Website : ISSN Vol. 57/No.01-03/Jan-Mar/2015

Transcription

1 Nuclear India Website : ISSN Vol. 57/No.01-03/Jan-Mar/2015

2 January 26, 2015 DAE Head Quarters Mumbai, India

3 Formative Years In 1939 Second World War breaks out and Dr. Homi Bhabha is stranded in India while on a short holiday from Cambridge. He joins as reader in theoretical physics under Sir C V Raman at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in Dr. Bhabha takes up front line research in Cosmic Ray Physics and develops some novel techniques for studying cosmic rays which are soon adopted all over the world. In March 1944 Bhabha sends a proposal to the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust to establish a vigorous school of research in fundamental physics and plans that the new school would conduct research in nuclear energy as well. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) took birth on December 19, TIFR became the Cradle of India s Atomic Energy Programme. th The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) of India, is established on the 10 of August The Ministry of Atomic Energy is placed directly under the Prime Minister, and Dr. Bhabha is appointed as the Chairman of the AEC. Rare Minerals Survey Unit is brought under the Atomic Energy Commission and named as Raw Materials Division (RMD) in Uranium deposits discovered at Jaduguda (erstwhile Bihar) in April 1951 and drilling operations commence in December Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) is setup in

4 The First Decade The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was established on August 3, 1954 with Head Quarters at the Old Yacht Club (OYC) Building, Bombay. The first Research Reactor in Asia attains first criticality on August 4, 1956 and is named APSARA later in The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) is opened on January 20, It is later named as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) on January 22, In 1957 a Training School starts functioning at AEET to Hire & Train Scientists and Engineers in DAE. The first ingot of atomically pure uranium is produced in the Uranium Metal Plant in January Development work on the extraction of uranium from the Jaduguda ore started in the late 1950's and was pursued at Trombay from The 40 MW Canada India Reactor was brought to first criticality on July 10, Later the CIR was named CIRUS-Canada India Reactor Utility Services. ZERLINA for Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and New Assemblies attained criticality on 14 January This was the stepping stone to power reactors. Radio Astronomy Group in TIFR started functioning in As a first step it was decided to set up a high resolution interferometer for studying the Sun at Kalyan near Bombay and work on this was started in late 1963 Soon after, the group got involved in the more ambitious Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT) project. 2

5 The Second Decade The Plutonium Plant is commissioned on March 31, 1964 (inaugurated in 1965). Only four countries in the world have such a plant at that time. Between ,six DAE units were established - Electronics Corporation of India limited (ECIL) Po wer P ro j e c t s E n g i n e e r i n g d i v i s i o n (PPED) Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) Reactor Research Centre (Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research) Heavy Water Projects (later converted into Heavy Water Board) Uranium Mill at Jaduguda, with a capacity to process 1,000 tonnes day of ore, commences commercial production of magnesium diuranate (yellow cake). Units 1&2 India s first Atomic Power Station, at Tarapur Maharashtra are commissioned in October 1969 through an agreement with USA in 1963 Research reactor PURNIMA-1 attains criticality e m p l o y i n g p l u t o n i u m o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e Plutonium Plant by reprocessing the spent fuel from CIRUS. RAPS - Units 1 & 2 commissioned on December 16, 1973 & April 1, 1981 respectively. 3

6 The Third Decade India conducts a peaceful underground nuclear th experiment (PNE) at Pokharan on the 18 of May Variable Energy Cyclotron becomes operational at Kolkata th on the 16 of June This has since grown into a centre of excellence. Two heavy water plants come into operation at Baroda in Gujarat and Tuticorin in Tamilnadu in 1977 and 1978, respectively. The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, is th constituted on the 15 of November The Centre for Advanced Technology (now known as Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology), is established at th Indore on the 19 of February

7 The Fourth Decade Four Heavy Water Plants at Talcher (Orissa), Kota (Rajasthan), Hazira (Gujarat) and Manuguru (A P) are commissioned. The fully indigenous research reactor DHRUVA (100 MWt) attains criticality in August 1985 at BARC. Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) - a 40 MWt fast breeder reactor fuelled with unique Pu-U mixed carbide fuel) attains criticality at the Reactor Research Centre, Kalpakkam (now IGCAR). Bhatin uranium mine of UCIL commissioned at Jharkhand. Thorium Plant of IREL at OSCOM, Orissa is commissioned. Three 220MWe PHWRs namely MAPS-1&2 at Kalpakkam and NAPS-1 at Narora, UP are commissioned. The 14 MV Pelletron Accelerator is inaugurated at TIFR Mumbai. The accelerator is a joint endeavor of BARC & TIFR. Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) established in March

8 The Fifth Decade Two under ground mines at Narwapahar, Turamdih and one opencast mine at Bandhurang, at Jharkhand are commissioned. UCIL s second ore processing plant at Turamdih is started. The Kalpakkam Reprocessing Plant (KARP) starts operating. A demo-facility for reprocessing of the FBTR mixed carbide fuel Lead Mini Cell (LMC) commissioned by IGCAR. 233 th KAMINI using U fuel attains criticality on the 20 of October Kalpakkam becomes the only place in the world where fission of all three fissile materials is taking place at the same time. India conducts five underground nuclear tests at Pokhran on May 11 and 13, 1998 after which India was declared as a Nuclear Power by Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister. INDUS-1, a 450 MeV Synchrotron Radiation Source at CAT, Indore achieved electron beam current of 113 milli ampere superseding the design value of 100 milli ampere. Eight 220 Mwe PHWRs (KGS-1&2 and 3&4 at Kaiga, Karnataka, RAPS-3&4 and 5&6 at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan) are put to commercial operation. Two 540 MWe PHWRs (TAPS-3&4), Tarapur, Maharashtra are put to commercial operation. The commercial phase of the second stage of the Indian Nuclear Power Programme is launched through Bhartiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI) for design, construction and operation of fast breeder reactors in the country. Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) at Narayangoan, Pune declared open to the world astronomy community on October 4,

9 The Sixth Decade DAE announces setting up of the Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) as a deemed university in The first indigenous teletherapy machine BHABHTRON-1 developed by BARC for treatment of cancer is installed at the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC). INDUS-2 the 2.5 GeV Synchrotron Radiation Source at Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore is dedicated to the Nation and the Centre is renamed as Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology. India joins the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. Other members are the European Union, Japan, South Korea, China, USA and the Russian Federation. BARC and ECIL install the 32 metre diameter Indian Deep Space Antenna System IDSN 32 for providing steering, tracking and science data reception support for ISRO s Moon Mission, Chandrayaan-1. A Low Power Critical Facility for Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) attains first criticality at BARC. 7

10 The Sixth Decade International Civil Nuclear Commerce September 6, 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group amends its guidelines to facilitate international Civil Nuclear Trade with India September 30, 2008 and December 5, 2008 IGAs signed with France & Russia respectively October 10, 2008, India and the USA sign the historic 123 Agreement. This is followed with IGAs with several Countries. The process is still on. February 2, 2009, India and the IAEA sign the India Specific Agreement on Safeguards. Government of India approves the setting up of the Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP) near Bahadhurgarh, Dt. Jhajjar Haryana. Tummalapalle Uranium Ore Mine and Processing Plant, Andhra Pradesh, commissioned. India s First Nuclear Powered submarine, ARIHANT, goes critical on August 10, 2013 Power Reactor Fuel Reprocessing Plant 2 commissioned at Tarapur, th Maharashtra on 7 of January The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Unit 1, (1000 Mwe VVER) at Tamil Nadu attains criticality on July 13, 2013 and is later synchronised with the grid on October 22,

11 Contributions of DAE to the Indian Space Programme The entire space related activity was carried out under the umbrella of the Department of Atomic Energy before the Department of Space was set up on 1st June Dr. Bhabha and Dr. Vikram Sarabhai were the two visionaries who guided the Indian Atomic Energy Programme and the Indian Space Research Programme in their formative years. On November 21, 1963, with the firing of a two stage Nike-Apache rocket from Thumba in Kerala State, India entered the 'Space Age. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai & Dr. Homi Bhabha The second stage, Apache, being attached to the first stage, Nike, of the rocket The rocket after assembly 187-foot high steel tower equipped with instruments for collecting wind data at different heights Even in the present times the close co-operation between the two departments is continuous. There are a lot of technologies and products being developed by the DAE for the Space programme. Similarly DAE uses the satellite links provided by ISRO in many of their activities. 9

12 Contributions of DAE to the Indian Space Programme Advanced Space Material Beryllium technology in India has been able to meet the requirement of beryllium for strategic applications. Country has pioneered in making beryllium based products for critical applications in the field of space, nuclear and modern electronics industry. Beryllium Facility at Navi Mumbai Beryllium Cluster for Inertial Sensing Unit - GSLV RIG Rate Integrating Gyroscope Used in Satellites and Launch Vehicles-Inertial Navigation and Guidance System Instrument Detects deviation of space vehicle from predetermined path / trajectory for correction. RIG Rate Integrating Gyroscope Development of Materials for Future Programmes of Department of Space Beryllium rich alloy Material: Be 38% Al Composite Feature: Light weight, high thermal conductivity, low thermal coefficient of expansion, high specific stiffness and very good mechanical properties with a high degree of isotropy. Applications Structural material for commercial satellites and spacecraft vehicles Ultra High Temperature Ceramics (UHTC) for Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Material : Feature: Zirconium diboride (ZrB2), Hafnium diboride (HfB2) and Silicon carbide (SiC) composite High thermal conductivity High thermal shock resistance Excellent high temperature mechanical properties High oxidation resistance The composite can withstand temperatures o up to 2000 C Applications Surface tiles for hypersonic vehicles like the space shuttle. UHTC is selected to replace Silica tiles in Reusable Launch Space Vehicle (RLV) 10

13 Contributions of DAE to the Indian Space Programme Contribution to ISRO S first Moon Mission-Chandrayaan I The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and the Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) have developed the 32 meter diameter Indian Deep space Antenna System-IDSN 32. IDSN 32 is required for providing TTC and Science data reception support for ISRO's Moon mission Chandrayaan-I and other future deep space missions. IDSN 32 for Chandrayaan is being used to track and send commands to Chandrayaan I, ISRO s first moon mission that was launched on October 22, METER ELEVATION ENCODER BOX SUB REFLECTOR Ø 32 METER SUB REFLECTOR CONTROL SYSTEM STOW LOCK ELEVATION MOTOR 1 ELEVATION MOTOR 2 AZMUTH ENCODER BOX MOUNT STRUCTURE AZ BEARING AZ MOTOR 1 & 2 6 METER 100 METER TTC MCS STS ACSS CABINET SECOND ANTENNA SERVO IDSN 32 for Chandrayaan IDSN 32 Antenna System Image of the Moon taken during the mission Antenna Control Unit Operator Soft Console 11

14 Contributions of DAE to the Indian Space Programme Modernization of Tide Gauge Network for Survey of India (Tsunami Warning) DEHRADUN INSAT 3E C-Band (HUB Station) Stn1 GPS Data RS232 Moxa Box Encr Ethernet Switch IDU ODU Stn 2 2.4m 128 / 256 Kbps 5m HUB Antenna Tide Gauge Server Upstream Router Tide Gauge Data VOIP Phone Cisco Switch GPS Data RS232 Moxa Box Encr Ethernet Switch IDU Stn 37 ODU 2.4 m Hub Chassis NMS server Protocol Processors VOIP Phone Decr Tide Gauge Data VOIP Phone Tunnel LAN Upstream LAN GPS Server Network size: 36 remote stations Expandable to 60 12

15 Public Awareness Activities The 102nd Indian Science Congress was held at Mumbai University, Mumbai during February 3-7, The theme of the exhibition was India Vision 2020, with focal theme as Innovations in Science & Technology for Inclusive Development. DAE participated in the exhibition displaying all its activities. Visitors at the DAE Pavilion during the 102nd Indian Science Congress, Mumbai DAE participated in the 7th Vibrant Gujarat Global Trade Show at Gujarat during Jan 8-13, The event was a platform for National and International professionals as well as for general public and young students to meet together. Science Expo 2015 An Interface of Science and Society was held at Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai during February 4-7, Some of the other participants included Haffkine Institute, IIT Bombay, C-DAC, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, TMC etc. Dr R K Sinha, Chairman AEC & Secretary DAE inaugurated the event. Several schools and colleges in and around Mumbai, academicians and members of the general public visited the pavilion. Dr R K Sinha, Chairman AEC along with Director NSC, Mumbai (center)at the DAE pavilion during the Science Expo 2015 Students at the DAE pavilion during the Science Expo 2015, Mumbai The 4th Bhopal Vigyan Mela was held at Bhopal during February 20 23, 2015 on the theme of Development of Ingenious and Indigenous Technology in every field as Mangal Orbitor Misssion (MOM). The exhibition was visited by number of the general public, students and academicians. The 3rd Rajasthan Science Congress with the theme of Food and Water was held at Jaipur, Rajasthan during February 28 March 02, 2015 in collaboration with the Manipal University, Jaipur. DAE put up an exhibition on all its activities and future programs. Students, academicians, faculty members immensely benefitted from the event. 13

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