Weld Procedure WP-004-NC. SMAW Carbon Steel Alloys

Transcription

1 Weld Procedure WP-004-NC Rev. (3) SMAW Carbon Steel Alloys Approved By: Susan Q. Jones Susan Q. Jones Quality Assurance Supervisor Released By: JamesSmith James Smith QEHS Manager ACCEPTABLE FOR USE: on (SSP- ) or in compliance with _Tech. Pub. 412 Periodic Random Evaluation for Procedure compliance will be conducted at the job site. NSSA QA Date _05MAY10_Signature B L Jackson_ -1 of 12-

2 WP-004-NC SMAW Carbon Steel Alloys "PRINTED OR OFFLINE VERSIONS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE FOR HISTORICAL USE ONLY, UNLESS SUCH VERSIONS ARE CONTROLLED" Issue Date Revision No. 10/21/10 2 Susan Q. Jones Process Owner Approvals James Smith QEHS Manager Change Description Administrative changes. See paragraphs 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.2, 8.1, 8.6, 8.11, and 132. Deleted S-2 and added HSS and Note 1 to Table I, Modified Title and added Note 1 to Table II, Combined Tables III, IV and V into Table III, Modified Tables II, IV, & V. Changed WPS Lines 3,5, 8, 13, 17, 27, 28, & 29, 30, & 36 Changes in red italicized Font. 1.0 Purpose 7.0 Fabrication Requirements 13.0 Inspection Requirements 2.0 References. 8.0 Pre-Heat and Interpass Temperature 14.0 Related Records 3.0 Base Materials 9.0 Loss of Preheat Requirements 15.0 Forms 4.0 Filler Materials 10.0 Welding Technique 16.0 Document Approval/Change History Record 5.0 Joint Designs 11.0 Interpass Cleaning 6.0 Welding Equipment 12.0 Post Weld Heat Treatment Table I Table II Table III Table IV Table V 1.0 Purpose Base Material NAVSEA S9074-AQ-GIB-010/248 and NAVSEA S9074-AR-GIB-010/278 Filler Material Steel and Steel Base Alloys Applicable Filler Metals When Welding Different Base Metals Pre-Heat and Interpass Temperature Standards Travel Speed (IPM) Table 1.1 This welding procedure has been developed for welding of Carbon Steel Alloys (S-1, and S-11) using the Shielded Metal Arc Welding process (SMAW) manual process. This procedure has been tested and meets the requirements of reference 2.1. This procedure can be used when performing welding in accordance with reference 2.2, 2.3 and This procedure is qualified for use in accordance with reference 2.1, and may be used for all positions of welding with the following thickness and range limitations: a. Groove welds in pipes to unlimited thickness. b. Groove welds in plates to 1.5 thickness. c. Fillet and seal welds in all.058 to unlimited thickness. d. Socket welds on pipe to unlimited thickness. e. Weld build up, base metal build up, and overlay welding. f. The maximum weld deposit allowed is Personnel performing welding operations, including tack welds, shall be qualified to the requirements of reference This procedure is not qualified to weld on or to the hull of submarines. 1.5 This procedure is not qualified to weld S-1 material where the carbon content in base metal is greater than 0.30 percent. 2.0 References 2.1 NAVSEA S9074-AQ-GIB-010/248, Requirements for Welding and Brazing Procedure and Performance Qualification. 2.2 NAVSEA S9074-AR-GIB-010/278, Requirements for Fabrication Welding and Inspection and Casting Inspection and Repair for Machinery, Piping, and Pressure Vessels. 2.3 MIL-STD-1689A, Requirements for Fabrication, Welding and Inspection of Ships Structure. 2.4 NAVSEA T9074-AD-GIB-010/1688, Requirements for Fabrication, Welding and Inspection of Submarine Structure. 2.5 Work Instruction WI-14-VA, Controls for Filler Material. 2.6 MIL-STD-22D, Weld Joint Design. 2.7 NAVSEA T9074-BD-GIB-010/300, Base Materials For Critical Applications: Requirements For Low Alloy Steel Plate, Forgings, Castings, Shapes, Bars, and Heads of HY-80/100/130 And HSLA-80/ of 12-

3 3.0 Base Materials This procedure qualifies for welding of Carbon Steel Alloys of reference 2.1, 2.3 and 2.4. See Table I of this procedure. 4.0 Filler Materials 4.1 Filler metal diameters 3/32 and 1/8 inch are applicable for all positions and 5/32 can only be used in the flat position or horizontal fillets. 4.2 Filler metals for references 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4 shall conform to Table II for the applicable base metal in combinations described in Table III. 4.3 Control of Covered electrodes shall be in accordance with reference 2.5. Ferritic covered electrodes that are removed from hermetically sealed containers and are not issued for immediate use shall be stored in holding ovens at F to F. 5.0 Joint Designs 5.1 This procedure is qualified for applicable weld joints as indicated in reference 2.5, fabrication documents or specifications. Backing is required for Butt Joints welded from one side. 5.2 Preparation of joint surfaces shall be cleaned one inch on both sides of area to be welded. Cleaning may be accomplished by mechanical, machining, or grinding. 5.3 Joints may be aligned using jigs, fixtures, or tack welds. 6.0 Welding Equipment 6.1 Welding equipment for the SMAW process shall be as follows: a. The power supply unit may be a variable voltage rectifier, motor generator, or grid-type unit capable of sustaining a stable arc for the setting and electrode size used. 6.2 Current shall be according to filler metal size as listed: Electrode Diameter MIN-MAX Current Volts Polarity Notes : 3/ AMPS DCRP 1/ AMPS DCRP 5/32 1/ Amps DCRP 1/ Flat and Horizontal Fillets only. 7.0 Fabrication Requirements 7.1 All welding should be accomplished in an area free of drafts that could disrupt the shielding of the arc. When ventilation is used, the exhaust orifice should be at least ten (10) inches away from the welding arc. 7.2 All welding, including tack welds, shall progress symmetrically so that shrinkage stresses created by heat input from welding can be controlled. -3 of 12-

4 7.3 Ensure that the surface of all completed welds is free of all sharp irregularities and foreign matter. Prepare the weld surface to the extent that it will not interfere with inspection procedures or methods. 7.4 Correct unacceptable undercut by welding. 7.5 Final welds shall blend in smoothly with the base material and may be ground as necessary to correct surface irregularities. 7.6 All workmanship inspection requirements shall be in accordance with reference 2.3 and 2.4, as applicable. 8.0 Pre-Heat and Interpass Temperature 8.1 Pre-heat and Interpass temperature control shall be in accordance with Table IV. 8.2 Methods. When required, preheat may be applied by any of the following methods used either singly or in combinations: a. Resistance Heaters b. Radiant and infrared heaters. c. Electrical induction. d. Oxy-fuel torch. 8.3 Heaters. The heating shall be of uniform soaking type, applied preferably by means of electric heaters (resistance or induction) uniformly distributed on or around the area being welded. The spacing and wattage of heaters shall be such as to ensure that the entire welding area is maintained within the required temperature range. 8.4 Control of heating (general). Shielding for protection from wind and inclement weather shall be employed during welding and maintained until the structure has cooled to within approximately 50 0 F of ambient temperature. Control of the required temperature range during welding may be accomplished by distribution of welders or by the use of welding sequence. Cyclic heating and occurrence of temperature differentials greater than F along the joint during welding should be avoided to maintain thermal expansion and contraction stresses at a uniform level. 8.5 Control of minimum temperature. The minimum required temperature shall be established prior to welding. Loss of the minimum required temperature shall require reheating, as necessary, prior to resumption of welding. When welding S-11, see paragraph Control of maximum temperature. The maximum required temperature shall be checked as specified by table IV. If at any time during welding (except during deposition of a weld pass) the base metal temperature is found above the maximum preheat and Interpass temperatures noted in table IV, the weld area shall be allowed to cool to within the required temperature prior to any subsequent welding. 8.7 Torch heating. Hand-held torch heating for HY and HSLA material shall be confined to tack or temporary welding operations or to those applications involving welding within a localized area. Localized area shall be defined as an area not to exceed 20 square inches. When torch heating is used for welding operations other than for tack welding, base material shall be brought up to preheat temperature with sufficient time allowed for heat to soak through the thickness of the parts being welded. Heat shall be applied over an area approximately 6 inches beyond the weld site in all directions. Exceptions to the above are: a. Those instances in which torch heating is used as an accessory device to decrease the time required for reaching preheat temperature on material which is being heated with electric heaters. -4 of 12-

5 b. Those instances in which an element of a weld joint provides insufficient heat sink capacity to warrant the use of electric heaters because of rapid increase of interpass temperature which will occur when welding is initiated. Examples of the latter, are face plates or coamings on lightening and access openings, and flanges on light stiffening members. c. For miscellaneous hanger and attachment welds where the 6 inch distance is impractical, the distance may be reduced to suit job conditions. When torches are used for low temperature (60 to F) preheating, moisture condensate caused by the flame may occur in the weld joint. This moisture should be removed by maintaining metal temperature above ambient temperature until the surface is warm and dry to the touch. 8.8 Temperature checks. Preheat temperature shall be checked prior to welding and interpass temperature shall be checked during welding between weld passes. Temperature measurements may be accomplished using temperature-indicating crayons or pyrometers. 8.9 Preheat temperature measurement. Preheat temperature shall be measured on the surface of the base material on the side from which welding will be performed and within 3 inches of the area to be welded Interpass temperature measurement. Interpass temperature shall be measured on the surface of the base material on the side from which welding will be performed, within 1 inch from the weld joint edge and along the joint within 3 inches of the start of the next weld pass When welding on HSLA-80, HY-80, HY100, or S-1 materials with toughness requirements, the heat input shall be limited to 35,369 J/In (Joules per Inch) for all material thickness by using the minimum travel speed in IPM (Inches per Minute) for a given amperage and voltage combination, as listed Table V. The travel speed table was developed form the formula travel speed (IPM) = Volts x amps x 60/ heat input. Travel speeds may be verified by recording voltage, amperage, time in seconds (s) and measuring bead length as shown below. The travel speed shall then be calculated by the following: travel speed (IPM) = Volts x Amps x time (s) / measured bead length. The calculated travel speed can then be checked against the Table V value to ensure the welder is not exceeding heat input limits. Always round up calculated value for example if travel speed is x.15 IPM round to x.2 IPM if x.13 IPM also round to x.2 IPM. Bead lengths shall be measured from the start of the bead to the trailing edge of the crater. BEAD LENGTH MEASUREMENT PROGRESSION CRATER 9.0 Loss of Preheat Requirements 9.1 When welding S-11 HY-80 in accordance with references 2.3, if the preheat temperature for S-11 (HY-80) material 1-1/8 or greater in thickness drops below F, partially completed welds shall be MT inspected prior to resumption of welding. 9.2 When welding S-11 HY-80 in accordance with references 2.4, if the preheat temperature for S-11 (HY-80) material 1-1/8 or greater in thickness drops below F, partially completed welds shall be MT inspected prior to resumption of welding. -5 of 12-

6 10.0 Welding Technique 10.1 A qualified welder using the procedural data specified herein shall accomplish all welding Vertical weld shall be made using the upward progression technique (Up Hill) Down hill welding shall not be used Weld bead width shall not exceed 3 times the electrode diameter. Starts and stops shall begin in groove or previously deposited layer(s), but not on the base metal Tack welds shall be made with the same grade filler metal, of the same quality as the final weld, and shall be so deposited so as to facilitate incorporation in the final weld Cracked tack welds and those of poor quality or workmanship shall be removed Each weld bead shall be cleaned free of slag, defective starts and stops, etc., prior to the deposition of subsequent weld beads Interpass Cleaning 11.1 Each layer of weld shall be free of scale, spatter, arc strikes and visible defects prior to depositing subsequent layers and final layers shall be like-wise cleaned Before applying weld metal on the reverse side of double welded joints, the joint shall be prepared for welding by mechanical means to remove all unsound weld metal The backgouge shall be visually inspected by a qualified Visual Inspector prior to start of welding Cleaning should be accomplished by using slag picks, hand wire brushes, grinders or burring tools Wire brushes should be of stainless steel materials Aluminum oxide or silicon carbide grinding wheels or carbide tipped rotary files should be used for grinding and burring Care should be taken not to overheat the base or weld metal during grinding When pneumatic tools are used the air supply should be dry and free of oil or other contaminants. -6 of 12-

7 12.0 Post Weld Heat Treatment 12.1 This procedure is qualified for S-1 materials (without impact test requirements) with or without postweld heat treatment. When such treatment is required the holding temperature shall be / F for 1 hour per inch of thickness, but not less than 30 minutes. NOTE: Post Heat Treatment is not authorized for any S-11 materials When post weld heat treatment is required for S-1 materials, it shall be performed within the specified temperature range except that, in all cases, the actual post weld heat treatment holding temperature shall be below the actual tempering temperature of the base materials being welded. The actual post heat treatment holding temperature should be below the actual tempering temperature by approximately 50 degrees F (or more) when this can be accomplished within the post weld heat treatment holding temperature range specified in the fabrication document. In all cases, heat treatment records must show the actual holding temperature for the production pieces and the tempering temperature used by the base metal producer. The minimum tempering temperature may be reported unless the actual tempering temperature must be reported to demonstrate compliance with this requirement. Whenever the actual post weld heat treatment holding temperature falls below the post weld heat treatment holding temperature range specified in the fabrication document and below that qualified, the government must be notified Inspection Requirements 13.1 As-welded surfaces, after final cleaning, shall be considered suitable for inspection if it doesn t interfere with NDT Inspections Non-destructive testing of welds shall comply with the applicable, purchase orders, fabrication document or plan requirements Related Records N/A 15.0 Forms N/A 16.0 Document Approval/Change History Record Issue Date Revision No. 2/25/08 0 Susan Q. Jones Process Owner 3/24/09 1 Susan Q. Jones Process Owner 10/21/10 2 Susan Q. Jones Process Owner Approvals James Smith QA Manager James Smith QEHS Manager James Smith QEHS Manager Initial Release Change Description Changed procedure number. Removed AS and added VA due to business unit name change from Afloat Systems to Naval Technologies and Services Administrative changes. See paragraphs 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.2, 8.1, 8.6, and 132. Deleted S-2 and added HSS and Note 1 to Table I, Added Note 1 to Table II, Combined Tables III, IV and V into Table III, Modified Tables IV, & V. Changed WPS Lines 3,5, 8, 13, 17, 27, 28, & 29, 30, & 36 Changes in red italicized Font. -7 of 12-

8 TABLE I Base Materials 1/ Base Material Applicable Documents Class or Type S-1 Carbon Steel S-11A-1 S-11A-2 S-11C ASTM A178 Tubes Welded ASTM-A216 WCB ASTM-A515 GR55, GR60, GR65, GR70 (Plate) ASTM-A516 GR70 (Plate) WW-P-404 Pipe Seamless and Welded MIL-S GR70-36, GR65-35, GR CW, GR B (Cast) MIL-T Class A & G (Tube Seamless) MIL-S Type V (Forgings) MIL-T Type E (Tube and Pipe) MIL-S GR HT (Shape) MIL-F Flanges, Pipe MIL-F Flanges, Pipe MIL-S Plate, Bar, Shapes (HSS) MIL-S Comp. C (Forgings) MIL-S Class 3 & 4 MIL-S Comp C (Plate) MIL-P Pipe MIL-F Fittings And Flanges MIL-P-24691/1 Grade B (Tube & Pipe) MIL-C-24707/1 ASTM A757, GR A1Q (Castings) GR A2Q ASTM A216, GR WCA (Castings) GR WCB, GR WCC ASTM A 537 Class 2 table I Quenched And Tempered Alloy Steel MIL-S HY-80 (Plate) MIL-S HY-80 (Castings) MIL-S HY-80 (Bars) MIL-S HY-80 (Forgings) MIL-S Class 1 MIL-L HY-80 (Headers) Quenched And Tempered Alloy Steel MIL-S HY-100 (Plate) MIL-S HY-100 (Castings) MIL-S HY-100 (Bars) MIL-S HY-100 (Forgings) MIL-S Class 2 MIL-L HY-100 (Headers) Age Hardened Alloy Steel MIL-S HSLA-80 (Plate, Sheet or Coil) 1/ Equivalent Materials not listed in this table may be used when approved, by NAVSEA or a NAVSEA Authorized Representative, to be listed to the applicable S Group in accordance with S9074-AQ-GIB-010/248 Table I, note 1, check with QA to ensure materials not listed in this table have the requisite approval. -8 of 12-

9 TABLE II WP-004-NC Rev. (3), Issue Date: 05MAY10 NAVSEA S9074-AQ-GIB-010/248 and NAVSEA S9074-AR-GIB-010/278, MIL-STD 1689A and T9074-AD-GIB-010/1688 Filler Material Steel and Steel Base Alloys Group Specification Type A-2A MIL-E-22200/10 MIL-7018-M A-5A MIL-E-22200/1 MIL-E-22200/10 PPD MIL M MIL M1 MIL M 1/ MIL M type electrodes in accordance with MIL-E-22200/1 shall meet the following additional requirements: a. The maximum carbon content shall be 0.07 percent. b. Charpy impact testing shall be performed as part of quality conformance testing. c. Moisture, moisture resistance and diffusible hydrogen testing and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with MIL-E-22200/10. TABLE III 1/ Applicable Filler Metals When Welding Different Base Metals For NAVSEA S9074-AQ-GIB-010/248 and NAVSEA S9074-AR-GIB-010/278, MIL-STD 1689A and T9074-AD-GIB-010/1688 Group Type Specification Application A-5A MIL M1 MIL-E-22200/10 HY-80 TO HY-80 HY-80 TO HSLA-80 HY-80 TO HY-100 MIL M 2 / MIL-E-22200/1 HSLA-80 TO HSLA-80 MIL M 3/ HSLA-80 TO HY-100 A-2A Notes: MIL-7018-M MIL-7018-M MIL-E-22200/10 MIL-E-22200/10 0SS TO HY-80/100, HSLA-80, 4/ HSS TO HY-80/100, HSLA-80, 4/ MIL-S-22698, or other material specified in Table I (S-1) and equivalent materials when approved in accordance with Table I note 1/. 1/ Welding S-11A-2(HY-100) to S-11A-2(HY-100) is not authorized to be welded by this welding procedure. 2/ MIL M type electrodes in accordance with MIL-E-22200/1 shall meet the following additional requirements and shall be specifically approved by NAVSEA. a. The maximum carbon content shall be 0.07 percent. b. Charpy impact testing shall be performed as part of quality conformance testing. c. Moisture, moisture resistance and diffusible hydrogen testing and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with MIL-E-22200/10. 3/ MIL-10718M electrodes must be procured to PPD / Mil-7018-M electrodes are preferred for welding HY-80/HSLA-80 to HSS/OSS. -9 of 12-

10 TABLE IV Pre-Heat and Interpass Temperature Standards Material Thickness Minimum Preheat And Interpass 0 F Maximum Preheat And Interpass 0 F A. Base Material (base material group number per NAVSEA S9074-AQ-GIB-010/248) S-1 1/ ALL 60 NONE ½ & less 125 2/ 300 S-11A-1 S-11A-2 5/ S-11C Over ½ to 1-1/ /8 to / inch and over Less than 1 inch B. Welding Filler Material (Submarines Only) MIL M MIL M MIL M1 Less than 1-1/ / /8 to / 300 Notes: 1/ Where the carbon content in base metal is less than 0.30 percent. 2/ When welding HY-80 and HSLA-80/100 using ferritic electrodes, the F minimum preheat and Interpass limits may be reduced to 60 0 F when welding member thickness 1/2 inch and less for joint designs other than butts and corners. 3/ After either one or both members of an HY-80 or HSLA-80 weld joint is built up 3/16 inch minimum or two layers (using these filler materials) prior to joint welding, the F minimum preheat and interpass temperature of the built-up member or members may be reduced to F minimum when making the final weld. 4/ When using MIL-7018M, F pre heat may be used. 5/ When welding STS in accordance with MIL-STD 1689A, use the HY-80/100 (S-11A-1/S-11A-2) preheat and interpass temperatures. -10 of 12-

11 TABLE V 1/, 2/ Travel Speed (IPM) Heat Input Max 35,369 J/In AMPS Volts Notes: 1/ The minimum travel speed for any combination of parameters specified shall be as shown above in tables V. These travel speeds have been calculated in accordance with the heat input requirements based on actual procedure testing. There aren t any maximum travel speed limitations. 2/ Parameters not shown shall be read at the next greater increment. For example, the minimum travel speed for welding at 165 amps shall be that shown for 170 amps. -11 of 12-

12 Company Info WELD PROCEDURE SHEET WP-004-NC Rev. (3), Issue Date: 05MAY10 Name Valley Forgings Procedure # WP-004-NC Address 1665 Lake Norman Way, Suite 300 Rev: 3 Colonial, NC PQR: AS-WP-004 PQR Rev. 2 Phone PQR Revision Date: 01MAY10 Fax PQR Original Date 25FEB08 1 Base Metals/Specification/Type/Cond S-1, S-11A-1, S-11A-2, S-11C. See Table I 2 Thickness Range (in.) Plate Groove: 3/16" to 1.5", Fillet.058 to Unlimited, Pipe 1/8" to Unlim, Socket.187 to Unlim 3 Filler metal Specifications: MIL-E-22200/1 See Table III Specifications: MIL-E-22200/10 See Table III 4 Special Requirements Base Metal Carbon Content 0.30% Maximum 5 Filler Metal Diameter (in.) 3/32, 1/8, (Flat only 5/32 ) 6 Consumable Insert Specifications: N/A Type: N/A Size (in.): N/A 7 Flux Specifications: N/A Type: N/A Mesh Size: N/A 8 Deposit Thickness Range (in.) MAX 1.5 Min. No. of Layers: N/A 9 Filler Metal Feed Rate (ipm) N/A 10 Electrode Type (GTAW) N/A 11 Electrode Diameter (in.) N/A 12 Electrode Extension (in.) N/A 13 Welding Process Manual SMAW 14 Mode of Metal Transfer N/A 15 Power Supply Make/Model/Type Lincoln V350-PRO or equivalent 16 Torch/Head Make/Model/Type Bernard Shortstub 4 or equivalent 17 Welding Current Range (Amps) 3/32 (70-100), 1/8 (90-125), 5/32 ( ) 18 Slope Control (Short Circuit, if used) N/A 19 Voltage Range (Volts) Type of Current and Polarity DCRP(DCEP) Wave Form: N/A 21 Pulsed Parameters Peak Volts/Amps: N/A Bkgrd Volts/Amps: N/A 22 Program: Pulses/Sec: N/A Misc. N/A 23 Gas Cup/Nozzle Size(Dia) (in./#) N/A 24 Shielding Gas Type: N/A Flow Rate Range (CFH): N/A 25 Purge/ Backing Gas Type: N/A Flow Rate Range (CFH): N/A 26 Trailing Gas Type: N/A Flow Rate Range (CFH): N/A 27 Temperatures Preheat ( o F) (min.): See Table IV Interpass ( o F) (max.): 300 (if required) / F Time: 1 hr per inch, but not less than 30 minutes. 28 Post Weld Heat Treatment Temperature ( o F): 29 Heat Input (J/In) 35,369 J/In max. 30 Torch Travel Speed (ipm) See Minimum bead length, paragraph 8.11 or Table V 31 Welding Position(s) /Progression All, Up Progression for Vertical 32 Fabrication Document(s) NAVSEA S9074-AR-GIB-010/278, NAVSEA T9074-AD-GIB-010/1688 & MIL-STD 1689A 33 Welding Classifications/Limits Pressure hull envelope structural applications are not allowed by this procedure 34 Non Destructive Testing In accordance with fabrication document and drawing requirements 35 Cleaning: Specify Joint Type The joint members to be welded, including the base metal surfaces, shall be cleaned to remove foreign material for a minimum of 1 inch from the weld edge. Mill scale or metallic oxides shall be removed from surfaces on which weld metal will be deposited. Slag shall be removed from all weld metal surfaces prior to depositing subsequent passes or layers and upon completion of the weld. Exception Statement Qualified within the stated limits of process, position, base metal and thickness to weld all MIL-STD-22D joint designs except (Mark the exceptions below that apply) Joints welded with preplaced filler metal inserts Butt joints welded from one side with no backing or preplaced filler metal insert 36 Socket welds and fillet type seal welds in pipe with nominal wall thickness less than 3/16 Seal welds other than edge or fillet types Weld joints with included angles less than degrees Single pass for pressure containing joints Tube-to-tubesheet welds Cladding Contact Information Name: Susan Q. Jones Phone/ address: x555 susan.jones@valleyforgings.com -12 of 12-