies: 1. Incorporate new phases (volatile FP, new composites) 2. New microstructures (HBS) 3. Higher density (thermal properties) Technological impact: 1. Immobilisation of nuclear waste? 2. Densification of challenging ceramics: UN, UC, SiC 3. Energy reduction & faster cycle time (at a higher machine cost?) Remaining technical issues: possible carbide layer if high T (few µm remove by light grinding or annealing in buffer gas), O/M to be assessed, outpressing difficult if T too high. 37
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