Improvement in the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Inconel 718 Superalloy by HIP Treatment
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1 Materials Transactions, Vol., No. () pp. to # The Japan Institute of Metals EXPRESS REGULAR ARTICLE Improvement in the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Inconel Superalloy by HIP Treatment Shih-Chin Lee, Shih-Hsien Chang ; *, Tzu-Piao Tang, Hsin-Hung Ho and Jhewn-Kuang Chen Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,, R. O. China Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan,, R. O. China Materials and Electro-Optics Research Division of Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Lung-tan, Taiwan,, R. O. China Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is a process that uniquely combines higher pressure and temperature to produce materials and parts with substantially better properties than those by other methods. The aim of this paper is to discuss the methods and to find a suitable process of HIP for Inconel superalloy. In this study, the HIP process parameters considered were; temperatures:,, and K, pressures:,, and MPa, and soaking times of, and hours. The Inconel superalloy is used throughout this study. To evaluate the effects of microstructure and tensile properties of alloy by HIP process, tensile test at two different strain rates at room and high temperature were evaluated. The microstructure, TEM and XRD inspections were performed. The experiment results show that at K, MPa, hours of HIP treatment for Inconel superalloy was optimal. It can improve the microstructure and tensile properties of castings. Through the optimal HIP treatment, the grain sizes are uniform and the segregated structure is improved. At fast strain rate (. s ), it increased the tensile strength by % at 9 K, % at K, and % at 9 K. The.% yield strength increased % at 9 K, % at K, and % at 9 K. Meanwhile the elongation increased % at 9 K, % at K, and % at 9 K after tension tests. When the strain rate was very slowly (. s ), it also increased the tensile strength by % at 9 K and % at K. The.% yield strength increased 9% at 9 K and % at K. The elongation increased % at 9 K and % at K. [doi:./matertrans..] (Received March, ; Accepted October, ; Published November, ) Keywords: Hot Isostatic Pressing, Inconel superalloy, tensile strength,.% yield strength, elongation. Introduction Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) was developed during the 9s mainly for cladding nuclear fuel elements. HIP process applies heat and pressure within an enclosed vessel to consolidate or densify materials such as castings. Functions of HIP processes include defect healing of castings, post densification of container less sintered parts, and diffusion bonding of dissimilar materials. However, its major application is still for eliminating casting defects. It was widely used in the casting industry to remove the internal porosity generated during the casting process. This results in improved strength, ductility and fatigue life of castings. ) Inconel superalloy is the most widely used superalloy for aerospace applications. The alloy which has decent corrosion resistance, high strength and ambient temperature and excellent creep and fatigue strengths at high temperature. ) alloy typically consists of (Ni (Al, Ti)) dispersed in a matrix and the strength increases with increasing volume fraction of ; it strengthened by the intermetallic precipitate (Ni Nb). alloy used widely in the manufacturing of commercial and military aircraft engine components. Several advanced melting and casting techniques have been developed for this alloy, but the melt related problems such as segregation, porosity and laves phase leading to degrade the mechanical properties of the alloys.,9) HIP is one of the most powerful techniques to eliminate and improve the defects of alloy. In this study, the effects of different HIP treatments on *Corresponding author, technical.abp@assab.com.tw Inconel superalloys, and their influential parameters of HIP process were performed. The HIP equipment was from USA Flow Pressure systems. After HIP treatment, the solution and age hardening were performed in a commercial Germanic SCHMETZ vacuum furnace. Solution treatment was performed at K for hour followed by nitrogen cooling, aged at 99 K for hour, furnace cooling ( K/h) to 9 K, soaking for hour, and then air cooling to room temperature. ) Tension tests for alloy were conducted at room and a high temperature. X-ray diffraction and TEM microstructure inspection were used to evaluate the effects of different HIP treatments for this alloy.. Experimental In this study, the chemical composition (mass%) of the HIP for Inconel superalloy is as follows:.9% Ni,.% Cr,.% Mo,.% Nb,.% Al,.% Ti, 9.% Fe,.% Mn,.% C,.% V,.% W and % Co. The alloys were prepared by vacuum induction melting. After melting, the alloy was solidified into square plate castings. All the specimens of tension test obtain from the castings by WEDM (wire electrical discharge machining). The specimen sizes of the tension test (CNS G) are shown in Fig.. For the tension test, a SHIMADZU universal material test machine with a maximum load of tons was used. The key parameters of HIP process include: temperature, pressure and soaking time. In this study, various HIP process parameters were used including four different temperatures:,, and K; four different pressures:,
2 S.-C. Lee, S.-H. Chang, T.-P. Tang, H.-H. Ho and J.-K. Chen Stress (σ /MPa) K TS 9K TS 9K.% YS K.%YS 9K.% YS K tensile 9K tensile K K K K K K Fig. The specimen size of tension test for Inconel superalloy., and MPa; and three different soaking time:, and hours. In the beginning, we first fixed the pressure at MPa and hours soaking time of HIP process, followed by HIP treatment at four different temperatures for alloy in order to determine the optimal temperature of HIP process. Secondly, the temperature and soaking time ( hours) were fixed and the pressure of HIP process as varied to determine the best pressure of HIP process. Finally, determined temperature and pressure of HIP process were used to establish the optimal soaking time of HIP process. Inconel superalloy is generally both solution and precipitation strengthened. The mechanical properties depend on the morphology, size and contents of, and phases in alloy. ) In this study, all the test specimens of alloy after HIP treatment were placed in a vacuum furnace and then solutionized at K for hour followed by nitrogen cooling, aged at 99 K for hours, furnace cooling ( K/h) to 9 K, soaking for hours, and finally air cooling to room temperature. Fig. Comparison of tensile strength and.% yield strength, elongation for and different HIP temperature treatment for Inconel superalloy (Strain rate =. s ). K K TS 9K.%YS K.%YS K K K K K tensile K Fig. Comparison of tensile strength and.% yield strength, elongation for and different HIP temperature treatment for Inconel superalloy (Strain rate =. s ).. Result and Discussion The main effects on the mechanical properties of alloy are segregation and porosity that form in casting. Most of the nickel-based superalloys used vacuum melting in production, but the segregation, porosity and non-uniformity of the microstructure generated during solidification. These defects degrade the mechanical properties of the alloys. 9) Figure shows the tensile strength,.% yield strength and elongation measured at room temperature, and 9 K for alloy after HIP treatment at different temperatures. The strain rate of. s is tried. The tensile strength,.% temperature less than K, but decreases when the HIP temperature reaches K. The maximum tensile strength,.% yield strength and elongation appeared for K HIP alloy. Increasing the HIP temperature will help the solution of alloying elements, and enhance the tensile strength. Figure shows the similar result, but with a strain rate of. s and the test temperatures of 9 and K. The slower strain rate condition proved more obvious for increasing the tensile strength of alloy. This result can be seen for specimen after HIP treatment at K, where the tensile strength is at its highest value. ) Figure represents the tensile strength,.% yield MPa K TS 9K TS 9K.%YS K.%YS 9K.%YS MPa strength and elongation measured at 9, and 9 K for alloy after HIP treatment at different pressures. The strain rate of. s is applied. The tensile strength,.% pressure less than MPa, but decreases when the HIP pressure reaches MPa. The maximum tensile strength,.% yield strength and elongation appeared for alloy HIP at MPa. Figure shows with a strain rate of. s and the test temperatures of 9 and K. The same situation is that slower strain rate condition proved more helpful for increasing the tensile strength of alloy. Elongation(%) MPa K tensile 9K tensile MPa Fig. Comparison of tensile strength and.% yield strength, elongation for and different HIP pressure treatment for Inconel superalloy (Strain rate =. s ).
3 Improvement in the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Inconel Superalloy by HIP Treatment 9 K TS 9K.%YS K.%YS K tensile K TS 9K.%YS K.%YS K tensile MPa MPa MPa MPa h h h h Fig. Comparison of tensile strength and.% yield strength, elongation for and different HIP pressure treatment for Inconel superalloy (Strain rate =. s ). Fig. Comparison of tensile strength and.% yield strength, elongation for and different HIP soaking time treatment for Inconel superalloy (Strain rate =. s ). K TS 9K TS 9K.%YS K.%YS 9K.%YS h h In this study, it was found that the pressure of HIP treatment is not completely proportional to the tensile strength of alloys. For HIP treatment at the highest pressure of MPa in this study, that will cause the pore and flaws to expand and then reduce the tensile strength and.% yield strength. It shows the HIP temperature kept at K and holding time is hours, the optimal pressure of HIP for alloy is MPa. ) The tensile strength,.% yield strength and elongation comparisons of 9, and 9 K for alloy after HIP treatment at different soaking time are shown in Fig.. The strain rate of. s is used. The tensile strength,.% soaking time. Increase the soaking time of HIP, both of the strength and elongation are rapidly to rise up. Because extended the soaking time of HIP treatment is helpful to eliminate the porosities of alloy. Increasing the soaking time of HIP will enhance the effects of NbC and precipitation-strength phases. ) The maximum tensile strength,.% yield strength and elongation appeared for hours soaking time of HIP alloy. It can increase the tensile strength by % at 9 K, % at K, and % at 9 K. Also, the elongation of alloy increases about % at 9 K and % at K and % at 9 K after tension tests. Figure represents with a strain rate of. s and the test temperatures of 9 and K. It also increased the tensile strength by % at 9 K and % at K. The Elongation(%) K tensile 9K tensile h h Fig. Comparison of tensile strength and.% yield strength, elongation for and different HIP soaking time treatment for Inconel superalloy (Strain rate =. s ). elongation is increase % at 9 K and % at K. This result can be seen for specimen after HIP treatment at hours soaking time, where the tensile strength,.% yield strength and elongation are at its highest value. In this experiment, the hardness of alloy after solutionized and aged treatments is. HRC. After K, MPa, hours HIP treatment, the hardness of alloy can reach. HRC. Even after and 9 K temperature tension tests, the hardness of HIP-ed sample is keep the same hardness, it is slowly to decrease the hardness after high temperature tension test. HIP process can densify casting which show the improvement of strength, ductility and fatigue life with significantly less variation from lot to lot. The optical microstructure of alloy after solutionized and aged treatment is shown in Fig.. That contains a severe segregation and casting microstructure of coarse grain sizes (9 mm), which can t to remove from the casting structure. Beside, there are a few porosities existing on the microstructure of alloy castings. Figure shows the optical microstructures of alloy through the K, MPa, hours HIP treatment. It shows the grain sizes ( mm) are uniform and the segregated structure is improved. And the twin microstructure was appeared in the grain boundary. After HIP treatment, the porosity was significantly reduced. HIP is always used to close pores and flaws by plastic flow. In this study, it can reduce the density of porosity up to about % after K, MPa, hours HIP treatment. Figure 9 is the scanning electron micrographs of asheated and K, MPa, hours HIP treatment for alloy. Figure 9 shows the grain boundary is not obvious. The needle precipitation appeared on the grain boundary. For optimal HIP treatment, more NbC and precipitation exist on the grain boundary and matrix, as shown in Figure 9. HIP will enhance the effects of NbC and precipitation-strength phases. The lump MC carbides appear in the grain-boundaries is helpful for the improvement of stress rupture life. And they can effectually prevent the grain-boundaries sliding. Figure is the TEM micrographs of ed for alloy that showing the precipitation. All the phases are grow up at the same direction. The EDS results in Fig. showed the needle precipitations have more contents of Ni elements. Figure shows the TEM micrographs of K,
4 S.-C. Lee, S.-H. Chang, T.-P. Tang, H.-H. Ho and J.-K. Chen Fig. Optical micrographs of Inconel superalloy, K, MPa, hours HIP treatment. Fig. 9 SEM micrographs of Inconel superalloy, K, MPa, hours HIP treatment. Fig. TEM micrographs and EDS results of precipitation observed for Inconel superalloy. Fig. TEM micrographs and EDS results of and precipitation observed for the K, MPa, hours HIP Inconel superalloy.
5 Improvement in the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Inconel Superalloy by HIP Treatment can increase % at 9 K, % at K after tension tests. () The microstructure of alloy contains a severe segregation and casting microstructure. The phase gradually dissolves as the temperature and pressure increase of HIP treatment. Through the optimal HIP treatment, the grain sizes are uniform and the segregated structure is improved. Acknowledgments Fig. XRD patterns of cast, and HIP for Inconel superalloy cast (c) K, MPa, hours HIP treatment. MPa, hours of HIP treatment for alloy showing and precipitation.,,) The phase gradually dissolves as the temperature and pressure increase of HIP treatment. The low volume fraction of phase appears in the optimal of HIP treatment. However HIP will help the solution of alloying elements, and enhance the effect of NbC and the precipitation strengthening of phase. Figure shows the EDS results of and precipitation for the K, MPa, hours HIP alloy. There are more contents of niobium and titanium for and precipitation. Figure represents the XRD patterns of casting, and HIP for alloy. The primary NbC formed during solidification are large and stable. Figure (c) shows the XRD patterns of alloy after K, MPa, hours HIP treatment. The XRD patterns were identified as the NbC(), (), () and (). ) All the intensities of XRD patterns are larger than those of. It also show that the (), () and NbC() are shown in XRD pattern after HIP.. Conclusion () HIP treatment can improve the microstructure and tensile properties of Inconel superalloy castings. The study results show that K, MPa, hours of HIP treatment for this alloy was optimal process. () At a fast strain rate (. s ), the optimal HIP treatment can increase the tensile strength and.% yield strength by and % at 9 K, and % at K, and % at 9 K. When the strain rate was reduced (. s ), it can increase the tensile strength by and 9% at 9 K, and % at K. () The optimal HIP treatment can increase the elongation of alloy about % at 9 K and % at K and % at 9 K. In slowly strain rate (. s ), it This research supported by the Materials and Electro- Optics Research Division of Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology Taiwan. Shih-Hsien Chang would also like to express his appreciation for Dr. Harvard Chen and Professor S.F. Wang. REFERENCES ) T. Garvare: Proceedings of the International Conference on Hot Isostatic Pressing-Lulea/ June, (The Swedish Institute of Production Engineering Research, 9) pp.. ) M. Koizumi: Hot Isostatic Pressing Theory and Applications, International Conference on Hot Isostatic Pressing, (Elsevier Applied Science, 99) pp.. ) Flow Autoclave System, Inc.: Hot Isostatic Pressing Applications. ) T. S. Byun and K. Farrell: J. of Nuclear Mater. () ) C. Slama and M. Abdellaoui: J. of Alloys and Comp. (). ) J. Matthew: Superalloys-A Technical Guide, (ASM Inter. 9) pp. 9. ) H. Lu, X. Jia, K. Zhang and C. Yao: Mater. Sci and Eng. A (). ) M. Gao and R. P. Wei: Scri. Metall. (99) ) G. A. Rao and M. Kumar et al.: Mater. Sci and Eng. A (). ) G. A. Rao and M. Srinivas et al.: Mater. Sci. and Eng. A (). ) Materials Handbook Ninth Edition, Volume Heat Treating, (American Society for Metals, 9) pp. 9. ) S. S. Manson: Inconel Alloy, Code, (Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, 9) pp.. ) Q. Chen, N. Kawagoishi and H. Nisitani: Mater. Sci. and Eng. A (). ) H. Song, S. Guo and Z. Hu: Scri. Metall. (999) 9. ) R. B. Li, M. Yao, W. C. Liu and X. C. He: Scri. Metall. (). ) M. D. Charre: The Microstructure of Superalloys, (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 99) pp. 9. ) S. D. Antolovich et al.: Superalloys 99, (The Minerals & Metal & Materials Soc., 99) pp.. ) S. Srinivas and K. S. Prasad et al.: Mater. Character. (99) ) M. K. Miller, S. S. Babu and M. G. Burke: Mater. Sci. and Eng. A (999). ) S. H. Chang and S. C. Lee et al.: IJCMR. 9 (). ) S. H. Chang and S. C. Lee et al.: IJCMR. 9 (). ) S. H. Chang and S. C. Lee et al.: Mater. Trans. (). ) G. A. Rao, M. Srinivas and D. S. Sarma: Mater. Sci and Eng. A () 9. ) M. Gao and R. P. Wei: Scri. Metall. (99) 9. ) B. H. Sencer, G. M. Bond et al.: J. of Nuclear Mater. 9 (). ) W. C. Liu, F. R. Xiao and M. Yao: Scri. Metall. (99).
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