Experiment 2: Preparation of the Artificial Sweetener Dulcin
|
|
- Susan Edwards
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Experiment 2: Preparation of the Artificial Sweetener Dulcin Organic compounds known as sugars are carbohydrates that occur widely in nature. For example, sucrose (aka table sugar) is found in sugar can, and fructose is one of the several sugars found in honey. Many people wish to control their intake of sugar, either for health or medical reasons, there is a great demand for artificial sweeteners. Although several different artificial sweeteners are commercially available (e.g. aspartame, saccharin and sucralose), others have been gradually phased out due to undesirable health consequences (e.g. sodium cyclamate). One such artificial sweetener is Dulcin, which is 250 times sweeter than sucrose and whose use is currently phased out in Europe. In this experiment, you will prepare Dulcin [(4-ethoxyphenylurea)] from phenetidine (4- ethoxyaniline) and potassium cyanate (KOCN) in the presence of water and acetic acid (C 3 ), as shown by Equation 1. Under the reaction conditions, potassium cyanate reacts with acetic acid to form the unstable compound isocyanic acid (NCO), as shown in Equation 1a. Because NCO is unstable, it is formed in the reaction mixture (i.e in situ ) and used immediately in the next step. The NCO reacts with phenetidine to give Dulcin (Equation 1b). The acetic acid and water serve an additional role as solvents to dissolve the phenetidine and potassium cyanate. 3 C 2 CO N 2 KOCN, C 3 2 O N N 2 O 1 KOCN + C 3 NCO + C 3 K potassium acetic acid isocyanic potassium 1a cyanate acid acetate N 2 + NCO N N 2 O 1b phenetidine Dulcin
2 Pertinent information about the chemicals you are using: Reagents MW (g/mol) MP (ºC) BP (ºC) Density (g/ml) phenetidine acetic acid potassium cyanate N/A N/A Water Product Dulcin Procedure: 1. Clean the crystallizing dish provided (this is not in your locker and must be returned at the end of the lab period), fill it about half full with hot tap water, and add several boiling stones. Place the crystallizing dish in the center of the hot plate, heat setting to 4. The water must be boiling before being used in Steps 5 and 6, and it may be necessary to increase the hot plate setting to ensure the water is boiling. 2. Add approximately 100 ml of water to a clean 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and place it on the hot plate next to the crystallization dish. Proceed to begin heating the water to boiling. This water will be used for your recrystallization later in the procedure. 3. To a clean 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 0.5 g of potassium cyanate and 5 ml of hot tap water. 4. Take a clean, dry 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask, place it on the balance and tare it to zero. Using the Pasteur pipette in the reagent bottle, add phenetidine dropwise to the flask to get as close as possible to 0.7 g. In your notebook, record the actual mass of phenetidine used. Then add 10 ml of hot tap water and 1 ml of acetic acid, along with a magnetic stir bar. Swirl to dissolve the phenetidine. Why are we using the quantities listed in these steps? The amount of product we want depends on what we intend to do with it. In this laboratory course, we want to produce enough to be convenient to handle. Clearly, one must set goals with due consideration for the equipment available. The synthesis of extremely large or small quantities requires different equipment. Cost may be a factor; if reagents are particularly expensive, we may opt for a smaller scale. When first trying a reaction, one must not be surprised if the yield is low. There are always a variety of factors and manipulations that are not anticipated so the results of a first try may be disappointing. If, for example, you wanted 0.8 g of product and assumed a 50% yield then you would start with quantities appropriate for a theoretical yield of 1.6 g. With some luck you may get more the 0.8 g, but if things go poorly, a yield of only 25% will still give you 0.4 g. If you repeat a synthesis, presumably things will go better since you are familiar with the procedure and there will be fewer or no surprises.
3 Why such a big flask for so little volume of reaction mixture? The reaction could be carried out very conveniently in a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask, but looking ahead, we are going to crystallize the product and need a larger volume of solvent and a larger flask. ence the reaction is done in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Looking ahead is a good habit to get into. Many students concentrate exclusively on each step as they come to it. If you look over the whole procedure, you will often find situations that can be made more convenient by anticipating the future need. 5. Using a three-finger clamp, clamp the 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing the phenetidine (Step 4) in the hot water bath and make sure the bottom of the flask is touching the bottom of the crystallizing dish. Set the magnetic stirrer to a setting of 5 or 6. While the solution of phenetidine is heating and stirring, use a Pasteur pipette to add the solution of potassium cyanate (Step 3) drop-wise until solid starts to form. If no solid forms, remove the Erlenmeyer flask and swirl it gently until solid forms, then replace it in the hot water bath. Add the remaining potassium cyanate solution all at once. Why do we start the addition slowly, and then finish it all at once? Once crystallization has started, there are seed crystals available to encourage the crystallization process and it can go quickly. If the cyanate was added all at once initially, there is the likelihood of very fast precipitation with concomitant co-precipitation of impurities such as solvent, cyanate ion, and unreacted phenetidine with Dulcin. 6. Remove the flask containing the suspension of the Dulcin from the hot water bath and add powdered charcoal to it (use the equivalent of 3 inches placed on the scoopula). Using a graduated cylinder, measure about 75 ml of hot water from the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add this to the 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing the reaction mixture. Place the flask directly on the hotplate (set to 4). Continue magnetic stirring, and heat the mixture until it is boiling. This is sufficient solvent to dissolve all the Dulcin (you may not see that it all has dissolved because of the charcoal). If necessary, increase the hot plate setting to 5, until the solution boils. Boil the mixture no more than about 5 minutes. Why the charcoal? ow much charcoal? Pure Dulcin is a snow-white crystalline solid. The phenetidine we started with was distinctly colored, a condition quite common with amines. By adding the charcoal, we adsorb much of the colored material, thus allowing the Dulcin to crystallize without colored impurities. Adding too much charcoal causes loss of product through adsorption, and adding too little leaves colored impurities in the product. The amount to be added is only learned by experience. 7. Take a clean 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask and place an appropriately sized piece of filter paper on a clean wide mouth plastic funnel resting on top of the flask. Clamp the flask to the bench top.
4 8. When the Dulcin has completely dissolved, pour the hot solution from Step 6 into the funnel/filter paper, and allow it to drain into the Erlenmeyer flask. 9. Allow the filtrate from Step 8 to cool somewhat by occasionally swirling the flask at room temperature and then place the flask in an ice-water bath. While it is cooling, prepare a clean filter flask and a clean Büchner funnel fitted with an appropriately sized filter paper for use in the next step. Attach the vacuum hose and clamp the filter flask to the bench top. 10. When the solution is cold, turn on the vacuum, seat the filter paper with a couple milliliters of ice-cold water, and press the funnel down on the filter flask. Swirl the contents of the crystallizing flask to suspend the crystals and then pour the mixture as quickly as possible onto the filter funnel. 11. Rinse the product remaining in the crystallization flask with several milliliters of ice cold water from the ice bath and pour it onto the product in the Büchner funnel. Solid stuck on the sides of the flask may be loosened with a clean glass, stirring rod. 12. When most of the solvent has been removed from the crystals, wash the product in the Buchner funnel with 3 or 4 portions (approximately 2 ml each) of ice water from the ice water bath to remove water-soluble contaminants. ow many rinses? We are in a classic dilemma here. The more washes that are performed, the purer the product will be (at least conceptually). In fact, after two or at most three washings, it is doubtful that any more purification is taking place. At the same time, remember that solvent of any temperature, even cold, will slightly dissolve a solid compound. Additional washings will dissolve more material and reduce the yield so we want to use the minimum number of washes. Unless particular circumstances dictate otherwise, purity is more desirable than quantity. After all, you can usually run the reaction again if you need more material. If increased purity is really important, it is better to re-suspend the material in clean wash liquid (ice water in this case) and re-filter. A reasonable compromise for this course allows us to wash the product contained in the Büchner funnel. ow much water in each wash? Several washings with smaller volumes gives better results than one washing with a larger volume. Each washing should be large enough that the entire solid is exposed to the wash liquid but small enough so that when we are done the total volume is conveniently contained in the filter flask. 13. Allow the material to dry somewhat by pulling air through the product on the Büchner funnel for a few minutes. In the meantime, wash all glassware and clean your work area. Carefully place the top of the Büchner funnel containing Dulcin in your drawer, uncovered, to dry until the next lab period.
5 14. At the next lab period, carefully transfer the Dulcin to a pre-weighed sample vial and obtain a weight on your product, and determine its melting point. Record all data in your notebook. Label the vial and turn in to your instructor. Waste Disposal: a. Plate filter paper in the trash. b. Wash the filtrate from the filter flask down the drain of the sink. c. Clean all glassware and equipment, and return or place it in your locker. Wash and dry your work area. Calculations: 1. Determine how many moles of phenetidine you used. 2. Determine how many moles of potassium cyanate you used. 3. These react in a 1:1 mole ratio. Based on this information, determine which was the limiting reagent in this reaction. 4. Calculate the theoretical yield for your reaction, based on your limiting reagent. 5. Calculate the percent yield for your preparation of Dulcin.
H N 2. Decolorizing carbon O. O Acetanilide
Experiment 1: Recrystallization of Acetanilide Reading Assignment Mohrig 2 4 (Glassware, Reagents, & Heating) & 14 15 (Melting Point & Recrystallization) The purification of organic compounds is a tedious,
More informationRecrystallization with a Single Solvent
Experiment: Recrystallization Part II: Purification of Solids In Part I of the recrystallization experiment, you learned about the factors which make a good recrystallization solvent, and you learned how
More information2. Crystallization. A. Background
2. Crystallization A. Background Crystallization is one of several available techniques available to purify organic compounds. Unlike other techniques, however, crystallization is specific to the purification
More informationMon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. AM or PM B
Name: (cf. Honesty Declaration Statement on page 20) Laboratory Day (circle) Lab Room Locker Lab. Session (circle) Lab. Section Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. AM or PM B Date experiment is performed MARK:
More informationExperiment 3: The Chromatography of Organic Compounds
Experiment 3: The Chromatography of Organic Compounds INTRODUCTION Very often, in an organic synthesis, a reaction will proceed to produce multiple products or perhaps will only partially form the desired
More informationExperiment 2: The Chromatography of Organic Compounds
Experiment 2: The Chromatography of Organic Compounds INTRODUCTION When performing an organic reaction, it is very common to observe the formation of other compounds in addition to your desired product;
More informationAnalysis of Calcium Carbonate Tablets
Experiment 9 Analysis of Calcium Carbonate Tablets Prepared by Ross S. Nord, Eastern Michigan University PURPOSE To perform a gravimetric exercise to determine weight percent of active ingredient in a
More informationCONSERVATION OF MATTER AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1 CONSERVATION OF MATTER AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES I. OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND The object of this experiment is to demonstrate the conservation of matter- or more particularly, the conservation of "atoms"
More informationGravimetric Analysis: Determination of % Sulfur in Fertilizer
Gravimetric Analysis: Determination % Sulfur in Fertilizer This is another "real world" sample experiment in this case we will analyze a fertilizer sample for the sulfate content and express the result
More informationRecrystallization II 23
Recrystallization II 23 Chem 355 Jasperse RECRYSTALLIZATIN-Week 2 1. Mixed Recrystallization of Acetanilide 2. Mixed Recrystallization of Dibenzylacetone 3. Recrystallization of an Unknown Background Review:
More informationAssistant Lecturer. Sahar Mohammed Shakir Assistant Lecturer. Abdul Hafeedh Hameed Assistant Lecturer. Ali Basim
Assistant Lecturer Sahar Mohammed Shakir Assistant Lecturer Abdul Hafeedh Hameed Assistant Lecturer Ali Basim Solid organic cpd.s when isolated from organic reaction are impure; they are contaminated with
More informationPreparation of Cyclohexene From Cyclohexanol
EXPERIMENT 9 Alkene Synthesis From Alcohol Preparation of Cyclohexene From Cyclohexanol Purpose: a) Preparation of an alkene by dehydration (elimination of water) of an alcohol in the presence of an acid
More informationExperiment: Preparation of Adipic Acid by Oxidative Cleavage of Cyclohexene
Experiment: Preparation of Adipic Acid by xidative Cleavage of Cyclohexene Under mild conditions, only the pi bond of the alkene is cleaved to form 1,2-diols or epoxides. Under more rigorous oxidation
More informationcrystallization melting individual molecules crystal lattice
... modular publisher: H. A. Neidig 3 TECH laboratory program in chemistry organic editor: Joe Jeffers 703. i8.. Purifying Acetanilide by Recrystallization prepared by Carl Wigal, Lebanon Valley College
More informationCopper Odyssey. Chemical Reactions of Copper
Name Lab Partner(s) Copper Odyssey Chemical Reactions of Copper Date Period Elemental copper metal will be converted into copper (II) ion and then brought through a series of compound conversions until
More informationSalinity in Seawater
Salinity in Seawater Objective To familiarize students with the different methods used for measuring salinity of water. Introduction: Salinity exerts profound impacts on the marine environment. It controls
More informationCHEM 1215 LAB NOTES EXPT #2: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES 1
CHEM 1215 LAB NOTES EXPT #2: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES 1 TECHNIQUES: chemical and physical changes, reactions, observations READING: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES e.g. Tro chapter 1 SAFETY: Safety
More informationChem 355 Jasperse DISTILLATION
Chem 355 Jasperse DISTILLATION 1 Background Distillation is a widely used technique for purifying liquids. The basic distillation process involves heating a liquid such that liquid molecules vaporize.
More informationExperiment 13: Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression
1 Experiment 13: Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression Objective: In this experiment, you will determine the molecular weight of a compound by measuring the freezing point of a
More informationEXPERIMENT 3: Identification of a Substance by Physical Properties
EXPERIMENT 3: Identification of a Substance by Physical Properties Materials: Hot plate Digital balance Capillary tubes (3) Thermometer Beakers (250 ml) Watch glass Graduated Cylinder (10 ml) Mel-Temp
More informationChapter 8. Gravimetric Analysis
Chapter 8 Gravimetric Analysis Gravimetric analysis is the use of weighing to determine the amount of a component in your sample. Gravimetric analysis, or gravimetry is normally performed either as a :
More informationPreparation of copper(ii) sulfate from copper(ii) nitrate
Student s Name: Date: Background Preparation of copper(ii) sulfate from copper(ii) nitrate The purpose of this laboratory activity is to prepare copper(ii) sulfate from copper(ii) nitrate. This is done
More informationDETERMINATION of the EMPIRICAL FORMULA
DETERMINATION of the EMPIRICAL FORMULA One of the fundamental statements of the atomic theory is that elements combine in simple whole number ratios. This observation gives support to the theory of atoms,
More informationAn Oxidation-Reduction Titration: The Reaction of Fe 2+ and Ce 4+
An Oxidation-Reduction Titration: The Reaction of Fe 2+ and Ce 4+ LAB ADV COMP 8 From Advanced Chemistry with Vernier, Vernier Software & Technology, 2004 INTRODUCTION A titration, as you recall, is a
More informationREVIEW. Basic Laboratory Techniques 1,2
1 REVIEW Basic Laboratory Techniques 1,2 The techniques described in the following sections should have been covered in the prerequisite organic chemistry labs (Chem 261 or equivalent). You are therefore
More informationEXPERIMENT 9 DEHYDRATION OF 2-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL CH 3 H CH 3 OH H 3 PO 4 +
EXPERIMENT 9 DEHYDRATION OF 2-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL CH 3 CH 3 H CH 3 OH H 3 PO 4 + + H 2 O In this experiment, a microscale distillation apparatus will be used to perform an acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction
More informationTITANIUM DIOXIDE. SYNONYMS Titania; CI Pigment white 6; CI (1975) No ; INS No. 171 DEFINITION DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL USES CHARACTERISTICS
TITANIUM DIOXIDE Prepared at the 71 st JECFA (2009) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 7 (2009), superseding specifications prepared at the 67 th JECFA (2006) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 3
More informationExpt 4: Synthesis of Adipic Acid via Oxidative Cleavage of Cyclohexene
Expt 4: Synthesis of Adipic Acid via xidative Cleavage of Cyclohexene INTRDUCTIN In CEM 331, you learned several different ways in which alkenes can be oxidized. For example, epoxidation, dihydroxylation
More informationMelting Point 1. Figure 2. A close-up of the "business end" of the Mel-Temp apparatus. Figure 1. The mel-temp device.
Melting Point 1 The temperature at which a solid melts is known as the melting point (MP) of that substance. The melting point is a physical property of a solid and can be used to help identify a substance.
More informationTYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS PART I INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 10 (2 Weeks) Chemistry 100 Laboratory TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS PART I INTRODUCTION It is useful to classify reactions into different types, because products of reactions can be predicted.
More informationChapter 4: Recrystallization & Melting Point
Chapter 4: Recrystallization & Melting Point Recrystallization A purification technique for impure solid compounds A several-step process Can be on on a microscale or macroscale Melting Point Verifies
More informationPre- Lab Questions: Synthesis and Crystallization of Alum
Name Date Grade Pre- Lab Questions: Synthesis and Crystallization of Alum MUST be completed before an experiment is started. Show all work and be sure to include units. Q1. Based on the general chemical
More information) and it s ideal van t Hoff factor is 4. Note that polyatomic ions do not break up into their constituent elements.
Freezing Point Depression: Determining CaCl2 Van t Hoff Factor Minneapolis Community and Technical College C1152 v.12.15 I. Introduction The physical properties of solutions that depend on the number of
More informationGRAVIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SULFATE IN AN UNKNOWN SOLUTION
GRAVIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SULFATE IN AN UNKNOWN SOLUTION AIM The main objective of this experiment is to determine the concentration of sulfate ion in an unknown solution by using gravimetry. INTRODUCTION
More informationFermentation of Sucrose
E x p e r i m e n t 6 Fermentation of Sucrose bjectives To produce ethanol from sucrose via a bioloical anaerobic process. To purify the ethanol usin both fractional and simple distillations. To evaluate
More informationExperiment. Molar Mass of an Unknown Sulfate Salt by Gravimetric Techniques 1
Experiment. Molar Mass of an Unknown Sulfate Salt by Gravimetric Techniques 1 This lab is to reacquaint you with some basic laboratory techniques and serves as a warm-up to the experiments in this course.
More information4002 Synthesis of benzil from benzoin
4002 Synthesis of benzil from benzoin H VCl 3 + 1 / 2 2 + 1 / 2 H 2 C 14 H 12 2 C 14 H 10 2 (212.3) 173.3 (210.2) Classification Reaction types and substance classes oxidation alcohol, ketone, transition
More informationPartner: Cathy 22 March Separation and Qualitative Determination of Cations and Anions
Partner: Cathy 22 March 2012 Separation and Qualitative Determination of Cations and Anions Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to identify the cations and anions components in the unknown solution. This
More informationSkills in Science. Lab equipment. (Always draw 2D) Drawings below are NOT to scale. Beaker - A general purpose container with a pouring lip.
Skills in Science Safety: Do NOT enter or leave the lab without permission from a teacher. Keep the gaps between tables clear of stools and bags. Never run in the lab. Do not throw things around in the
More informationExperiment 1: The Densities of Liquids and Solids (from Masterson & Hurley)
Experiment 1: The Densities of Liquids and Solids (from Masterson & Hurley) One of the fundamental properties of any sample of matter is its density, which is its mass per unit of volume. The density of
More informationTESTING THE WATERS HOW GOOD IS THAT BOTTLED WATER AND HOW EFFECTIVE IS YOUR WATER FILTER
TESTING THE WATERS HOW GOOD IS THAT BOTTLED WATER AND HOW EFFECTIVE IS YOUR WATER FILTER TEACHER NOTES This experiment is designed for students working singly or in groups of two. One run through the series
More informationhydroxynitrile ester dihaloalkane alkane alkene haloalkane alcohol amine nitrile ketone HCN + KCN Nucleophilic addition carboxylic acid
6.2.5 Synthesis dihaloalkane poly(alkene) high pressure atalyst polymerization Br 2, l 2 Electrophilic addition alkene alkane 2, Nickel atalyst addition/reduction Br 2, l 2 UV light Free radical Substitution
More information2023 Reduction of D-(+)-camphor with lithium aluminium hydride to an isomeric mixture of (+)-borneol and ( )-isoborneol
223 Reduction of D-(+)-camphor with lithium aluminium hydride to an isomeric mixture of (+)-borneol and ( )-isoborneol LiAlH 4 tert-butyl-methyl-ether H + OH O OH H C 1 H 16 O (152.2) LiAlH 4 (38.) a C
More informationThe Crystal Forest Favorite Holiday Demonstrations
The Crystal Forest Favorite Holiday Demonstrations SCIENTIFIC Introduction Put a new twist on crystal growing. In this class participation demonstration, students cut out and assemble miniature trees and
More informationPre-Lab Exercises Lab 8: Biochemistry
Pre-Lab Exercises Lab 8: Biochemistry Name Date Section 1. List the 3 basic components of a DNA nucleotide, and draw a simple picture to show how they interact. 2. Consider the amine bases in DNA. List
More informationForensics with TI-Nspire Technology
Forensics with TI-Nspire Technology 2013 Texas Instruments Incorporated 1 education.ti.com Science Objectives Identify characteristics of different soils to demonstrate that a suspect has been at a scene.
More informationGroup IV and V Qualitative Analysis
Group IV/V Analysis Page 1 Illinois Central College CHEMISTRY 132 Laboratory Section: Group IV and V Qualitative Analysis Name: Equipment 1-tray of dropper bottles 2-micro spatulas 2-wooden test tube blocks
More informationChem 2115 Experiment #9. Consumer Chemistry: Determining the Iron Content in Supplements
Chem 2115 Experiment #9 Consumer Chemistry: Determining the Iron Content in Supplements OBJECTIVE: The goal of this experiment is to use the quantitative technique of spectrophotometry to determine the
More informationMethod 6.1 Boiling house products: Brix, pol and purity
Section 6: Boiling house products p 1/6 Method 6.1 Boiling house products: Brix, pol and purity 1. Rationale This method is applicable to A-, B- and C- (or final) molasses, A-, B- and C-nutsch, A-, B-
More information7. Determination of Melting Points
7. Determination of Melting Points This experiment consists of three parts. In the first part, you will determine the melting point range of three known compounds. This part is mostly for practice, to
More informationName Honors Chemistry / /
Name Honors Chemistry / / SOL Questions Chapter 1 Each of the following questions below appeared on an SOL Chemistry Exam. For each of the following bubble in the correct answer on your scantron. 1. The
More informationHuman DNA Alu Amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)* Laboratory Procedure
Human DNA Alu Amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)* Laboratory Procedure *Polymerase Chain Reaction is covered by patents owned by Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. This experiment was adapted from Laboratory
More informationTo identify and classify various types of chemical reactions.
Cycle of Copper Reactions Minneapolis Community and Technical College v.11.17 Objectives: To observe and document copper s chemical changes in five different reactions and verify that copper is conserved
More informationUGANDA STANDARD. Fruit and vegetable products Determination of soluble solids Refractometric method US ISO First Edition 2009-mm-dd
UGANDA STANDARD US ISO 2173 First Edition 2009-mm-dd Fruit and vegetable products Determination of soluble solids Refractometric method Reference number US ISO 2173:2003 UNBS 2009 US ISO 2173: 2003 Compliance
More informationTotal Suspended Solids by Gravimetric Determination
SOP AMBL-105-D Page 1 of 5 Standard Operating Procedure AMBL-105-D Prepared: 12/27/2017 Revised: Prepared by: Terry E. Baxter Reviewed by: Total Suspended Solids by Gravimetric Determination METHOD SUMMARY
More informationPre-Lab: Molecular Biology
Pre-Lab: Molecular Biology Name 1. What are the three chemical parts of a nucleotide. Draw a simple sketch to show how the three parts are arranged. 2. What are the rules of base pairing? 3. In double
More informationTECHNICAL GRADE MOLYBDENUM OXIDE
Procedure for the Assaying of TECHNICAL GRADE MOLYBDENUM OXIDE GUIDELINES FROM R INTRODUCTION This Guideline on good practice in relation to the Assaying of Molybdenite Concentrates is one of a six part
More informationSafety Precautions. Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and gold salts are corrosive.
Stefan s Dental Gold Experiment By Stefan aka Garage Chemist Loosely translated from German to English by Steven Sackett 12/08/2007 The original German version is located here: Versuchschemie.de Safety
More information3. Add 0.4 ml of. 7. Use a TenSette
Method 10129 ORGANIC CARBON, TOTAL, Low Range (0.0 20.0 mg/l C) Direct Method * For water, drinking water, and wastewater HRS MIN SEC 1. Turn on the DRB 200 reactor. Heat to 103-105 C. Note: See DRB 200
More informationName Lab Section Date. Sediment Lab
Name Lab Section Date. Investigating Stokes Law Sediment Lab ds = density of solid, g/cm dw = density of water, g/cm g = gravity, 980 cm/second 2 D = particle diameter in centimeters μ = molecular viscosity,
More informationEXPERIMENT. The Reaction of Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid; The Molar Volume of Hydrogen
EXPERIMENT The Reaction of Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid; The Molar Volume of Hydrogen PURPOSE In this experiment you will determine the volume of the hydrogen gas which is produced when a sample of
More informationEXTRA CREDIT - EXPERIMENT G ELECTROCHEMISTRY ACTIVITY OF METALS
EXTRA CREDIT - EXPERIMENT G ELECTROCHEMISTRY ACTIVITY OF METALS INTRODUCTION The objective of this experiment is to develop an abbreviated activity series of metals using: 1. Displacement reactions 2.
More informationPHASE CHANGES. Time Temperature Observations. Name(s)
3 5 PHASE CHANGES PHASE CHANGES Name(s) The activities presented here focus on the energy changes that occur in substances undergoing a phase change. The first activity will take the most time to complete.
More informationENGI Environmental Laboratory. Lab #2. Solids Determination. Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science
ENGI 9628 Environmental Laboratory Lab #2 Solids Determination Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science SOLIDS DETERMINATION PURPOSE Using Standard Methods for solids determination. THEORY Total solids
More informationSignificance of Water Observation Lab
Significance of Water Observation Lab It has been said that the chemistry of life is water chemistry. Because of its chemical properties, water is the medium in which most of life s chemical reactions
More informationEXPERIMENT GENOMIC DNA ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT GENOMIC DNA ANALYSIS Population diversity Studies We have 5 species of planarians (3 purchased from Carolina Biologicals, 2 obtained from the Levin lab) andmight have additional species found
More informationLABORATORY 3 SOIL ANALYSIS
VEGETATION DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS 2017 LABORATORY 3 SOIL ANALYSIS OBJECTIVE This lab will obtain four key soil parameters from the samples collected from Shawnee Gowan s Grizzly Glacier project relevés.
More informationUSEPA Membrane Filtration Method Method m-tec. Scope and Application: For potable water, nonpotable water, recreation water and wastewater.
, MF, m-tec, 8367 DOC316.53.001210 USEPA Membrane Filtration Method Method 8367 1 m-tec Scope and Application: For potable water, nonpotable water, recreation water and wastewater. 1 USEPA accepted. Test
More information3.0 DETECTION LIMIT 3.1. See Procedure ALQAP Procedure for the Determination of Uncertainty
1.0 IDENTIFICATION 1.1. SM 2540D Total Suspended Solids dried at 103-105 C. 2.0 APPLICABLE MATRIX 2.1. Drinking Water 3.0 DETECTION LIMIT 3.1. See Procedure ALQAP 011 - Procedure for the Determination
More informationMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Chemistry Laboratory Chemistry. CHARACTERIZATION OF AN UNKNOWN α-amino ACID 1
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Chemistry 5.310 Laboratory Chemistry EXPEIMENT #1 CHAACTEIZATION OF AN UNKNOWN α-amino ACID 1 I. INTODUCTION L-α-amino acids are water-soluble organic
More informationsolvent diffusion dissolving soluble
What do we call it when a liquid changes into a solid? What do we call it when a liquid turns into a gas? What do we call it when a gas turns into a liquid? What do we call the solid that dissolves in
More informationBy Authority Of THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Legally Binding Document
By Authority Of THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Legally Binding Document By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code 552(a) and Part 1 of the Code of Regulations 51 the attached document has
More informationPorosity of Compost Water retention capacity of Compost Organic matter content of Compost Buffering capacity of Compost
Porosity of Compost Water retention capacity of Compost Organic matter content of Compost Buffering capacity of Compost by Page 1/21 Contents What is the effect of compost on soil properties?... 3 Introduction:...
More informationMelting Range 3. Melting Range
Melting Range 3 Melting Range Background Information The melting range of a pure solid organic is the temperature range at which the solid is in equilibrium with its liquid. As heat is added to a solid,
More informationTotal Dissolved Solids
Total Dissolved Solids LabQuest 12 INTRODUCTION Solids are found in streams in two forms, suspended and dissolved. Suspended solids include silt, stirred-up bottom sediment, decaying plant matter, or sewage-treatment
More informationMOLYBDENITE CONCENTRATES
Procedure for the Assaying of MOLYBDENITE CONCENTRATES GUIDELINES FROM R INTRODUCTION This Guideline on good practice in relation to the Assaying of Molybdenite Concentrates is one of a six part series
More informationEXPERIMENT 5. Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy: Determination of Iron with 1,10-Phenanthroline
EXPERIMENT 5 Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy: Determination of Iron with 1,10-Phenanthroline UNKNOWN Submit a clean, labeled 100-mL volumetric flask to the instructor so that your unknown iron solution
More informationRev Experiment 10
Experiment 10 SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IRON IN DRINKING WATER 2 lab periods Reading: 1) Chapter 17, pg 393-403, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 8 h Edition, Daniel C. Harris (7 th Edition: Chapter
More informationCalcium and Magnesium; Chlorophosphonazo Rapid Liquid Method Method to 1000 µg/l Ca and Mg as CaCO 3 (ULR) Pour-Thru Cell
Hardness, Total DOC316.53.01045 Calcium and Magnesium; Chlorophosphonazo Rapid Liquid Method Method 8374 4 to 1000 µg/l Ca and Mg as CaCO 3 (ULR) Pour-Thru Cell Scope and application: For boiler and ultrapure
More informationVISCOSITY, INHERENT (One Point)
VISCO.02-1 VISCOSITY, INHERENT (One Point) PRINCIPLE SCOPE A weighed starch sample is dispersed in sodium hydroxide solution using a standard technique. Relative viscosity of the sample dispersion is determined
More informationPVA polymer slime. PVA polymer slime
PVA polymer slime PVA polymer slime A solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be made into a slime by adding borax solution, which creates crosslinks between polymer chains. In this activity, some interesting
More informationOrganisches Praktikum OCP II Wintersemester 2009/10. Versuch 23. Stabiles Bromonium-Ion. Bei 2-Adamanton beginnen. Chemikalien: 2-Adamanton: Tomahogh
rganisches Praktikum CP II Wintersemester 2009/10 Versuch 23 Stabiles Bromonium-Ion Betreuer: Hinweise: Susanne Kümmel Bei 2-Adamanton beginnen! Chemikalien: 2-Adamanton: Tomahogh Zink Tomahogh Titan(IV)-chlorid
More informationBacterial Transformation and Protein Purification
Bacterial Transformation and Protein Purification Group 4 Natalie Beale Gregory A. Pate Justin Rousseau Dohee Won Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to perform a genetic transformation and
More informationMETHOD 9013A CYANIDE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR SOLIDS AND OILS
METHOD 9013A CYANIDE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR SOLIDS AND OILS SW-846 is not an analytical training manual. Therefore, method directions assume that they will be followed by individuals formally trained
More informationCopper Smelting by an Ancient Method
Copper Smelting by an Ancient Method EXPERIMENT ## Prepared by Paul C. Smithson, Berea College, based on Yee et al., 004 Using beads of a copper-containing mineral, students will produce beads of nearly
More informationEXPERIMENT 1 SOLID LIQUID PHASE DIAGRAM
EXPERIMENT 1 SOLID LIQUID PHASE DIAGRAM Important: bring a formatted 3.5 floppy diskette/usb flash drive for this laboratory you will need it to save your data files! Introduction The relation of cooling
More informationMethod 5.2 Syrup and remelt: Brix, NIR pol and purity
Section 5: Syrup and remelt p 1/5 Method 5.2 Syrup and remelt: Brix, NIR pol and purity 1. Rationale This method is applicable to factory syrups and remelt and may be used to obtain data for factory control
More informationDNA in our Food? Extracting DNA from Strawberry Student Guide
DNA in our Food? Extracting DNA from Strawberry Student Guide Introduction: DNA extraction is a fundamental procedure used in a lab that is simple and effective. Extracting enough DNA to spool onto a rod
More informationLAB 1: DNA PRECUT BY RESTRICTION ENZYMES
LAB 1: DNA PRECUT BY RESTRICTION ENZYMES Why would anyone want to study DNA? Scientists have learned that the incredible amount of information stored in DNA can answer many questions and solve problems
More informationOxygen Demand, Chemical
, TNTplus 820, 10211 DOC316.53.01103 USEPA Reactor Digestion Method Method 10211 ULR (1 60 mg/l COD) TNTplus 820 Scope and Application: For wastewater, process water, surface water, and cooling water;
More informationTi-Pure TITANIUM DIOXIDE. CONCENTRATED ACID SOLUBILITY OF TiO 2 METHOD: T WP
Ti-Pure TITANIUM DIOXIDE CONCENTRATED ACID SOLUBILITY OF TiO 2 METHOD: T4400.315.07.WP 1 TITANIUM DIOXIDE (Ti-Pure ) Determination of Acid Solubility of TiO 2 by Spectrophotometer (TP-109.2) I. Principle
More informationApplication Notes for COD Analysis DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) IN WATER AND WASTE WATER.
DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) IN WATER AND WASTE WATER. INTRODUCTION The chemical oxygen demand can be considered as an approximate measurement of the theoretical oxygen consumption, i.e.,
More informationPrinciples of Gel Filtration Chromatography
Edvo-Kit #108 Principles of Gel Filtration Chromatography Experiment Objective: The objective of this experiment is to introduce the principles of gel fi ltration chromatography as a method that separates
More informationQIAfilter Plasmid Midi Kit (Cat #: 12243)
QIAfilter Plasmid Midi Kit (Cat #: 12243) Things to do before starting Add the provided RNase A solution to Buffer P1 before use. Use one vial of RNase A (centrifuge briefly before use) per bottle of Buffer
More informationApproved for NPDES (Editorial Revision 1978) Silica, Dissolved (Colorimetric)
METHOD #: 370.1 TITLE: Approved for NPDES (Editorial Revision 1978) Silica, Dissolved (Colorimetric) ANALYTE: Silica, SiO 2 INSTRUMENTATION: Spectrophotometer STORET No. Dissolved 00955 1.0 Scope and Application
More informationPrinciples of Gel Filtration Chromatography
EDVOTEK P.O. Box 1232 West Bethesda, MD 20827-1232 The Biotechnology Principles of Gel Filtration Chromatography 108 EDVO-Kit # Storage: Store entire experiment at room temperature. Experiment Objective:
More informationEvaluation copy. Total Dissolved Solids. Computer INTRODUCTION
Total Dissolved Solids Computer 12 INTRODUCTION Solids are found in streams in two forms, suspended and dissolved. Suspended solids include silt, stirred-up bottom sediment, decaying plant matter, or sewage-treatment
More informationAseptic Techniques. A. Objectives. B. Before coming to lab
Aseptic Techniques A. Objectives Become familiar with 1. The ubiquity of microorganisms (see Note 1) 2. Aseptic techniques (see Note 2) 3. Standard methods for growing/observing microorganisms (see Note
More informationTeknik Bioseparasi. Dina Wahyu. Genap/ Maret 2014
4. Teknik Bioseparasi Dina Wahyu Genap/ Maret 2014 Outline Chemical Reaction Engineering 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pendahuluan mempelajari ruang lingkup teknik bioseparasi dan teknik cel disruption Teknik Pemisahan
More informationEXPERIMENT 3 SOLIDS DETERMINATION
EXPERIMENT 3 SOIDS DETERMINATION A. PURPOSE To familiarize the students with various analytical operations such as weighing, filtration, evaporation and combustion which are commonly encountered in gravimetric
More information