The carbonyl group CH 2. CH 3 5 a) Orange to green b) CH 3 OH + 2[O] CH 3. O c) Ethanoic acid d) Primary TEST YOURSELF 2. CHO COCH 3 c) CH 3

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1 11 The carbonyl group TEST YURSELF N PRIR KNWLEDGE 1 1 a) butan-2-ol b) hept-3-ene c) 2-Methylbutane d) 2,3-dimethylhexane e) 2-methylpropane f) 1-bromo-1,2-dichloropropane g) 1-bromo-1-chlorobutane 2 a) Structure (c) or (d) b) Structure (e) or (g) 3 (a) Alcohol (b) C=C 4 5 a) range to green b) + 2[] C + 2 c) Ethanoic acid d) Primary TEST YURSELF 2 1 a) C b) C c) C d) C e) C f) C( )C g) CCl C 2 a) ethanol, propanone, butanone, propanal b) ethanol, propanal c) propanone, propanal d) ethanol, propanal e) propanal, silver mirror f) propanone, propanal 1

2 2 11 The carbonyl group 3 C + 2[] 4 C() + [] C C + [] C 6 xidising agent Acidified potassium dichromate Felhing s solution Tollens reagent Primary Secondary Tertiary Aldehyde Ketone 7 a) Propanal, propan-1-ol b) Ethanoic acid ethanal c) Butanoic acid d) Propan-2-ol e) Propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol and propanal, propanone f) Ethanal propanal TEST YURSELF 3 1 a) C + C() b) 2-hydroxybutanenitrile c) Nucleophilic addition d) C C + C e) The product is a racemate as it contains equal amounts of each isomer. ne isomer rotates plane polarised light to the right, the other to the left and the two opposite effects cancel out. 2 a) NaB 4 b) + C C C nucleophile : hydride ion c) Propanol 3 a) C=CC + Br 2 CBrCBrC b) C=CC + C=CC()

3 TEST YURSELF 4 1 a) i) CCl C ii) C( )CCC iii) CC iv) C b Acid (iv) c) Acid (ii) 2 a) C C + + b) Ethanoate c) Yes the ions can move and carry charge 3 a) K + C CK + 2 b) 2 C + Na 2 C 3 2 a C 2 c) Mg + 2 C ( C) 2 Mg + 2 d) C + N 3 4 e) ; ethanamide 4 Add solid sodium carbonate to the solution and bubbles are observed and the gas produced will turn colourless limewater milky. TEST YURSELF 5 1 a) Ethyl ethanoate b) Methyl methanoate c) Ethyl propanoate d) Ethyl methanoate 2 a) C C b) C C c) C + C Concentrated sulfuric acid 4 a) C + Na a + b) CC C + C Propane-1,2,3-triol 6 Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of fats into glycerol and the salts of the fatty acids present in the soap. 3TEST YURSELF 5 7 a) 2 C C 2 C + 3C( ) 7 C=C C=C( ) C( ) 7 C=C C=C( ) 4 CC( ) 7 C=C C=C( ) 4

4 4 11 The carbonyl group b) It contains carbon carbon double bonds; c) C( ) 7 C=C C=C( ) 4 TEST YURSELF 6 1 a) Propanoyl chloride b) Butanamide c) Propanoic anhydride d) Ethanoyl chloride 2 a) CCl + C + Cl b) CCl + 2N N 4 Cl c) CCl + N 2 + Cl d) ( C) 2 + C + C 3 Nucleophilic addition-elimination: ethanoic acid 4 Recrystallization 5 Carry out a melting point experiment; if it is pure the melting point should be sharp. ACTIVITY Preparation of an ester 1 The concentrated sulfuric acid on dilution gives out a great deal of heat, the slow addition with cooling is necessary to avoid splashing if the mixture gets hot. 2 It is a catalyst for the esterification. 3 + C C Anti-bumping granules are small pieces of silica or broken unglazed pottery. This provides a nucleus on which gas bubbles grow, therefore avoiding the sudden production of large gas bubbles that can lead to bumping, which could cause the liquid to splash over into the condenser and therefore produce an impure product. 5 The distillate contains traces of unreacted ethanoic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. The sodium carbonate solution removes these. 6 The neutralisation with sodium carbonate produces carbon dioxide gas; opening the tap releases this and avoids a build-up of pressure that might blow the stopper out of the funnel. 7 The ester has been dried. 8 To remove water. 9 Moles ethanol = = mol; moles ethanoic acid = = = 65.3% = 76.6 g theoretical yield % yield =

5 ACTIVITY The preparation of aspirin in the laboratory 1 Catalyst 2 Slowly/drop wise, wear gloves 3 Cold water out Pear-shaped flask pen tap eat Liebig condenser Cold water in Anti-bumping granules 4 Number of moles aspirin = = = Number of moles 2-hydroxybenzoic acid = Mass of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid = = 5.66 g 5 ( C) C 6 To form crystals 7 It is faster and gives drier product 8 Dissolve in minimum volume of hot water, filter, cool and crystallise = 75% Ethanoyl choride reacts violently and hydrogen chloride gas (corrosive) is produced. 11 It is impure if a wide range of melting points and the value is below the melting point of pure aspirin. 5ACTIVITY