KGC SCIENTIFIC TYPES OF SOLAR CELL

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1 KGC SCIENTIFIC TYPES OF SOLAR CELL

2 How Photovoltaic Cell Work When sunshine that contain photon strike the panel, semiconductor material will ionized Causing electron to break free from their bond. Due to the structure of semiconductor, electron are forced to flow in one direction which creating electrical current Photovoltaic cells are not 100% efficient in part due to reflection of light spectrum, some too weak to create electricity (IR ray) and some create heat energy instead of electricity (UV ray)

3 Monocrystalline Silicon PV Panel Made from a single silicon crystal, more efficient, though more expensive than the newer and cheaper polycrystalline and thin-film PV panel technologies Easily recognizable by an external even colouring and uniform look, indicating high-purity silicon Monocrystalline solar cells are made out of silicon ingots, which are cylindrical in shape Have the highest efficiency rates since they are made out of the highest-grade silicon. The efficiency rates of monocrystalline solar panels are typically 15-20%.

4 Polycrystalline Silicon PV Panel Recognizable by a visible grain, a metal flake effect Can be synthesized by allowing Silicon (liquid) to cool using a seed crystal. The other methods for crystallizing amorphous silicon to form is by using high temperature Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) This Polycrystalline Silicon panel is almost as good as single cell Monocrystalline Silicon panels. But have better efficiency than thin film solar panels.

5 Thin-Film PV Panel Thin Film is a second generation solar cell that is made by depositing one or more thin layers of material on substrate such as plastic, metal or glass There are several type of thin-film photovoltaic panel used commercially such as Organic Photovoltaic Cell (OPV), Amorphous Silicon (a Si / TF Si), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS / CIS) and Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) OPC Organic Photovoltaic Cell Thin Film a Si / TF Si Amorphous Silicon CIGS / CIS Copper Indium Gallium Selenide CdTe Cadmium Telluride

6 Organic Photovoltaic Cell (OPC) OPC consists of one or several photoactive materials sandwiched between two electrodes. In bilayer OPC cell, sunlight is absorbed by Photoactive Layer. This layer contain donor and acceptor semiconducting organic material that able to generate photocurrents. Have ability to be utilized in large area and flexible solar modules The manufacturing cost of this cell can be reduced due to their lower cost compared to silicon-based materials and the ease of device manufacturing To Anode Sunlight Absorbed To Cathode Charge Separation

7 Amorphous Silicone (a Si / TF Si) Formed by depositing a thin layer of silicon material (using vapour) about 1 µm thick on a substrate material such as glass or metal The overall thickness of solar cell is just 1 µm, or about 1/300th the size of mono - crystalline silicon solar cell Red Cell Green Cell Back Reflector Film Layer Blue Cell Transparent Conductive Oxide Film Thickness of Multijunction Cell = <1.0 µm The efficiency rate of this cell are lesser than crystalline silicone panel due to Staebler Wronski effect - defect density of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a- Si:H) increases with light exposure, causing an increase in the recombination current and reducing the efficiency Flexible Stainless Steel Substrate Based on the research, Staebler Wronski effect can be reduced by using Silane Gas

8 Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Sunshine Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Molybdenum Substrate (Glass, Metal Foil) Manufactured by depositing a thin layer of copper, indium, gallium and selenide on glass or plastic backing, along with electrodes on the front and back to collect current The layers are thin enough to be flexible, allowing them to be deposited on flexible substrates. However, as all of these technologies normally use hightemperature deposition techniques, the best performance normally comes from cells deposited on glass. Commercial CIGS modules typically have efficiencies between 12% and 14%

9 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Based on the use of cadmium telluride, a thin semiconductor layer designed to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity Smallest carbon footprint, lowest water use and shortest energy payback time of all solar technologies Glass Substrate Indium Tin Oxide (Low Sensitivity TCO) Tin Oxide (High Sensitivity TCO) n-doped Cadmium Sulphide (Window Layer) p-doped Cadmium Telluride (Absorber) Metal Contact (Ti or Au) Currently industry uses thermal PVD methods for the deposition of the materials utilised in the cell (either Close Space Sublimation (CSS) or Vapour Transport Deposition (VTD) Sputtering is an alternative PVD deposition method which allows much better uniformity control. Moreover, sputtering allows reduction of the growth temperatures from ºC used for CSS and VTD to, potentially, as low as room temperature.

10 Future of Solar Energy Total overall energy consumption increase >100 % in 2013 from Highest overall energy consumption in Thailand and Indonesia (2013).

11 Future of Solar Energy Total energy consumption for renewable energy decrease from 43 % in 1990 to 23 % in 2012 Renewable energy consumption for Malaysia and Indonesia are less than 25 %

12 Future of Solar Energy No so much change in total share of electricity production (including hydro) from 1990 to 2012 Malaysia and Indonesia share of renewable electricity production (including hydro) are around 8 to 30 % from total energy demand

13 Thank you This slide presentation is prepared by Research & Development Team, KGC Resources Sdn Bhd Any inquiries, feel free to us at

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