metallic glasses (amorphous alloys)

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1 A brief introduction to metallic glasses (amorphous alloys) Sheng Guo Assistant Professor Materials and Manufacturing Technology Department

2 Outline What are metallic glasses H istorical development A lloy(composition) design strategy Unique properties Typical applications Scientific and technical challenges

3 Amorphous alloys/ metallic glasses An amorphous metal, also known metallic glass or glassy metal, is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with a disordered atomic-scale structure. (Cambridge Univ. TLP library) (Telford, Mater Today, 2014) Amorphous materials, like window glass o have no long-range order, so no translational symmetry o not truly random, have short-range order (Kaban et al., Acta Mater, 2013)

4 Si gns f or amorphism (Li et al., J Alloy Compd, 2010) amorphous (Lacasse et al., Pfonline.com) crystalline crystalline amorphous High-resolution TEM (halo) amorphous o o X-ray diffraction (hump) have no long-range order/translational symmetry shows the glass transition behavior Differential scanning calorimetry (Tg) (Karpukhina et al., Chem Soc Rev, 2014)

5 Some concepts (Zhang et al., Mater Trans, 1990) (Debenedetti et al., Nature, 2001) (Cornell web page) * Critical cooling rate * Glass transition * Supercooled liquid region: T=Tx-Tg A gauge of thermal stability of metallic glasses, also quite often characterizes the glass forming ability

6 Some histories Au75Si25 P Duwez W Klement, R Willens, P Duwez, Non-crystalline Structure in Solidified Gold-Silicon Alloys, Nature, 1960, 187: 869

7 MGs Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) melt spinning suction casting (Survanarayana, Bulk Metallic Glasses) BMGs: the smallest dimension of MGs>1mm Φ80*85 mm (Wikipedia) (Telford, Mater Today, 2014) Pd 42.5 Cu 30 Ni 7.5 P 20 BMG 3.4 Kg! (Nishiyama et al, Intermetallics, 2012)

8 Alloy design strategy for BMGs A Inoue (1990) Inoue s three empirical rules to prepare BMGs at least 3 alloying elements; large mismatching atomic sizes of constituent elements large negative heat of mixing among major alloying elements atomic size distribution heat of mixing (Lu et al., J Mater Sci, 2004) (Guo et al., Intermetallics, 2013) (Greer, Mater Today, 2009)

9 Attractive properties of BMGs High strength : >2000 MPa High hardness: DPH High fracture toughness: >70 MPa. m 1/2 High elastic strain: ~ 2% elastic strain Good formability: >1000% elongation Superior aqueous corrosion resistance Good wear resistance Excellent soft magnetic properties: Fe-base MGs Other interesting optical and physical properties (Demetriou et al, Nat Mater, 2011)

10 Bulk Metallic Glasses Structural From Liquidmetal Technologies

11 Micro-devices: micro-gears made of MGs Only one casting process 100µm Super-precision gear mold Super-precision gear parts made of glassy alloy Conventional machined gear Diameter = 647 mm Teeth = 14 p Module = 40 mm Newly developed gear Diameter = 288 µm Teeth = 9 p Module = 25 µm Human hair (d= 80 µm ) (Nishiyama et al, 2005)

12 Blow moulding of BMGs (Yale Schroers Lab)

13 BMGs and Apple products SIM tray tool

14 Soft magnetic properties Soft magnetic materials: High saturation magnetization Low coercivity High electrical resistivity amorphous transformer core (Survanarayana, Bulk Metallic Glasses)

15 Seeing is believing I: high elastic strain (Telford, Mater Today, 2014)

16 Seeing is believing II: excellent formability (Kumar et al., Nature, 2009) upon crystallization

17 Achilles heel: (Tension) Brittleness shear banding (Inoue et al., Nat Mater, 2003) (Cambridge web page)

18 (Debenedetti et al., Nature, 2001) Glass transition is still a mystery What is the nature of glassy state? was selected as one of the most important 125 scientific questions to be resolved this century--- Science, 2005 Glass transition is one of the deepest and most important unsolved problems in condensed matter physics ---- Nature Materials, 2008

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