Inhibition of Electromigration in Eutectic SnBi Solder Interconnect by Plastic Prestraining
|
|
- Hugh Todd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2011, 27(11), Inhibition of Electromigration in Eutectic SnBi Solder Interconnect by Plastic Prestraining X.F. Zhang 1), H.Y. Liu 1), J.D. Guo 1) and J.K. Shang 1,2) 1) Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang , China 2) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA [Manuscript received July 1, 2010, in revised form September 23, 2010] Plastic prestraining was applied to a solder interconnect to introduce internal defects such as dislocations in order to investigate the interaction of dislocations with electromigration damage. Above a critical prestrain, Bi interfacial segregation to the anode, a clear indication of electromigration damage in SnBi solder interconnect, was effectively prevented. Such an inhibiting effect is apparently contrary to the common notion that dislocations often act as fast diffusion paths. It is suggested that the dislocations introduced by plastic prestraining acted as sinks for vacancies in the early stage of the electromigration process, but as the vacancies accumulated at the dislocations, climb of those dislocations prompted recovery of the deformed samples under current stressing, greatly decreasing the density of dislocation and vacancy in the solder, leading to slower diffusion of Bi atoms. KEY WORDS: Electromigration; Interfacial segregation; Prestrain; Dislocation; Vacancy 1. Introduction With continued downward scaling of feature sizes in electronic devices and the corresponding increase in the current density, the reliability of solder joints under electromigration becomes a crucial problem in advanced interconnects [1]. Although many studies have addressed the electromigration issues of the solder interconnects, very few solutions are available to mitigate the electromigration damage. So far, elemental doping is the only successful way to retard the electromigration in solder interconnects [2,3]. However, the alloying elements usually affect other properties of the solders, such as solderability, melting point, and mechanical properties, etc. Therefore it is imperative that alternative methods for mitigating electromigration in solder interconnects be developed. Plastic deformation usually introduced a large amount of defects into the metallic alloys, such as Corresponding author. Prof., Ph.D.; Tel./Fax: ; address: jkshang@imr.ac.cn (J.K. Shang). dislocations, vacancies, and so on. These defects may greatly affect the diffusivity of atoms, and then affect the electromigration process. In this study, we designed an experiment to probe the interaction of deformation with electromigration damage in SnBi by intentionally introducing pre-strain to the alloy immediately prior to electromigration experiments. Under current stressing, Bi atoms are prone to migrate toward the anode and form a continuous Bi layer at the anode side, which may decrease the reliability of the solder interconnects [4,5]. For the SnBi interconnect, the electromigration mechanism was controlled by Bi migration rather than by vacancy-mediated Sn diffusion [4,5]. By conducting electromigration tests after prestraining to various levels, an inhibiting effect was observed, namely Bi interfacial segregation to anode was effectively prevented rather than enhanced, as expected from a vacancy mechanism. 2. Experimental The Sn 58 wt%bi alloy used in this study was pre-
2 X.F. Zhang et al.: J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2011, 27(11), Fig. 1 Characterization of the sample preparation process and the temperature profile adopted for the reflow process pared by melting pure Sn and pure Bi in a vacuum quartz tube at 300 C for 30 min. The solder alloy has a melting temperature of about 138 C. Prior to soldering, two copper cubes, 10 mm wide, 10 mm thick and 10 mm long, were ground and carefully polished to form smooth surfaces. Between the two adjoining surfaces, Mo wires, 280 μm in diameter, were placed for control of the solder bond thickness. The two copper cubes were then aligned and fixed before the assembly was heated in an oven where the solder was reflowed at 180 C for 60 s. After air cooling, the asreflowed solder joints were cut into slender bars with a cross section roughly 500 μm 500 μm by electric discharge machining. These bar specimens were further polished to about 330 μm 330 μm in cross section. Figure 1 characterized the sample preparation process and the temperature profile adopted for the reflow process. These samples were prestrained on a tensile testing machine in strain control at a rate 10 3 s 1 and 25 C, to total strains of 0, 2%, 8%, 20%, respectively. In order to keep the prestrained state of the samples before current stressing and minimize the effect of additional factors on the experimental results as much as possible, these samples were kept in refrigerator at 20 C before current stressing. Electromigration testing of the solder interconnect was conducted by applying direct currents to both ends of the bar samples using copper wires as the electric leads. The entire fixture was then immersed in an oil bath held at a constant room temperature of 25 C. The sample temperature was monitored by a K-type thermocouple placed next to the solder interconnect. The current density in the samples was A/cm 2, the temperature of the samples was about 55 C, and the time under current stressing was 180 h. After current stressing, the interfaces between solders and substrates were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of the precipitates and phases between solders and substrates was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). After electromigration, tensile strengths of the solder joints were measured on a micromechanical testing system at a constant strain rate of 10 3 s 1 and 25 C. In comparison with the electromigration effect, tensile strengths of the solder joints without electromigration were also investigated in the same conditions. In order to reduce measurement error, each experimental point was made more than three samples tested. Because the Bi segregation is uneven, it is difficult to measure the thickness of the Bi-rich layer directly. In the present work, a self-developed measurement software was used to measure the thickness of Bi-rich layer. The SEM images were first input into the Photoshop software; and then the area of the total Bi-rich layer was measured by pixel analysis. The average thickness of the Bi-rich layer was finally calculated by the following formula: H = S/L where H, S, and L are the average thickness, area
3 1074 X.F. Zhang et al.: J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2011, 27(11), Fig. 2 Microstructures of Sn-58Bi solder interconnect before current stressing and length of the Bi-rich layer, respectively. Therefore, no matter what the shape of Bi-rich layer would be,anaveragethicknesscanbeobtainedwithaminor error. Only the thickness of a continuous Bi layer was measured. All the thickness mentioned in the article refers to a continuous Bi layer thickness. 3. Results and Discussion The initial microstructure of the Sn-Bi/Cu interconnect at the as-reflowed state is shown in Fig. 2, where Cu substrates appeared in a heavy dark color. The solder itself consisted of the Sn-rich phase (dark color) and the Bi-rich phase (bright color). The two phases were distributed in the solder. At the SnBi/Cu interface, a thin layer of Cu 6 Sn 5 compound (55Cu- 45Sn in at.% by EDS analysis) can be seen to adhere to the Cu pad. After application of electric current, the microstructure in the solder interconnects experienced significant changes. Figure 3 presents the changes of the interfacial microstructure at different applied prestrains, after current stressing for 180 h at a current density of A/cm 2 at 55 C. The images on the left are for the anode side and those on the right are for the cathode. For samples without prestrain, a continuous Bi layer about 4.6 μm in thickness was accumulated at the anode side, as shown in Fig. 3(a). At the cathode side (Fig. 3(b)), the interfacial microstructure turned asymmetric to the anode side and no continuous Bi layer was observed at the interface; compositional analysis indicated that the region next to the interface was Sn rich, containing 99 at.% Sn. This segregation of Bi to the anode side is similar to those found in the previous studies [4,5]. When prestrain was introduced into the solder interconnects, the Bi interfacial segregation under current stressing was effectively retarded. For the sample with 2 % prestrain, the Bi-rich continuous layer at the anode side is only 2.8 μm in thickness, which is 40 % thinner than that without prestrain, as shown in Fig. 3(c); while at the cathode side, the interfacial microstructure remained almost unchanged compared to the as-reflowed state, as shown in Fig. 3(d). No continuous Bi-rich layer or Sn-rich region existed at the cathode interface except for some coarsening of the Bi phase. As the prestrain increased to 8% and 20%, the thickness of Bi-rich layer at the anode side decreased to 2.4 μm and 1.8 μm, respectively, as shown in Fig. 3(e) and (g). Since less Bi segregation to the anode is obtained at the higher prestrain, the change of the microstructure in the cathode (Fig. 3 (f) and (h)) are also slight as well. Figure 4 presents the relationship between the Bi segregation and prestrain under current stressing. Remarkably, the greater the prestrain imposed on the samples, the less the amount of Bi segregation to the anode side. From above, it is clear that the Bi segregation under current stressing was inhibited by imposing prestrains on the sample. The effect of electromigration on the tensile strength of the solder joint is shown in Fig. 5. From the tensile stress-strain curves shown in Fig. 5(a), it is evident that the prestraining only or electromigration alone reduced the tensile strengths of the solder joint, but current stressing after prestraining recovered the tensile strengths to nearly the level of the as-reflowed state. However, the elongation of these samples after current stressing was somewhat decreased. Figure 5(b) shows the tensile strength vs. prestrain before and after electromigration. It can be seen that the tensile strength of the solder joints without prestrain after electromigration was reduced by about 16 MPa (from 72 MPa to 56 MPa) in comparison with that in the as-reflowed state. However, tensile strengths of the prestrained solder joints after electromigration are only reduced by about 10 MPa, 2 MPa, 3 MPa at strains of 2%, 8%, 20%, respectively. Above 8% prestrain, the tensile strength of the solder joint after electromigration approached the level without electromigration. Generally, the atomic flux [6,7] under current stressing can be expressed as J = J chem + J em = CD ln C (kt kt x + Z ee) where J chem is the diffusion term due to the chemical potential gradient, J em the drift term due to electron momentum transfer effect, C the atomic density, D the diffusion constant, k Boltzmann constant, T the absolute temperature, Z theeffectivechargenumber, e the electronic charge, E the electric field and E=ρj, ρ the resistivity and j the current density. For Cu/Sn58Bi/Cu solder joints, Bi is the dominant diffusing species during the electromigration process, especially for the interfacial segregation [4,5]. As the concentration gradients at the anode side and the cathode side were symmetrical, the migration of Bi atoms under current stressing was mainly attributed to J em = CD kt Z ee, which means that the Bi
4 X.F. Zhang et al.: J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2011, 27(11), Fig. 3 SEM images showing the microstructure of the samples at the anode side (a,c,e,g) and at the cathode side (b,d,f,h) after current stressing, (a), (b) no prestrain; (c), (d) 2% prestrain; (e), (f) 8% prestrain; (g), (h) 20% prestrain Fig. 4 Relationship between the Bi segregation and prestrain under current stressing atomic flux was only determined by the diffusion constant D at a certain current density and a certain temperature. Based on the common view point, the density of defects, such as dislocations, vacancies, and so on, should be increased after deformation. Since dislocations are known to be fast diffusion paths, the diffusion constant D should increase after tensile test, and the Bi atomic flux enhanced. However, our experimental results showed otherwise. In the early stage of the electromigration experiment of the prestrained sample, vacancies are created by the electromigration force and attracted toward dislocations. Those vacancies may interact with the dislocations further by either exerting an osmotic pressure to drive dislocation climb or by diffusing rapidly along the dislocation core as in pipe diffusion. However, since dislocations are randomly oriented and distributed from the plastic prestraining, the pipe diffusion leads to very little directional flow of the electromigration species, Bi, which is essential in producing the electric polarity effect. On the other hand, the climb of dislocations can result in the recovery of a deformed metal [8]. During the recovery Fig. 5 Variations of tensile properties of Sn-58Bi solder joints with prestrains: (a) tensile stress-strain curves at 20% prestrain, (b) tensile strength vs. prestrain before and after electromigration process, dislocations are able to glide, cross-slip and climb. If two dislocations of opposite sign meet then they effectively cancel out and their contribution to the stored energy is removed. Therefore, the density of defects, primarily dislocations, introduced by plastic deformation may be greatly decreased. Although the temperature of the sample under current stressing
5 1076 X.F. Zhang et al.: J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2011, 27(11), is only 55 C, the melting point of the solder is also very low (138 C), thus the temperature of the solder interconnect (corresponding to homologous temperature of over 79%) is high enough to make recovery and even recrystallization possible. In addition, the current induced recovery and recrystallization usually has a much lower dislocation and vacancy density than that of common annealing [9,10]. Thus, the density of dislocation and vacancy in the pre-strained samples were even less than that in the samples without prestrain. Due to the lack of favorable neighboring site and rapid diffusion paths, the migration of Bi atoms to anode would be effectively retarded even under a high magnitude of electromigration driving force, as observed experimentally (Figs. 3 and 4). Furthermore, the recovery process may be more complete at the higher pre-strain level; thus, the inhibition effect of pre-strain on the electromigration is increased with the increase of pre-strain. AsthediffusionrateofBiatomsslowsdownand vacancies move to the sinks at the dislocations or with the dislocation climb, the density of vacancies formed under current stressing in the pre-strained joints may be less than the joints without pre-straining, so that the decrease of strength for the pre-strained joint after current-stressing was less than that without prestraining, as shown in Fig Conclusion Bi interfacial segregation to the anode was successfully retarded by imposing prestrains on solder interconnects before current stressing. In the early stage of the electromigration process, dislocations apparently acted more as vacancy sinks and as more vacancies accumulated at the dislocations, climb of the dislocations caused the recovery of the deformed samples under current stressing, which decreased the density of dislocation and vacancy in the solder and slowed the diffusion rate of Bi atoms. The suppression of the electromigration damage by introducing pre-strain into solder promises a potential new solution for enhancing electromigration resistance of solder interconnects. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No ), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB631006) and the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (Grant No ). The authors would like to thank H.Y. Guo for helpful discussion. REFERENCES [1 ] K.N. Tu: J. Appl. Phys., 2003, 94, [2 ] C.M. Chen and C.C. Huang: J. Alloy. Compd., 2008, 461, 235. [3 ] C.C. Wei and C.Y. Liu: J. Mater. Res., 2005, 20, [4 ] Q.L. Yang and J.K. Shang: J. Electron. Mater., 2005, 34, [5 ] C.M. Chen, L.T. Chen and Y.S. Lin: J. Electron. Mater., 2007, 36, 168. [6 ] I.A. Blech and C. Herring: Appl. Phys. Lett., 1976, 29, 131. [7 ] H. Conrad: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, 287, 227. [8 ] R.W. Cahn and P. Haasen: P hysical Metallurgy, 4th edn, Elesvier Science B. V., 1996, [9 ] H. Conrad, N. Karam and S. Mannan: Scripta Metall., 1983, 17, 411. [10] Y.Z. Zhou, S.H. Xiao and J.D. Guo: Mater. Lett., 2004, 58, 1948.
Thermomigration and electromigration in Sn58Bi ball grid array solder joints
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2010) 21:1090 1098 DOI 10.1007/s10854-009-9992-2 Thermomigration and electromigration in Sn58Bi ball grid array solder joints X. Gu K. C. Yung Y. C. Chan Received: 18 August
More informationImproving mechanical and electrical properties of Cu/SAC305/Cu solder joints under electromigration by using Ni nanoparticles doped flux
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-8252-0 Improving mechanical and electrical properties of Cu/SAC305/Cu solder joints under electromigration by using Ni nanoparticles doped flux M. Nasir Bashir 1 A. S.
More informationBi Layer Formation at the Anode Interface in Cu/Sn 58Bi/Cu Solder Joints with High Current Density
J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 28(1), 46 52. Bi Layer Formation at the Anode Interface in Cu/Sn 58Bi/Cu Solder Joints with High Current Density Hongwen He 1), Haiyan Zhao 1), Fu Guo 2) and Guangchen Xu
More informationEffects of Current Stressing on Shear Properties of Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu Solder Joints
J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2010, 26(8), 737-742. Effects of Current Stressing on Shear Properties of Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu Solder Joints X.J. Wang 1), Q.L. Zeng 1), Q.S. Zhu 1), Z.G. Wang 1) and J.K. Shang 1,2)
More informationEffect of Rare Earth Elements on Lead Free Solder Alloys
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Lead Free Solder Alloys Prerna Mishra*, S.N. Alam**, Rajnish Kumar*** * (Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, NIT Rourkela,
More informationResearch Paper. Isothermal solidification bonding of Bi2Te2.55Se0.45 thermoelectric material with Cu electrodes
Engineering & Technology Research 3(3): 000-000, February 2019 DOI: 10.15413/etr.2019.0001 2019 Academia Publishing Research Paper Isothermal solidification bonding of Bi2Te2.55Se0.45 thermoelectric material
More informationEffects of Electric Field Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of a Ni-Cr-W-Mo Superalloy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 50, No. 7 (2009) pp. 1644 to 1648 Special Issue on New Functions and Properties of Engineering Materials Created by Designing and Processing #2009 The Japan Institute of Metals
More informationEnhanced Phenomena in Metals with Electric and Magnetic Fields: I Electric Fields
Materials Transactions, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2005) pp. 1083 to 1087 #2005 The Japan Institute of Metals OVERVIEW Enhanced Phenomena in Metals with Electric and Magnetic Fields: I Electric Fields Hans Conrad
More informationEffect of the Substrate Distance on the Microstructure and Properties of SnBi-χAl 2 O 3 Joint Welded by Ultrasonic-assisted Brazing
3rd International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Information Technology Applications (ICMMITA 2015) Effect of the Substrate Distance on the Microstructure and Properties of SnBi-χAl 2 O 3 Joint
More informationProperties of low melting point Sn Zn Bi solders
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 397 (2005) 260 264 Properties of low melting point Sn Zn Bi solders Jian Zhou, Yangshan Sun, Feng Xue Department of Material Science and Engineering, Southeast University,
More informationBonding strength of Al/Mg/Al alloy tri-metallic laminates fabricated
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 34, No. 4, July 2011, pp. 805 810. Indian Academy of Sciences. Bonding strength of Al/Mg/Al alloy tri-metallic laminates fabricated by hot rolling X P ZHANG, *, M J TAN, T H YANG,
More informationSTRENGTHENING MECHANISM IN METALS
Background Knowledge Yield Strength STRENGTHENING MECHANISM IN METALS Metals yield when dislocations start to move (slip). Yield means permanently change shape. Slip Systems Slip plane: the plane on which
More informationAccumulation (%) Amount (%) Particle Size 0.1
100 10 Amount (%) 5 50 Accumulation (%) 0 0.1 1 Particle Size (µm) 10 0 Supplementary Figure 1. The particle size distribution of W-15 at% Cr after 20 hours milling. Supplementary Figure 2. a,b, X-ray
More informationEffects of Hot Extrusion Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of RS P/M Al-7Fe-1.4Mo-1.4Si Alloy. Based Composites
ID-1272 Effects of Hot Extrusion Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of RS P/M Al-7Fe-1.4Mo-1.4Si Alloy Based Composites P. Y. Li, S. L. Dai, H. J. Yu, S. C. Chai and Y. R. Li Beijing Institute
More informationEffect of the ITER FW Manufacturing Process on the Microstructure and Properties of a CuCrZr Alloy
Effect of the ITER FW Manufacturing Process on the Microstructure and Properties of a CuCrZr Alloy LIU Danhua ( ), WANG Pinghuai ( ), SONG Yi ( ), LI Qian ( ), CHEN Jiming ( ) Southwestern Institute of
More informationInternational Conference on Material Science and Application (ICMSA 2015)
International Conference on Material Science and Application (ICMSA 2015) Influence of Er on Microstructure and Properties of Al-0.2%Zr-0.06%B Heat-resistant Alloy Conductor Prepared by Continuous ECAE
More informationFast Spreading of Liquid SnPb Solder on Gold-coated Copper Wheel Pattern
J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2010, 26(12), 1143-1147. Fast Spreading of Liquid SnPb Solder on Gold-coated Copper Wheel Pattern Wei Liu 1), Lei Zhang 1), K.J. Hsia 2) and J.K. Shang 1,3) 1) Shenyang National
More informationEffect of cyclic recovery heat treatment on surface recrystallization of a directionally solidified superalloy
Effect of cyclic recovery heat treatment on surface recrystallization of a directionally solidified superalloy Guang XIE 1, Jian ZHANG 1, 2, Lang-hong LOU 1 1. Superalloys Division, Institute of Metal
More informationMechanical Properties and Microstructure of Pure Copper Joints Brazed with Amorphous Cu68.5Ni15.7Sn9.3P6.5 Filler Metal
Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Pure Copper Joints Brazed with Amorphous Cu68.5Ni15.7Sn9.3P6.5 Filler Metal Jing Zhang 1,*, Weiyuan Yu 2, Wenjiang Lu 2 1 School of Physics and Mechanical-Electrical
More informationUndercooling, Microstructures and Hardness of Sn-Rich Pb-Free Solders on Cu-xZn Alloy Under Bump Metallurgies
Materials Transactions, Vol. 50, No. 9 (2009) pp. 2291 to 2296 #2009 The Japan Institute of Metals Undercooling, Microstructures and Hardness of Sn-Rich Pb-Free Solders -xzn Alloy Under Bump Metallurgies
More informationElectromigration in Sn Pb solder strips as a function of alloy composition
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 88, NUMBER 10 15 NOVEMBER 2000 Electromigration in Sn Pb solder strips as a function of alloy composition C. Y. Liu, a) Chih Chen, b) and K. N. Tu c) Department of Materials
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: [CAS Chinese Academy of Sciences] On: 6 June 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 929413865] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationSEM Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging of Dislocation Structures in Fatigued [017] Cu Single Crystals Oriented for Critical Double Slip
Materials Transactions, Vol. 51, No. 5 (2010) pp. 887 to 891 #2010 The Japan Institute of Metals SEM Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging of Dislocation Structures in Fatigued [017] Cu Single Crystals
More informationEffect of the Substrate Distance on the Mechanical Properties of SnBi-χAl2O3 Joint Welded by Ultrasonic-assisted Brazing
3rd International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Information Technology Applications (ICMMITA 2015) Effect of the Substrate Distance on the Mechanical Properties of SnBi-χAl2O3 Joint Welded by
More informationIntermetallic Reactions in a Sn-20In-2.8Ag Solder Ball-Grid-Array Package with Au/Ni/Cu Pads
Journal of ELECTRONIC MATERIALS, Vol. 34, No. 11, 2005 Regular Issue Paper Intermetallic Reactions in a Sn-20In-2.8Ag Solder Ball-Grid-Array Package with Au/Ni/Cu Pads HUI-MIN WU, 1,2 FENG-CHIH WU, 1 and
More informationElectric current effect on microstructure of ball grid array solder joint
Journal of Alloys and Compounds 392 (2005) 237 246 Electric current effect on microstructure of ball grid array solder joint B.Y. Wu, Y.C. Chan Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of
More informationSTUDY ON SOLID-PHASE WELDING OF FINE-GRAINED HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL WITH 40Cr STEEL
Study Rev. Adv. on solid-phase Mater. Sci. 33 welding (2013) of 97-101 fine-grained hypereutectoid steel with 40Cr steel 97 STUDY ON SOLID-PHASE WELDING OF FINE-GRAINED HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL WITH 40Cr STEEL
More informationGlobal Journal of Engineering Science and Research Management
DIFFUSION BONDING OF AL ALLOY USING DIFFERENT IINTERLAYERS Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmed A. Akbar*, Samer K. Khaleel * Asst. Prof. Dr. at University of Technology, Production Engineering and Metallurgy, Iraq
More informationStrengthening of Platinum-5 wt.% Copper by Heat Treatment
DOI: 1.1595/1471677X187173 Strengthening of Platinum-5 wt.% Copper by Heat Treatment By Chumani Mshumi and Candy Lang* Centre for Materials Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 771, South Africa;
More informationIntroduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 7: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms. Dr. Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 7: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms Dr. Coates An edge dislocation moves in response to an applied shear stress dislocation motion 7.1 Introduction
More informationIn recent years, increasing environmental and health concerns
CHINA FOUNDRY Vol.9 No.4 Research on lamellar structure and micro-hardness of directionally solidified Sn-58Bi eutectic alloy *Hu Xiaowu, Li Ke and Ai Fanrong (School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering,
More informationThe Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th ed Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phulé. Chapter 7 Strain Hardening and Annealing
The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th ed Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phulé Chapter 7 Strain Hardening and Annealing 1 Objectives of Chapter 7 To learn how the strength of metals and alloys is
More informationCHAPTER 3 SELECTION AND PROCESSING OF THE SPECIMEN MATERIAL
54 CHAPTER 3 SELECTION AND PROCESSING OF THE SPECIMEN MATERIAL 3.1 HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINIUM ALLOY In the proposed work, 7075 Al alloy (high strength) has been identified, as a material for the studies on
More informationMean-time-to-failure study of flip chip solder joints on CuÕNi V ÕAl thin-film under-bump-metallization
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 94, NUMBER 9 1 NOVEMBER 2003 Mean-time-to-failure study of flip chip solder joints on CuÕNi V ÕAl thin-film under-bump-metallization W. J. Choi, a) E. C. C. Yeh, b) and
More informationThe Research on Welding Sources and Ni Interlayer Synergy Regulation in Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding of Mg and Al Joints
The Research on Welding Sources and Ni Interlayer Synergy Regulation in Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding of Mg and Al Joints Hongyang Wang, Gang Song, Baoqiang Feng, and Liming Liu ( ) Key Laboratory of Liaoning
More informationME254: Materials Engineering Second Midterm Exam 1 st semester December 10, 2015 Time: 2 hrs
ME254: Materials Engineering Second Midterm Exam 1 st semester 1436-1437 December 10, 2015 Time: 2 hrs Problem 1: (24 points) A o = π/4*d o 2 = π/4*17 2 = 227 mm 2 L o = 32 mm a) Determine the following
More informationDiffusive phase transformation in a Cu Zn alloy under rapid heating by electropulsing
PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE LETTERS, MAY 2004 VOL. 84, NO. 5, 341 348 Diffusive phase transformation in a Cu Zn alloy under rapid heating by electropulsing Yizhou Z. Zhouy Lehrstuhl Werkstoffkunde und Technologie
More informationElectromigration in Flip Chip Solder Joints
Electromigration in Flip Chip Solder Joints K.N. Tu Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, UCLA 1. Introduction 2. Why does electromigration in solder joint become a reliability problem? 3. Electromigration
More informationThis document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore.
This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Title Author(s) Citation Effect of Ni P thickness on solid-state interfacial reactions between Sn 3.5Ag solder
More informationGrowth of Intermetallic Compounds during Isothermal Annealing of a Sn-Ag-Cu Lead-free Solder
Accepted for publication in Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, Emerald, United Kingdom, 2004, in press. Growth of Intermetallic Compounds during Isothermal Annealing of a Sn-Ag-Cu Lead-free Solder S.L.
More informationGrowth Kinetics of Reaction Layers in Flip Chip Joints with Cu-cored Lead-free Solder Balls
Materials Transactions, Vol. 5, No. 3 () pp. 75 to 75 Special Issue on Lead-Free Soldering in Electronics # The Japan Institute of Metals Growth Kinetics of Reaction Layers in Flip Chip Joints with Cu-cored
More informationRecrystallization Effect and Electric Flame-Off Characteristic of Thin Copper Wire
Materials Transactions, Vol. 47, No. 7 (2006) pp. 1776 to 1781 #2006 The Japan Institute of Metals Recrystallization Effect and Electric Flame-Off Characteristic of Thin Copper Wire Fei-Yi Hung*, Yuan-Tin
More informationMicroelectronics Reliability
Microelectronics Reliability 53 (2013) 899 905 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Microelectronics Reliability journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/microrel Ex situ observations of
More informationEffects of Minor Fe, Co, and Ni Additions on the Reaction Between SnAgCu Solder and Cu
Effects of Minor Fe, Co, and Ni Additions on the Reaction Between SnAgCu Solder and Cu Y. W. Wang, C. R. Kao* Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 106, Taiwan
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
More informationUniaxial Ratcheting Behaviors of Metals with Different Crystal Structures or Values of Fault Energy: Macroscopic Experiments
J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 11, 7(5), 5-5. Uniaxial Ratcheting Behaviors of Metals with Different Crystal Structures or Values of Fault Energy: Macroscopic Experiments Guozheng Kang 1), Yujie Liu ), Yawei
More informationMicrostructural characterization of tin lead and lead free solder joint interface
Inter. Symp. on Advanced Materials and Processing, ISAMP-2007, 29-30 Oct. 2007, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot. Microstructural characterization of tin lead and lead free solder joint interface
More informationInfluence of Thermal Cycling on the Microstructure and Shear Strength of Sn3.5Ag0.75Cu and Sn63Pb37 Solder Joints on Au/Ni Metallization
68 J. Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol.23 No.1, 2007 Influence of Thermal Cycling on the Microstructure and Shear Strength of Sn3.5Ag0.75Cu and Sn63Pb37 Solder Joints on Au/Ni Metallization Hongtao CHEN 1,2),
More informationSIDE WALL WETTING INDUCED VOID FORMATION DUE TO SMALL SOLDER VOLUME IN MICROBUMPS OF Ni/SnAg/Ni UPON REFLOW
SIDE WALL WETTING INDUCED VOID FORMATION DUE TO SMALL SOLDER VOLUME IN MICROBUMPS OF Ni/SnAg/Ni UPON REFLOW Y. C. Liang 1, C. Chen 1, *, and K. N. Tu 2 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
More informationReaction of Sn to Nanocrystalline Surface Layer of Cu by Near Surface Severe Plastic Deformation
Solid State Phenomena Vol. 127 (2007) pp 115-120 Online available since 2007/Sep/15 at www.scientific.net (2007) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.127.115 Reaction
More informationElectromigration failure mechanisms for SnAg3.5 solder bumps on Ti/Cr-Cu/Cu and Ni P /Au metallization pads
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 96, NUMBER 8 15 OCTOBER 2004 Electromigration failure mechanisms for SnAg3.5 solder bumps on Ti/Cr-Cu/Cu and Ni P /Au metallization pads T. L. Shao, Y. H. Chen, S. H.
More informationOpen Research Online The Open University s repository of research publications and other research outputs
Open Research Online The Open University s repository of research publications and other research outputs Effect of electric current pulses on the microstructure and niobium carbide precipitates in a ferritic-pearlitic
More informationBall shear strength and fracture mode of lead-free solder joints prepared using nickel nanoparticle doped flux
Ball shear strength and fracture mode of lead-free solder joints prepared using nickel nanoparticle doped flux G. K. Sujan a, A. S. M. A. Haseeb a, *, Chong Hoe Jian b, Amalina Afifi a a Department of
More informationThe reliability of copper pillar under the coupling of thermal cycling and electric current stressing
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2016) 27:9748 9754 DOI 10.1007/s10854-016-5038-8 The reliability of copper pillar under the coupling of thermal cycling and electric current stressing Hui-Cai Ma 1 Jing-Dong
More informationINTERFACE-CORRELATED BONDING PROPERTIES OF A ROLL BONDED AL-CU SHEET
THE 19 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS INTERFACE-CORRELATED BONDING PROPERTIES OF A ROLL BONDED AL-CU SHEET K.S. Lee 1*, Y.N. Kwon 1 1 Light Metal Division, Korea Institute of Materials
More informationInfluence of Phosphorus on Deformation Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of IN718 Alloy
Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and Derivatives 2005 Edited by E.A. Loria TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2005 Influence of Phosphorus on Deformation Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of IN718
More informationMicrostructure Evolution of Polycrystalline Pure Nickel during Static Recrystallization 1
Materials Transactions, Vol. 43, No. 9 (2002) pp. 2243 to 2248 c 2002 The Japan Institute of Metals Microstructure Evolution of Polycrystalline Pure Nickel during Static Recrystallization 1 Makoto Hasegawa
More informationInterfacial state and characteristics of cold-sprayed copper coatings on aluminum substrate
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering OPEN ACCESS Interfacial state and characteristics of cold-sprayed copper coatings on aluminum substrate To cite this article: Yuichiro Yamauchi
More informationLocal microstructure evolution at shear bands in metallic glasses with nanoscale phase separation
Supplementary Information Local microstructure evolution at shear bands in metallic glasses with nanoscale phase separation Jie He 1,2, Ivan Kaban 2,3, Norbert Mattern 2, Kaikai Song 2, Baoan Sun 2, Jiuzhou
More informationME 254 MATERIALS ENGINEERING 1 st Semester 1431/ rd Mid-Term Exam (1 hr)
1 st Semester 1431/1432 3 rd Mid-Term Exam (1 hr) Question 1 a) Answer the following: 1. Do all metals have the same slip system? Why or why not? 2. For each of edge, screw and mixed dislocations, cite
More informationEFFECT OF THERMAL AGING ON THE IMC LAYER BETWEEN SnAgSb SOLDER AND Cu SUBSTRATE. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
EFFECT OF THERMAL AGING ON THE IMC LAYER BETWEEN SnAgSb SOLDER AND Cu SUBSTRATE W. Shualdi 1, I. Ahmad 1, G. Omar 2 and A. Isnin 3 1 Department of Electrical, Electronic and System, Faculty of Engineering,
More informationELSAYED Ayman*, IMAI Hisashi**, UMEDA Junko** and KONDOH Katsuyoshi*** Abstract
Effect of Consolidation and Extrusion Temperatures on Tensile Properties of Hot Extruded ZK61 Magnesium Alloy Gas Atomized Powders via Spark Plasma Sintering ELSAYED Ayman*, IMAI Hisashi**, UMEDA Junko**
More informationInfluences of Recovery and Recrystallization Interannealing on Properties of Hard Drawn Aluminium Wire
2017 Asia-Pacific Engineering and Technology Conference (APETC 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-443-1 Influences of Recovery and Recrystallization Interannealing on Properties of Hard Drawn Aluminium Wire Xuexia
More informationA PROMISING PREPARATION METHOD FOR AL/7075-B4C/AL LAYERED COMPOSITE BY CONTINUOUS CASTING AND HOT ROLLING
A PROMISING PREPARATION METHOD FOR AL/7075-B4C/AL LAYERED COMPOSITE BY CONTINUOUS CASTING AND HOT ROLLING Yubo Zhang*,Yingshui Yu, Tingju Li Key Laboratory of Solidification Control and Digital Preparation
More informationThe Effect of Cu and Ni on the Structure and Properties of the IMC Formed by the Reaction of Liquid Sn-Cu Based Solders with Cu Substrate
WDS'08 Proceedings of Contributed Papers, Part III, 220 224, 2008. ISBN 978-80-7378-067-8 MATFYZPRESS The Effect of Cu and Ni on the Structure and Properties of the IMC Formed by the Reaction of Liquid
More informationDevelopment of a High-Deformability Linepipe with Resistance to Strain-aged Hardening by HOP (Heat-treatment On-line Process)
JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 12 (Oct. 28) Development of a High-Deformability Linepipe with Resistance to Strain-aged Hardening by HOP (Heat-treatment On-line Process) OKATSU Mitsuhiro *1 SHIKANAI Nobuo *2
More informationStrain-rate sensitivity of tensile behaviors for nickel-based superalloys GH3044 and GH4033 at room temperature
Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences Vol. 23, October 2016, pp. 336-340 Strain-rate sensitivity of tensile behaviors for nickel-based superalloys GH3044 and GH4033 at room temperature Changying
More informationCharacterization of Coined Solder Bumps on PCB Pads
Characterization of Coined Solder Bumps on PCB Pads Jae-Woong Nah, Kyung W. Paik, Won-Hoe Kim*, and Ki-Rok Hur** Department of Materials Sci. & Eng., Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
More informationArch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 2B,
Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 2B, 1027-1031 DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0147 D. KONCZ-HORVÁTH*#, G. GERGELY*, Z. GÁCSI* WHISKER-LIKE FORMATIONS IN Sn-3.0Ag-Pb ALLOYS In this study, different types of whisker-like
More informationMicrostructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Pure Cu Plates
Transactions of JWRI, Vol.41 (2012), No. 1 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Pure Cu Plates SUN Yufeng*, XU Nan**, MORISADA Yoshiaki***, FUJII Hidetoshi*** Abstract The process
More informationStructure and Kinetics of Sn Whisker Growth on Pb-free Solder Finish
Structure and Kinetics of Sn Whisker Growth on Pb-free Solder Finish *W. J. Choi, T. Y Lee, and K. N. Tu Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1595 N. Tamura, R. S. Celestre,
More informationInterfacial Reactions between the Sn-9Zn Solder and Au/Ni/SUS304 Multi-layer Substrate
, July 6-8, 2011, London, U.K. Interfacial Reactions between the Sn-9Zn Solder and Au/Ni/SUS304 Multi-layer Substrate *Yee-Wen Yen 1, Chien-Chung Jao 2, Kuo-Sing Chao 1, Shu-Mei Fu Abstract Sn-9Zn lead-free
More informationThermal cyclic test for Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu solders on high P Ni/Au and Ni/Pd/Au surface finishes
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences (JMES) ISSN (Print): 2289-4659; e-issn: 2231-8380; Volume 9, pp. 1572-1579, December 2015 Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.9.2015.4.0152
More informationThe Effects of Superheating Treatment on Distribution of Eutectic Silicon Particles in A357-Continuous Stainless Steel Composite.
Please cite this paper as M. N. Mazlee & J. B. Shamsul. (2012). The Effects of Superheating Treatment on Distribution of Eutectic Silicon Particles in A357-Continuous Stainless Steel Composite, Advanced
More informationMicrostructural and hardness gradients in Cu processed by high pressure surface rolling
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Microstructural and hardness gradients in Cu processed by high pressure surface rolling He, Q. Y.; Zhu, X.-M.; Mei, Q. S.; Hong, Chuanshi; Wu, G. L.; Huang,
More informationMicrostructural and hardness gradients in Cu processed by high pressure surface rolling
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 22, 2018 Microstructural and hardness gradients in Cu processed by high pressure surface rolling He, Q. Y.; Zhu, X.-M.; Mei, Q. S.; Hong, Chuanshi; Wu, G. L.; Huang,
More informationEffects of Ga addition on the wetting properties and tensile properties of Sn-Zn-Ag solder alloys
Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences Vol. 21, December 2014, pp. 621-627 Effects of Ga addition on the wetting properties and tensile properties of Sn-Zn-Ag solder alloys Kang-I Chen a *,
More informationCryorolling of Al 5083 Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties at Various Post Annealing Temperatures
International Journal of Current Science, Engineering & Technology Original Research Article Open Access AMCT 2017 Malaysia Special Issue ISSN : 2581-4311 Cryorolling of Al 5083 Alloy: Microstructure and
More informationReaction of Sn-Bearing Solders with Nickel-based Under Bump Metallisations
STR/03/069/ST Reaction of Sn-Bearing Solders with Nickel-based Under Bump Metallisations G. Qi, M. He and Z. Chen Abstract This work relates to wafer bumping technologies for flip chip packaging applications
More informationImperfections, Defects and Diffusion
Imperfections, Defects and Diffusion Lattice Defects Week5 Material Sciences and Engineering MatE271 1 Goals for the Unit I. Recognize various imperfections in crystals (Chapter 4) - Point imperfections
More informationIntermetallic Compounds Formed in Sn-20In-2.8Ag Solder BGA Packages with Ag/Cu Pads C.C. Jain, S.S. Wang, K.W. Huang, and T.H.
JMEPEG ÓASM International DOI: 10.1007/s11665-008-9292-7 1059-9495/$19.00 Intermetallic Compounds Formed in Sn-20In-2.8Ag Solder BGA Packages with Ag/Cu Pads C.C. Jain, S.S. Wang, K.W. Huang, and T.H.
More informationEffect of Magnesium Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lead-Free Zinc-Silver Solder Alloys
Effect of Magnesium Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lead-Free Zinc-Silver Solder Alloys Md. Anisul Islam * and Ahmed Sharif Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering,
More informationRecrystallization of Sn Grains due to Thermal Strain in Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu-0.05Ni Solder
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 4 (2004) pp. 1383 to 1390 #2004 The Japan Institute of Metals EXPRESS REGULAR ARTICLE Recrystallization of Sn Grains due to Thermal Strain in Sn-1.2Ag-0.5Cu-0.05Ni
More informationThis document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore.
This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Title Author(s) Citation Effect of post-reflow cooling rate on intermetallic compound formation between Sn
More informationSolid State Transformations
Solid State Transformations Symmetrical Tilt Boundary The misorientation θ between grains can be described in terms of dislocations (Fig. 1). Inserting an edge dislocation of Burgers vector b is like forcing
More informationMicrostructures and Properties of Sintered Cu-MoS2/Cu Functional Gradient Materials Ai-Qin Wanga1,*, Ting-Ting Liangb1, Dou-Qin Mac1and Jing-Pei Xied2
International Conference on Manufacturing Engineering and Intelligent Materials (ICMEIM 217) Microstructures and Properties of Sintered -MoS2/ Functional Gradient Materials Ai-Qin Wanga1,*, Ting-Ting Liangb1,
More informationEffect of the Twins on Mechanical Properties of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Wire Using Electrical Current Method
Materials Transactions, Vol. 52, No. 1 (2011) pp. 25 to 30 #2011 The Japan Institute of Metals Effect of the Twins on Mechanical Properties of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Wire Using Electrical Current Method
More informationSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS WITH ADDITIONS OF TRANSITION METALS PRODUCED VIA COUPLED RAPID SOLIDIFICATION AND HOT EXTRUSION
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS WITH ADDITIONS OF TRANSITION METALS PRODUCED VIA COUPLED RAPID SOLIDIFICATION AND HOT EXTRUSION KULA Anna 1, BLAZ Ludwik 1 1 AGH University of Science and Technology,
More informationEffect of Specimen Size and Aging on Tensile Properties of Sn-Ag-Cu Lead-Free Solders
Materials Transactions, Vol. 49, No. 5 (8) pp. 1175 to 1179 #8 The Japan Institute of Metals Effect of Specimen Size and Aging on Tensile Properties of Sn-Ag-Cu Lead-Free Solders Ikuo Shohji 1, Tsutomu
More informationEffect of zirconium addition on the recrystallization behaviour of a commercial Al Cu Mg alloy
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 6, December 001, pp. 643 648. Indian Academy of Sciences. Effect of zirconium addition on the recrystallization behaviour of a commercial Al Cu Mg alloy K T KASHYAP Department
More informationNi Nanobuffer Layer Provides Light-Weight CNT/Cu Fibers with Superior
Supporting Information Ni Nanobuffer Layer Provides Light-Weight CNT/Cu Fibers with Superior Robustness, Conductivity and Ampacity Jingyun Zou,, Dandan Liu, Jingna Zhao, Ligan Hou, Tong Liu, Xiaohua Zhang,
More informationJOINING THE DIFFERENT MATERIALS USING FRICTION WELDING A REVIEW
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015 S R Divagar and M Muthu Kumaran, 2015 Review Article ISSN 2278 0149 www.ijmerr.com Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2015 2015 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved JOINING THE DIFFERENT
More informationWrought Aluminum I - Metallurgy
Wrought Aluminum I - Metallurgy Northbrook, IL www.imetllc.com Copyright 2015 Industrial Metallurgists, LLC Course learning objectives Explain the composition and strength differences between the alloy
More informationEffect of Zn content on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of Mg-Mn alloy
Effect of Zn content on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of Mg-Mn alloy *Yin Dongsong 1, Zhang Erlin 2 and Zeng Songyan 1 (1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin
More informationA study aimed at characterizing the interfacial structure in a tin silver solder on nickel-coated copper plate during aging
Sādhanā Vol. 33, Part 3, June 2008, pp. 251 259. Printed in India A study aimed at characterizing the interfacial structure in a tin silver solder on nickel-coated copper plate during aging D C LIN 1,
More informationInterface Reaction Between Electroless Ni Sn P Metallization and Lead-Free Sn 3.5Ag Solder with Suppressed Ni 3 P Formation
Journal of ELECTRONIC MATERIALS, Vol. 43, No. 11, 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-014-3306-z Ó 2014 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Interface Reaction Between Electroless Ni Sn P Metallization and Lead-Free
More informationY. Zhou, X. Zhou, Q. Teng, Q.S. Wei, Y.S. Shi
Investigation on the scan strategy and property of 316L stainless steel-inconel 718 functionally graded materials fabricated by selective laser melting Y. Zhou, X. Zhou, Q. Teng, Q.S. Wei, Y.S. Shi State
More informationLead-Free Solder Bump Technologies for Flip-Chip Packaging Applications
Lead-Free Solder Bump Technologies for Flip-Chip Packaging Applications Zaheed S. Karim 1 and Jim Martin 2 1 Advanced Interconnect Technology Ltd. 1901 Sunley Centre, 9 Wing Yin Street, Tsuen Wan, Hong
More informationRepair of Structural Steel Surface Groove by Using Diffusion Welding of Pure Iron Powder
A R C H I V E S of F O U N D R Y E N G I N E E R I N G Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences ISSN (897-0) Volume 6 Issue /06 05 0 9/ Repair of Structural
More informationEffects of Metallographic Structures on the Properties of High-Performance Phosphor Bronze
Effects of Metallographic Structures on the Properties of High-Performance Phosphor Bronze by Kuniteru Mihara *, Tatsuhiko Eguchi *, Takashi Yamamoto * and Akihiro Kanamori * As electronic equipment such
More information