Monitoreo y Redución de Emisiones de Mercurio Capacitación para mejorar la calidad del aire. Recycling and/or Alternatives for Mercury

Transcription

1 Monitoreo y Redución de Emisiones de Mercurio Capacitación para mejorar la calidad del aire Lima, Peru 21 de Junio 2016 Recycling and/or Alternatives for Mercury Prof. Dr. Florian Schindler Consultor GIZ, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas, Berlín Dr. Sandra Bräutigam Consultora GIZ, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas, Berlín Julika Tribukait (GIZ) Sector Project Environmental Policy and Sustainable Development Bonn, Germany Page 1

2 Agenda Reciclaje y Alternativas para el uso de Mercurio Procesos y productos usando grandes cantidades de Mercurio Technologías de reciclaje y ejemplos prácticos de los EE.UU. y de Europa Guias para a el Convenio de Minamata sobre Mercurio Perspectivas Futuras Page 2

3 Das Bild kann zurzeit nicht angezeigt werden. Figure 1: Global mercury events timeline A [1] [1] on /06/2016 Page 3

4 Products containing Mercury Governments have agreed on a range of mercury containing products whose production, export and import will be phase-out by These include: Batteries, except for 'button cell' batteries Medical measurement devices (thermometers and blood pressure devices) Switches and relays Energy saving lamps such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) Mercury in cold cathode fluorescent lamps and external electrode fluorescent lamps Dental Fillings Soaps and cosmetics Page 4

5 Figure 2: In- and Output of Mercury in industrial processes from GRID-Arendal [1] [1] Page 5

6 Processes involing Mercury Figure 3 Mercury emissions in 2010 [1] [1] on Page 6

7 Table 1: Top ten usages/applications involving mercury Rank Application field Mercury containing Product (form of mercury) To / worldwide Alternative 1 Gold processing in Artisanal Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) Amalgamation (binding) of gold (elemental Hg liquid mercury) 1,465 tonnes/year (2011) * Hg- free technologies such as panning centrifuging, sluicing, shaking tables, spiral concentrators 2 Chemical industry plastic/polymer PVC Vinyl-chloride monomer (VCM) production using catalysts (Hg 2 Cl 2 / C catalyst) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), coal based process using acetylene 875 tons per year (2005) Manufacturing VCM from ethylene by direct chlorination and oxy-chlorination method or new (gold) catalysts 3 Chlor-alkali electrolysis in the Chemical Industry Mercury used as electrolysis cathode, (elemental liquid, conductive Hg mercury) 625 tonnes per year (2005) Polymer - Membrane Electrolysers i.e. membrane based (mercury- free) electrolysis 4 Batteries, primary / button cells Non rechargeable electrochemical DC battery, (mercuric oxide HgO) 542 tonnes per year (2005) Silveroxide, zinc-air or carbon or alkaline based batteries as well as lithium based ones 5 Dental amalgam to fill cavities in teeth Dental amalgam filling material composed of often more than 50 % elemental Hg (liquid mercury) mixed with silver, tin and copper 333 tons per year (2005) Prevention of fillings, ceramic or resin based / polymer fillings 6 Electrical and electronic Industry, automotive Electrical (tilt) switches, relays, acceleration, fire/flame sensors, thermostats, float switches (elemental liquid, conductive Hg mercury) 292 tons per year (2005) Electronic switches, air-controlled, reed switch, vapour-filled diaphragm, snap-switch, digital thermostats 7 Pressure and temperature measurement devices; other measuring instrumentation Thermometers, barometers (blood pressure) medical devices hospital equipment such as sphygmomanometers (elemental liquid, Hg) 292 tonnes per year (2005) Electronic devices, aneroid sphygmomanometers, oscillometric devices, infrared-thermo- and digital hygrometers 8 Lighting devices high intensity discharge (HID) mercury vapour lamps Mercury vapour lamps (mercury vapour), compact (CFK) fluorescent lamps, (Hg vapour), compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) 166 tonnes per year (2005) Metal Halide (metallic zinc), high pressure sodium vapour as well as xenon (HID) lamps or light emitting diodes (LEDs) 9 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), scanners cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) in back-light screens Less than 100 tonnes per year Light emitting diodes (LED) based screens or in future organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) 10 Other applications: chemicalpharmaceutical processes, paints, pigments Catalysts for polyurethane production, fungicide in waterbased latex paints, Vermilion (brilliant red) pigment, and other polymer production Less than 100 tonnes per year Rare earth metal catalysts, pigments *World Estimate of Mercury Use in Artisanal and Small - Scale Gold Mining for 2011, Kevin Telmer, Artisanal Gold Council,October 2011, INC3, Nairobi Ref. Page 7

8 Artisanal Gold-Mining (ASGM) Figure 4: Child labour in ASGM in Africa [1] [1] Pulitzer Centre: Page 8

9 The Amalgamation Method Figures 5,6,7: Gold extraction from mercury amalgam [1] [1] Schindler Florian, 2012, Gold extraction with mercury, GIZ-Green Economy Mission Lombok Island, Indonesia Page 9

10 Figure 9: Small Scale Jewellery on Lombok island Figure Indonesia 8: Top 10 Worst Pollution Problems (Blacksmith Institute) [1] [1] on Page 10

11 Alternative Techniques in mercury-free ASGM Available alternative methods are demonstrated in the following Guide: Figure 10: UNEP - ASGM Guide [1] [1] Ref. UNEP - Last visited on Page 11

12 Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) production The alternatives address the need for the implementation of mercury free catalyst in the VCM industry. After 2017 new VCM plants will not be allowed to use a mercury catalyst and after 2022 all VCM plants have to use mercury-free catalysts providing there is an economically available alternative. Economically viable solutions for China and other countries still applying the mercury based catalyst are on the verge and some chemical companies and/or research organisations: on on on Page 12

13 Mercury batteries and their replacement Mercury oxide, silver oxide, and button cell batteries are the most common batteries containing mercury. They were commonly used in small electrical devices such as watches, photo-cameras, calculators or in hearing aids. Batteries generally contain between 5 and 25 milligrams of mercury Alternatives for the mercury containing batteries are: zinc-air batteries (high capacity, but need to be activated before) + short life time rechargeable batteries (high initial costs but good cost recovery) silver-oxide batteries (flat voltage of 1.58 volts and long lifetime) alternative batteries may contain silver, nickel, cadmium, lithium, lead, zinc, manganese, potassium and alkalines. Manufactures offer replacements based on alkaline cells for the mercury batteries, but one must be careful with the applications since the voltage often varies. Ref. on Page 13

14 Chlor-Alkali Industry and Recycling of Mercury Mercury is applied in the chlor-alkali industry where mercury-containing electrolytic cells are used in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. Table 2: Global Recycling of mercury by the Chlor-Alkali Industry [1] [1] Source: Mercury Flows and safe storage of surplus mercury, EU-Directorate General for Environment, Page 14

15 Fig. 11 Chlor-Alkali Hg Electrolysis with Mercury Electrode Fig. 12 Chlor Alkali Membrane Electrolysis Ref. Web-page Alternatives for the electrolysis using mercury as a cathode is the membrane electrolysis technology. Mercury-processing technology is being phased out in the Chlor-Alkali industry all over the world. Ref. web-page Page 15

16 Alternatives to Mercury in Industry Figure 13: UNEP, Publication on Mercury and Industry [1] Figure 14 : EU BREF Publication on Mercury and Industry [2] [1] [2] Page 16

17 Dental Amalgam Fig. 15 Mercury based fillings Mercury based fillings are very cost effective and easy to apply. In any case amalgam traps in order to prevent mercury releases with the waste streams have to be used. Alternative plastic and/or ceramic fillings should be used in dental practice centres. Ref. on Page 17

18 Cremation of Dead Bodies Another source of air pollution can be the cremation (burning) of dead bodies. Either the mercury has to be removed prior to the cremation or the cremator exhaust should be fitted with air filter equipment that removes mercury. Zero-mercury campaign [1] Most crematoria around the world still have no controls on emissions, In the Netherlands, the number of fillings is expected to increase from 3.2 to 5.1 during the period In the UK it has been calculated that by 2020 crematoria will be by far the largest single contributor to mercury emissions (just over 25% of the UK mercury emissions to air) unless action is taken. [1] Ref. on Page 18

19 Alternatives to Mercury Measuring Devices There are non-mercury alternatives hat may be suitable for replacing the traditional mercury-added measuring devices. Table 3: Alternatives to Mercury Measuring Devices Component or Product Barometer Flow Meter Hydrometer Hygrometer Manometer Pyrometer Psychrometer Sphygmomanometer Thermometer Non-Mercury Alternative(s) Aneroid, digital, eco-celli liquid-gas silicon Digital, ball-actuated Lead ballast hydrometers Spirit-filled glass bulb, digital, aneroid U-shaped tubes using any colored liquid, digital Optical, digital Spirit-filled glass bulb, digital Aneroid, digital Alcohol or mineral spirit-filled glass bulb, digital Ref. on Page 19

20 Mercury use in switches and relays Mercury switches and relays sold in the U.S. during 2001 till 2010 The data also indicates that the largest amount of mercury reported was used in tilt switches, followed by float switches (used in pumps and pump systems).[1] Figure 16: Switches and relays containing mercury Ref. [1] NEWMOA (an US interstate association), on Page 20

21 Mercury Tilt Switches The characteristics of mercury tilt switch thermostats and potential mercury-free alternatives are summarized in the following table: Table 4: Mercury switches and its alternatives [1] Ref. [1] US EPA, May 1994, Study, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati Page 21

22 Alternatives to Mercury Table 5: Alternatives to Mercury Added Switches & Relays For more information on non-mercury alternatives for switches and relays, see a source from 2003: Page 22

23 Figure 17: Lamp recycling plant [1] [1] Source: on Page 23

24 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) Recycling The remaining white sludge contains mercury, fine glass practices and precious rare earth elements such as Ytrium and Europium. Figure 18: CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamps [1] Figure 19: Lamp coating material [2] Figure 20: Glass residue, [1] cleaned glass will be sold back to manufacturers [1] Deutsche Welle (DW), Germany s international broadcaster, Page 24

25 Mercury Recycling plant in Germany Figure 21: Mercury sulphide containing sludge [1] Figure 22: Rotary kiln for sludge treatment [2] [1] Source: DW F. Schmidt in Deutsch Welle, DW German broadcast, on [2] DELA company in Dorsten, Germany Foto: DW F. Schmidt, Deutsch Welle, DW German broadcast, on Page 25

26 Recovery of Mercury For the recovery of mercury some more case studies can be found in the Practical Sourcebook on Mercury Waste Storage and Disposal 2015 [1] Chapter 4 Recovery Option for Mercury Wastes p.51 ff Figure 23: Rovery of Mercury Ref. [1] Convención de Minamata Page 26

27 No Application field Mercury containing Product To / worldwide Alternative 1 Gold processing in Artisanal Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) Amalgamation (binding) of gold (elemental Hg liquid mercury) 1,465 tonnes/year (2011) Hg- free technologies such as panning centrifuging, sluicing, shaking tables, spiral concentrators 2 Chemical industry plastic/polymer PVC 3 Chlor-alkali electrolysis in the Chemical Industry 4 Batteries, primary / button cells 5 Dental amalgam to fill cavities in teeth 6 Electrical and electronic Industry, automotive 7 Pressure and temperature measurement devices; other measuring instrumentation Vinyl-chloride monomer (VCM) production using catalysts (Hg 2 Cl 2 / C catalyst) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), coal based process using acetylene Mercury used as electrolysis cathode, (elemental liquid, conductive Hg mercury) Non rechargeable electrochemical DC battery, (mercuric oxide HgO) Dental amalgam filling material composed of often more than 50 % elemental Hg (liquid mercury) mixed with silver, tin and copper Electrical (tilt) switches, relays, acceleration, fire/flame sensors, thermostats, float switches (elemental liquid, conductive Hg mercury) Thermometers, barometers (blood pressure) medical devices hospital equipment such as sphygmomanometers (elemental liquid, Hg) 875 tons per year (2005) 625 tonnes per year (2005) 542 tonnes per year (2005) 333 tons per year (2005) 292 tons per year (2005) 292 tonnes per year (2005) Manufacturing VCM from ethylene by direct chlorination and oxy-chlorination method or new (gold) catalysts Polymer - Membrane Electrolysers i.e. membrane based (mercury- free) electrolysis Silveroxide, zinc-air or carbon or alkaline based batteries as well as lithium based ones Prevention of fillings, ceramic or resin based / polymer fillings Electronic switches, air-controlled, reed switch, vapour-filled diaphragm, snapswitch, digital thermostats Electronic devices, aneroid sphygmomanometers, oscillometric devices, infrared-thermo- and digital hygrometers 8 Lighting devices high intensity discharge (HID) mercury vapour lamps Mercury vapour lamps (mercury vapour), compact (CFK) fluorescent lamps, (Hg vapour), compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) 166 tonnes per year (2005) Metal Halide (metallic zinc), high pressure sodium vapour as well as xenon (HID) lamps or light emitting diodes (LEDs) 9 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), scanners 10 Other applications: chemical- pharmaceutical processes, paints, pigments cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) in back-light screens Catalysts for polyurethane production, fungicide in water-based latex paints, Vermilion (brilliant red) pigment, and other polymer production Less than 100 tonnes per year Less than 100 tonnes per year Light emitting diodes (LED) based screens or in future organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) Rare earth metal catalysts, pigments Table 5 (1a) Page 27

28 Guides for the Mercury Treaty issued by the heavy metals working group of the International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) published two interesting guides which can be referred to: Figure 24: IPEN Guides [1] Guide to the new Mercury Treaty (4/2013) & An NGO Introduction to Mercury Pollution and the Minamata Convention on Mercury (4/2014) [2] Ref. [1] on [2] on Page 28

29 Prespectivas Futuras: Preparation of National Implementation Plans (NIPs) In order to benefit from the synergies among the Stockholm Convention and the Minamata convention the following guidance should be used for the preparation of a National Implementation Plan (NIP). The guidance is referring to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) but its methodology could be applied on mercury as well: Figure 25: NIP for POPs [1] Ref: [1] 2014, March, 31, Draft - Guidance for Developing, a National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, (updated in 2012 to include the POPs listed in 2011 and 2009) Page 29

30 Prespectivas Futuras - Proyectos: The Special Programme is calling developing countries and countries with economies in transition to submit projects proposals for funding between USD $50,000 to $250,000. The deadline for applications is 4 July The Special Programme aims to strengthen national institutions and to promote the mainstreaming of the sound management of chemicals and waste. Key activities supported by the programme provide countries to advance institutional capacity for the implementation of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, the Minamata Convention and SAICM. Figure 26: Projects for Hg [1] Ref: [1] on Page 30

31 Contacto: Prof. Dr. F. Schindler (PhD) Letzkauer Steig 14, Berlin Alemania Tel. +49 (0) Fax +49 (0) Movil +49 (0) web: Get a personal impression from us! Page 31