engineering of light alloys

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1 Surface engineering of light alloys Aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys Edited by Hanshan Dong TECHNISCHE INFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK HANNOVER Boca Raton CRC Press Boston New York Washington, DC WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Oxford Cambridge New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details xi Preface xv Part I Surface degradation of light alloys 1 Corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys and protection techniques 3 G. -L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA 1.1 Introduction Corrosion behavior of magnesium (Mg) alloys Corrosion mitigation strategy Future trends Acknowledgements References 33 2 Wear properties of aluminium-based alloys 40 C. Subramanian, Black Cat Blades Ltd, Canada 2.1 Introduction Classification of aluminium alloys Composites Introduction to wear Sliding wear of aluminium alloys Wear maps Future trends References 56 3 Tribological properties of titanium-based alloys 58 H. Dong, University of Birmingham, UK 3.1 Introduction Wear behaviour of titanium alloys 60

3 vi Contents 3.3 Wear of titanium-aluminium intermetallics Conclusions Acknowledgements References 77 Part II Surface engineering technologies for light alloys 4 Anodising of light alloys 83 A. Yerokhin, University of Sheffield, UK, and R. H. U. Khan, University of Birmingham, UK 4.1 Introduction Formation of anodic films Structural evolution of anodic films Practical anodising processes Pre-treatment processes Anodising equipment Post-treatment processes Anodising magnesium Anodising titanium Future trends References Plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment of aluminium and titanium alloys 110 B. L. Jiang, Xian University of Technology, China, and Y. M. Wang, Harbin Institute of Technology, China 5.1 Introduction Fundamentals of the PEO process PEO power sources and process parameters Properties and applications of PEO coatings New process exploration Future trends Acknowledgements References Plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment of magnesium alloys 155 C. Blawert and P. Bala Srinivasan, GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany 6.1 Introduction Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatments of magnesium (Mg) alloys Microstructure of PEO-treated Mg alloys 158

4 Contents vii 6.4 Properties of PEO-treated Mg alloys Recent developments in PEO treatments of Mg alloys Industrial PEO processes and applications Summary References Thermal spraying of light alloys 184 C. J. Li, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China 7.1 Introduction Characteristics of thermal spraying Introduction to physics and chemistry of thermal spraying Microstructure and properties of thermal spray coatings Bonding between coating and substrate Case studies Future trends Acknowledgements References Cold spraying of light alloys 242 W. Li, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China, H. Liao, University of Technology of Belfort-Montbeliard, France, and H. Wang, Jiujiang University, China 8.1 Introduction: General features of cold spraying (CS) Potential applications of CS technique CS of aluminium (Al) and its alloys CS of titanium (Ti) and its alloys Surface modification of magnesium alloys by CS Future trends References Physical vapour deposition of magnesium alloys 294 S. Abela, University of Malta, Malta 9.1 Introduction Surface engineering of magnesium alloys Ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) and reactive ion beam assisted deposition (RIBAD) Effects of ion bombardment RIBAD deposition of titanium nitride (TiN) on magnesium alloys Sliding wear and aqueous corrosion of Mg alloys Conclusion References 320

5 viii Contents 10 Plasma-assisted surface treatment of aluminium alloys to combat wear 323 F. Ashrafizadeh, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran 10.1 Introduction Effect of plasma on surface oxide film Plasma nitriding of AI alloys Physical vapour deposition (PVD) of aluminium alloys Duplex surface treatment Load bearing capacity and interface design Summary References Plasma immersion ion implantation (Pill) of light alloys 362 Y. C. Xin and P. K. Chu, City University of Hong Kong, China 11.1 Introduction Processes and advantages of plasma immersion ion implantation (PHI) PHI surface modification of titanium (Ti) alloys PHI surface modification of magnesium (Mg) alloys PHI surface modification of aluminum (Al) alloys Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Laser surface modification of titanium alloys 398 T. N. Baker, University of Strathclyde, UK 12.1 Introduction Lasers used in surface engineering Laser surface modification methods Laser processing conditions for surface engineering Laser surface melting and cladding Laser surface alloying Effect of laser surface modification on properties Summary Acknowledgements Sources of further information and advice References Laser surface modification of aluminium and magnesium alloys 444 J. C. Beits, University of Malta, Malta 13.1 Introduction 444

6 Contents ix 13.2 General considerations on the laser processing of light alloys Laser surface remelting of light alloys Laser surface alloying of light alloys Laser surface cladding of light alloys Laser surface particle composite fabrication processes Laser shock treatment of Al alloys Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Bibliography Ceramic conversion treatment of titanium-based materials 475 X. Li and H. Dong, University of Birmingham, UK 14.1 Introduction Ceramic conversion treatment (CCT) of titanium and titanium alloys CCT for TiAl intermetallics CCT of TiNi shape memory alloys Summary and conclusions Future trends Acknowledgements References Duplex surface treatments of light alloys 501 R. Y. Q. Fu, Heriot Watt University, UK 15.1 Introduction Duplex surface treatment of titanium (Ti) alloys Load bearing capacity of duplex surface treatments Tribological properties of duplex surface treatments Erosion performance of duplex surface treatments Duplex surface treatment based on diamond-like carbon (DLC) or titanium nitride (TiN) films with plasma nitriding Duplex surface coating with oxygen diffusion inlayer Other duplex surface treatments for titanium alloys Duplex surface treatment of aluminium (Al) alloys Summary References 540

7 X Contents Part III Applications for surface engineered light alloys 16 Surface engineered light alloys for sports equipment 549 J. Chen, University of Birmingham, UK 16.1 Introduction Light alloys in sports equipment Surface engineering in sports equipment Summary Acknowledgements References Surface engineered titanium alloys for biomedical devices 568 N. Huang and Y. X. Leng, Southwest Jiaotong University, China, P. D. Ding, Chongqing University, China 17.1 Introduction Surface engineering of titanium (Ti) and its alloys for cardiovascular devices Surface engineering of Ti alloys for orthopedics and dental implants Future trends Source of further information and advice Acknowledgements References Plasma electrolytic oxidation and anodising of aluminium alloys for spacecraft applications 603 S. Shrestha, Keronite International Ltd, UK, and B. D. Dunn, European Space Agency, The Netherlands 18.1 Introduction Aluminium (Al) alloys for aerospace applications Requirements from engineering components in space Advanced coatings and multi-functionality Environmental aspects of engineering components in space Most commonly used coating processes for Al alloys PEO and anodised coating characteristics and properties PEO applications Summary References 639 Index 643

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