TECHNICAL PRODUCT INFORMATION

Transcription

1 TECHNICAL PRODUCT INFORMATION

2 Spring wire for applications with high performance demands The main focus is spring wire for combustion engines (valve and transmission springs, piston rings, compression rings, fuel injection springs) and other automotive applications. Suzuki Garphyttan has produced wire since Since 1927 the main product is oil tempered valve spring wire for the automotive industry. During the years others special wires such as stainless round wire, flat rolled and shaped wire in carbon, low alloyed and stainless material, have been added to the product program. We have acquired extensive knowledge and experience of steel grades, efficient manufacturing and quality control which is crucial to the properties of the finished product. Large resources are invested in research concerning improved properties of our products and improved manufacturing processes, enabling Suzuki Garphyttan to be world leader in the manufacturing of spring wire. Coiling properties Defect free surfaces, narrow dimensional and tensile strength tolerances are important in achieving the best properties for spring coiling. Each wire is continuously controlled during the entire manufacturing from wire rod to the finished product according to a specific control plan. Certified quality Suzuki Garphyttan has a Quality Management System certified according to the International Standard for Quality ISO TS Our main wire rod suppliers also have Quality Management Systems certified by a third party according to ISO 9001 as a minimum and are also regularly audited by Suzuki Garphyttan. Technical support We are prepared to assist you in utilizing modern materials for maximum performance. For us it is obvious and necessary to be at the front, to serve our customers, discussing problems and areas for development in existing as well as new products. Environmental awareness Our goal is to manufacture high quality products without any negative effects on the environment. We are continuously improving our manufacturing processes to improve both internal and external environment. Before new investments are made, special consideration is given to environmental solutions. We are certified according to ISO For more information regarding different elements in our products we recommend the database IMDS International Material Data System where each element is named with a separate CAS-No. See the following Internet address: August 2014

3 Oil tempered special spring wire for applications with high performance requirements August 2014

4 High quality oil tempered wire OTEVA oil tempered valve spring wire For valve springs in combustion engines as well as for transmission and crankshaft damper springs subjected to extreme fatigue. OTEVA grades cover different demands of high performance in tensile strength and fatigue life. Our valve spring wire grades differ from each other in terms of chemical, mechanical and technical properties as well as required surface finish with regard to surface depth and decarburization levels. Oil tempered wire is also manufactured with egg or elliptical cross sections. Profiled cross sections give the advantage of optimum distribution of stresses in a spring (see fig.). KD oil tempered clutch and transmission spring wire For use in clutch springs of different types with various performance demands. KD is an oil tempered wire with good dynamical characteristics. STATO oil tempered spring wire An oil tempered wire grade used for springs subjected to static stress or moderate fatigue. STATO is available in different types of steel demanding ultimate tensile strength, and relaxation properties comparable to the OTEVA grades. Stress distribution in transversal section comparing round (picture to the right) and egg shaped (picture to the left) wire respectively. Chemical composition, approximate values in % Our grades C Si Mn P max. S max. Cr V Ni Mo W OTEVA 101 SC OTEVA 96 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 91 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 90 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 76 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 75 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 74 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 70 SC/SC PLUS SWOSC-VHV SWOSC-V KD, 75 KD S KD, 70 KD S STATO STATO

5 High quality oil tempered wire Nearest equivalent standards Our grades EN SIS ASTM B.S. JIS OTEVA 101 SC OTEVA 96 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 91 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 90 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 76 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 75 SC/SC PLUS VDSiCrV OTEVA 74 SC/SC PLUS OTEVA 70 SC/SC PLUS VDSiCr A A55HD JIS G 3561 SWOSC-V SWOSC-VHV VDSiCrV SWOSC-V VDSiCr A A55HD JIS G 3561 SWOSC-V 75 KD, 75 KD S TDSiCrV 70 KD, 70 KD S TDSiCr A A55ND STATO 75 FDSiCrV STATO 70 FDSiCr A A55HS JIS G 3568 SWOSC-B

6 Eddy Current continuous surface testing Suzuki Garphyttan uses the most advanced Eddy Current testing equipment available on the market. Experience from many years of surface testing in efficient continuous testing lines is a guarantee for high quality spring wire. Eddy Current testing is carried out on material with high demands on surface quality. EC-testing is performed with both rotating (R) and stationary (D) probe test equipment. The different levels of EC-testing are indicated in the steel grade designations in the table below. Steel grade designations OTEVA 101 SC RD40 S OTEVA 96 SC/SC PLUS RD40 S OTEVA 91 SC/SC PLUS RD40 S OTEVA 90 SC/SC PLUS RD40 S OTEVA 76 SC/SC PLUS RD40 S OTEVA 75 SC/SC PLUS RD40 S OTEVA 74 SC/SC PLUS RD40 S OTEVA 70 SC/SC PLUS RD40 S OTEVA 70 SC S (*) OTEVA 70 SC (*) SWOSC-VHV RD40 S SWOSC-V RD40 S 75 KD, 75 KD S R60 75 KD (*) 70 KD, 70 KD S R60 70 KD (*) STATO 75 (*) STATO 70 (*) SC R RD = Super Clean = Rotation probe testing = Rotation probe + stationary probe testing 40, 60 = Defect depth levels in µm S = Shaved Continuous testing of surface defects is performed as standard in sizes from mm. Other sizes can be agreed upon. Grades indicated with (*) refer to material outside the size range mm, or grades not requiring EC-testing.

7 Delivery forms Oil tempered spring wire Delivery forms Spool/Coil diameter Inner Outer Coil/Spool Wire sizes diam. diam. weight mm Type Code min. mm max. mm abt. kg Plastic spool S Metal spool S / Coils/Carrier No 1 RU Coils/Carrier No 2 RM Coils/Wooden Box RM RM RM RM Coils/Carrier No 3 RM RU RU RU0021* Coils/Wooden Box RM RM RM Coils/Carrier No 4 RU RU RU0022* > Coils/Carrier No 5 RU RU0014* > Coils** * RU0014, RU0021 and RU0022 have VCI plastic cover, oversea transport. ** Sizes > mm in coils in unshaved condition subcontracted. Packing The packings for the different delivery forms can be seen in the next page. Standard packing alternatives (others can be delivered on special request): Plastic and metal spool covered with paper - on EUR-pallet (S-codes) Coil covered with plastic hood - on carrier (RU-codes) Coil covered with VCI plastic hood - on carrier (RU-codes) oversea transport. Coils separately wrapped with paper - on carrier (RM-codes) Coils separately wrapped with paper - in wooden boxes (RM-codes) Wire sizes mm are subcontracted and the sales is organized from our German office. Packaging materials used are only those which can be recycled, such as paper and polyethylene. August 2014

8 Delivery forms Oil tempered spring wire Carriers Surface: galvanized Delivery Tara Max form Size, mm weight weight Type Code A B C D abt. kg abt. kg Carrier 1 RU Carrier 2 RM Carrier 3 RM RU RU RU Carrier 4 RM RU RU RU Carrier 5 RU RU Spools Colour: black/green Delivery Tara Max. form Size, mm weight weight Type Code A B C D E abt. kg abt. kg Plastic S Metal S EUR-pallet Spools Delivery Tara Spool form Size, mm weight weight Weight Type Code Width Length Height abt. kg abt. kg abt. kg 1 SP SP SP SP Packing of plastic and metal spools on EUR-pallet. Max. weight 1000 kg. Wooden boxes Boxes for paper wrapped coils Delivery Tara Coil form Outer size, mm weight weight Weight Code Width Length Height abt. kg abt. kg abt. kg RM / RM / RM / RM RM RM The paper wrapped coils with wire sizes > 2.50 mm are placed in wooden boxes with code RM and coils with wire sizes < 2.50 mm in the boxes RM August 2014

9 OTEVA 101 SC Oil tempered SiCrVMoW-alloyed ultra-high tensile clutch and transmission spring wire for surface nitriding OTEVA 101 SC is a Super Clean steel, especially intended for the manufacture of clutch and transmission springs and other springs requiring high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Manufactured as standard in shaved condition in sizes from Ø 2.00 mm to 5.00 mm or in egg or elliptical shape corresponding to round cross section 2.50 mm to 5.00 mm. Other wire sizes on request. Chemical composition C Si Mn P max. S max. Cr V Mo W % % % % % % % % % Physical properties Torsions 4) Size range 1) Tolerance 2) Tensile strength 3) Reduct. of area l=300 mm, mm ± mm N/mm 2 min. % min. revs > > > ) 2) Other wire sizes on request. Ovality, i. e. the difference between the largest and smallest dimension of a cross section, is maximum half the tolerance range. 3) Conversion from tensile strength to hardness values can be calculated in standard ISO EN The tensile strength R m within one coil does not vary more than 50 N/mm 2. 4) Torsion test is carried out for assessing deformability. The fracture of the torsion test piece shall be smooth and perpendicular to the wire axis. The rupture shall show no longitudinal cracks. Surface condition non-destructive testing In the standard size range mm the wire is tested continuously in Eddy Current equipment to a surface level of > 40 microns. Other wire sizes on request. Surface condition end sample test The wire is end sample tested by means of etch testing and binocular inspection as well as microscopical inspection of the material structure. Max. permissible depth of partial surface decarburization and surface defects, 0.5% x wire diameter. No complete decarburization allowed. Cleanliness in steel The presence of non-metallic inclusions in the wire rod is inspected for every heat in accordance with the Suzuki Garphyttan method (or alternative max. T-method). Our criteria for releasing wire rod material for valve spring wire are the following; For wire rod samples: Inclusion size max. 15 µm in surface area. Inclusion size, surface 5 10 > >15 µm Max. number of inclusions As stated by IVSWMA*, it is likely to find occasional inclusions in valve spring quality steel of a size larger than 15µm. * IVSWMA: International Valve Spring Wire Manufacturers Association Heat treatment As soon as possible after coiling, the springs should be stress relieved. Depending on nitriding temperature used later in the spring manufacturing process, this temperature may be decreased. After shot peening, the springs should be hot preset or stress relieved. In order to reach optimum fatigue and relaxation properties, the springs must be preset at an appropriate stress. Delivery forms See separate sheet.

10 OTEVA 101 SC Oil tempered SiCrVMoW-alloyed ultra-high tensile clutch and transmission spring wire for surface nitriding Soft shot peening Before the nitriding process a soft shot peening process shall be applied in order to remove the oxide layer on the spring wire surface. Nitriding Springs of OTEVA 101 SC must be nitrided to obtain optimum fatigue and relaxation properties. Our recommendation is gas nitriding. Shot peening In order to obtain optimum fatigue properties, the process time should be adjusted to get a complete treatment. Size of shots should be adapted to wire dimension, pitch and shot peening equipment. For nitrided springs with an extremely hard surface zone, it is important to use a shot peening media with high hardness. Shot peening of the inside of the spring coils is particularly critical. Relaxation and fatigue properties In diagram 1 the fatigue properties of this grade are illustrated in a Goodman-diagram, based on a special test spring design. Diagram 2 shows the relaxation properties (loss of load) of nitrided springs made from OTEVA 101 SC wire subjected to static compression at different temperatures, nitrided/not nitrided. For further technical support, please contact Suzuki Garphyttan. Spring conditions for fatigue and relaxation tests (specially designed test spring) Diagrams 1 and 2: Wire diameter Ø 3.85 mm Spring index 6 Stress relieving Soft shot peened Speed Shot size Nitriding Aim for surface hardness Aim for core hardness Compound (white) layer Shot peening (triple shot peening for nitrided springs) 1st treatment 2nd treatment 3rd treatment Aim for Almen arc-height (theoretically set) 450 C (790 ±10 F) 30 minutes m/s 5 min 0.8 mm Gas nitriding C 5-20 hours Min. 850 Hv Min. 610 Hv Max. 1 µm. Pressure 0.3 MPa with RCW shoot size 0.6 mm (hardness 800 Hv) for 20 minutes. Pressure 0.3 MPa with RCW shoot size 0.25 mm (hardness 800 Hv) for 10 minutes. Pressure 0.2 MPa with fine shoot size (hardness 700 HV) for 10 minutes mm 1500 N/mm 2 (nitrided springs) 1300 N/mm 2 (not nitrided springs) 200 C (max. 250 C) 10 minutes Diagram 1 Fatigue properties for nitrided springs. Diagram 2 Relaxation properties for nitrided springs.

11 OTEVA 96 SC/ OTEVA 96 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrVMo-alloyed ultra-high tensile valve spring wire for surface nitriding OTEVA 96 SC is a Super Clean steel, especially intended for the manufacture of clutch/transmission springs with extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Manufactured as standard in shaved condition in sizes from Ø 2.00 mm to 6.00 mm, or in egg or elliptical shape corresponding to round cross section 2.50 mm to 6.00 mm. Other wire sizes on request. OTEVA 96 SC PLUS is intended for manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Chemical composition C Si Mn P max. S max. Cr V Mo % % % % % % % % Physical properties Torsions 4) Size range 1) Tolerance 2) Tensile strength 3) Reduct. of area l=300 mm, mm ± mm N/mm 2 min. % min. revs > > > > > ) 2) 3) Other wire sizes on request. Ovality, i. e. the difference between the largest and smallest dimension of a cross section, is maximum half the tolerance range. Conversion from tensile strength to hardness values can be calculated in standard ISO EN The tensile strength R m within one coil does not vary more than 50 N/mm 2. 4) Torsion test is carried out for assessing deformability. The fracture of the torsion test piece shall be smooth and perpendicular to the wire axis. The rupture shall show no longitudinal cracks. Yield point method). For OTEVA 96 SC PLUS an additional extended inspection method applies. The proof stress R p0.2 is min. 0.8 x tensile strength of the wire. The proof stress will rise above 0.9 x tensile strength after stress relieving the springs. E and G modulus Modulus of elasticity, E: About 206 kn/mm 2 Modulus of shear, G: About 79.5 kn/mm 2 Surface condition - non-destructive testing In the standard size range mm the wire is tested continuously in Eddy Current equipment to a surface level of > 40 microns. Other wire sizes on request. Surface condition - end sample test The wire is end sample tested by means of etch testing and binocular inspection as well as microscopical inspection of the material structure. Max. permissible depth of partial surface decarburization and surface defects, 1 % x wire diameter. In shaved condition; for diameters <=2.00 mm 10 µm, for diameters > 2.00 mm 0.5% x d. Cleanliness in steel The presence of non-metallic inclusions in the wire rod is inspected for every heat of OTEVA 96 SC in accordance with the Suzuki Garphyttan method (or alternative max. T- Our criteria for releasing wire rod material for valve spring wire are the following; For wire rod samples: Inclusion size max. 15 µm in surface area. Inclusion size, surface 5 10 > >15 µm Max. number of inclusions As stated by IVSWMA*, it is likely to find occasional inclusions in valve spring quality steel of a size larger than 15µm. * IVSWMA: International Valve Spring Wire Manufacturers Association Heat treatment As soon as possible after coiling, the springs should be stress relieved. Depending on nitriding temperature used later in the valve spring manufacturing process, this temperature may be decreased. After shot peening, the springs should be hot preset or stress relieved. In order to reach optimum fatigue and relaxation properties, the springs must be preset at an appropriate stress.

12 OTEVA 96 SC/ OTEVA 96 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrVMo-alloyed ultra-high tensile valve spring wire for surface nitriding Delivery forms See separate sheet. Soft shot peening Before the nitriding process a soft shot peening process shall be applied in order to remove the oxide layer on the spring wire surface. Nitriding Springs of OTEVA 96 SC should be nitrided to obtain optimum fatigue and relaxation properties. Our recommendation is gas nitriding. Shot peening In order to obtain optimum fatigue properties, the process time should be adjusted to get a complete treatment. Size of shots should be adapted to wire dimension, pitch and shot peening equipment. For nitrided springs with an extremely hard surface zone, it is important to use a shot peening media with high hardness. Shot peening of the inside of the spring coils is particularly critical. Relaxation and fatigue properties In diagram 1 the fatigue properties of this grade are illustrated in a Goodman-diagram, based on a special test spring design. Diagram 2 shows the relaxation properties (loss of load) of springs made from OTEVA 96 SC wire subjected to static compression at different temperatures, nitrided/not nitrided. For further technical support, please contact Suzuki Garphyttan. Spring conditions for fatigue and relaxation tests (specially designed test spring) Diagrams 1 and 2: Wire diameter Ø 3.85 mm Spring index 6 Stress relieving Soft shot peened Speed Shot size Nitriding Aim for surface hardness Aim for core hardness Compound (white) layer Shot peening (triple shot peening for nitrided springs) 1st treatment 2nd treatment 3rd treatment Aim for Almen arc-height (theoretically set) 450 ±5 C (840 ±10 F) min. 420 C (790 ±10 F) for nitriding 30 minutes m/s 5 min 0.8 mm Gas nitriding C 5-20 hours Min. 800 Hv Min. 560 Hv Max. 1 µm. Pressure 0.3 MPa with RCW shoot size 0.6 mm (hardness 800 Hv) for 20 minutes. Pressure 0.3 MPa with RCW shoot size 0.25 mm (hardness 800 Hv) for 10 minutes. Pressure 0.2 MPa with fine shoot size (hardness 700 HV) for 10 minutes mm 1500 N/mm 2 (nitrided springs) 1300 N/mm 2 (not nitrided springs) 200 C (max. 250 C) 10 minutes Final stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Initial stress Number of cycles: 25 x 10 6 Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Nitrided Not nitireded of test: 24 h Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Diagram 1 Fatigue properties as nitrided/not nitrided. Diagram 2 Relaxation properties, nitrided/not nitrided springs Loss of load, %

13 OTEVA 91 SC/ OTEVA 91 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrVMo-alloyed ultra-high tensile valve spring wire for surface nitriding OTEVA 91 SC is a Super Clean steel, especially intended for the manufacture of clutch/transmission springs with extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Manufactured as standard in shaved condition in sizes from Ø 2.00 mm to 6.00 mm, or in egg or elliptical shape corresponding to round cross section 2.50 mm to 6.00 mm. Other wire sizes on request. OTEVA 91 SC PLUS is intended for manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Chemical composition C Si Mn P max. S max. Cr V Mo % % % % % % % % Physical properties Torsions 4) Size range 1) Tolerance 2) Tensile strength 3) Reduct. of area l=300 mm, mm ± mm N/mm 2 min. % min. revs > > > > > ) 2) 3) Other wire sizes on request. Ovality, i. e. the difference between the largest and smallest dimension of a cross section, is maximum half the tolerance range. Conversion from tensile strength to hardness values can be calculated in standard ISO EN The tensile strength R m within one coil does not vary more than 50 N/mm 2. 4) Torsion test is carried out for assessing deformability. The fracture of the torsion test piece shall be smooth and perpendicular to the wire axis. The rupture shall show no longitudinal cracks. with the Suzuki Garphyttan method (or alternative max. T- method). Yield point The proof stress R p0.2 is min. 0.8 x tensile strength of the wire. The proof stress will rise above 0.9 x tensile strength after stress relieving the springs. E and G modulus Modulus of elasticity, E: About 206 kn/mm 2 Modulus of shear, G: About 79.5 kn/mm 2 Surface condition non-destructive testing In the standard size range mm the wire is tested continuously in Eddy Current equipment to a surface level of > 40 microns. Other wire sizes on request. Surface condition end sample test The wire is end sample tested by means of etch testing and binocular inspection as well as microscopical inspection of the material structure. Max. permissible depth of partial surface decarburization and surface defects, 1 % x wire diameter. In shaved condition; for diameters <=2.00 mm 10 µm, for diameters > 2.00 mm 0.5% x d. Cleanliness in steel The presence of non-metallic inclusions in the wire rod is inspected for every heat of OTEVA 91 SC in accordance For OTEVA 91 SC PLUS an additional extended inspection method applies. Our criteria for releasing wire rod material for valve spring wire are the following; For wire rod samples: Inclusion size max. 15 µm in surface area. Inclusion size, surface 5 10 > >15 µm Max. number of inclusions As stated by IVSWMA*, it is likely to find occasional inclusions in valve spring quality steel of a size larger than 15µm. * IVSWMA: International Valve Spring Wire Manufacturers Association Heat treatment As soon as possible after coiling, the springs should be stress relieved. Depending on nitriding temperature used later in the valve spring manufacturing process, this temperature may be decreased. May 2016

14 OTEVA 91 SC/ OTEVA 91 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrVMo-alloyed ultra-high tensile valve spring wire for surface nitriding After shot peening, the springs should be hot preset or stress relieved. In order to reach optimum fatigue and relaxation properties, the springs must be preset at an appropriate stress. Delivery forms See separate sheet. Soft shot peening Before the nitriding process a soft shot peening process shall be applied in order to remove the oxide layer on the spring wire surface. Nitriding Springs of OTEVA 91 SC should be nitrided to obtain optimum fatigue and relaxation properties. Our recommendation is gas nitriding. Shot peening In order to obtain optimum fatigue properties, the process time should be adjusted to get a complete treatment. Size of shots should be adapted to wire dimension, pitch and shot peening equipment. For nitrided springs with an extremely hard surface zone, it is important to use a shot peening media with high hardness. Shot peening of the inside of the spring coils is particularly critical. Relaxation and fatigue properties In diagram 1 the fatigue properties of this grade are illustrated in a Goodman-diagram, based on a special test spring design. Diagram 2 shows the relaxation properties (loss of load) of springs made from OTEVA 91 SC wire subjected to static compression at different temperatures, nitrided/not nitrided. For further technical support, please contact Suzuki Garphyttan. Spring conditions for fatigue and relaxation tests (specially designed test spring) Diagrams 1 and 2: Wire diameter Ø 3.85 mm Spring index 6 Stress relieving Soft shot peened Speed Shot size Nitriding Aim for surface hardness Aim for core hardness Compound (white) layer Shot peening (triple shot peening for nitrided springs) 1st treatment 2nd treatment 3rd treatment Aim for Almen arc-height (theoretically set) 450 ±5 C (840 ±10 F) min. 420 C (790 ±10 F) for nitriding 30 minutes m/s 5 min 0.8 mm Gas nitriding C 5-20 hours Min. 800 Hv Min. 560 Hv Max. 1 µm. Pressure 0.3 MPa with RCW shoot size 0.6 mm (hardness 800 Hv) for 20 minutes. Pressure 0.3 MPa with RCW shoot size 0.25 mm (hardness 800 Hv) for 10 minutes. Pressure 0.2 MPa with fine shoot size (hardness 700 HV) for 10 minutes mm 1500 N/mm 2 (nitrided springs) 1300 N/mm 2 (not nitrided springs) 200 C (max. 250 C) 10 minutes Final stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Initial stress Nitrided Number of cycles: 25 x 106 Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Not nitireded of test: 24 h Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Diagram 1 Fatigue properties as nitrided/not nitrided. Loss of load, % Diagram 2 Relaxation properties, nitrided/not nitrided springs May 2016

15 OTEVA 90 SC/ OTEVA 90 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrVNi-alloyed ultra-high tensile valve spring wire for surface nitriding OTEVA 90 SC is a Super Clean steel, especially intended for the manufacture of clutch/transmission springs with extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Manufactured as standard in shaved condition in sizes from Ø 2.00 mm to 6.00 mm, or in egg or elliptical shape corresponding to round cross section 2.50 mm to 6.00 mm. Other wire sizes on request. OTEVA 90 SC PLUS is intended for manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Chemical composition C Si Mn P max. S max. Cr V Ni % % % % % % % % Physical properties Torsions 4) Size range 1) Tolerance 2) Tensile strength 3) Reduct. of area l=300 mm, mm ± mm N/mm 2 min. % min. revs > > > > > ) 2) 3) Other wire sizes on request. Ovality, i. e. the difference between the largest and smallest dimension of a cross section, is maximum half the tolerance range. Conversion from tensile strength to hardness values can be calculated in standard ISO EN The tensile strength R m within one coil does not vary more than 50 N/mm 2. 4) Torsion test is carried out for assessing deformability. The fracture of the torsion test piece shall be smooth and perpendicular to the wire axis. The rupture shall show no longitudinal cracks. Yield point The proof stress R p0.2 is min. 0.8 x tensile strength of the wire. The proof stress will rise above 0.9 x tensile strength after stress relieving the springs. E and G modulus Modulus of elasticity, E: About 206 kn/mm 2 Modulus of shear, G: About 79.5 kn/mm 2 Surface condition non-destructive testing In the standard size range mm the wire is tested continuously in Eddy Current equipment to a surface level of > 40 microns. Other wire sizes on request. Surface condition end sample test The wire is end sample tested by means of etch testing and binocular inspection as well as microscopical inspection of the material structure. Max. permissible depth of partial surface decarburization and surface defects, 1 % x wire diameter. In shaved condition; for diameters <=2.00 mm 10 µm, for diameters > 2.00 mm 0.5% x d. Cleanliness in steel The presence of non-metallic inclusions in the wire rod is inspected for every heat of OTEVA 90 SC in accordance with the Suzuki Garphyttan method (or alternative max. T- method). For OTEVA 90 SC PLUS an additional extended inspection method applies. Our criteria for releasing wire rod material for valve spring wire are the following; For wire rod samples: Inclusion size max. 15 µm in surface area. Inclusion size, surface 5 10 > >15 µm Max. number of inclusions As stated by IVSWMA*, it is likely to find occasional inclusions in valve spring quality steel of a size larger than 15µm. * IVSWMA: International Valve Spring Wire Manufacturers Association Heat treatment As soon as possible after coiling, the springs should be stress relieved. Depending on nitriding temperature used later in the valve spring manufacturing process, this temperature may be decreased.

16 OTEVA 90 SC/ OTEVA 90 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrVNi-alloyed ultra-high tensile valve spring wire for surface nitriding After shot peening, the springs should be hot preset or stress relieved. In order to reach optimum fatigue and relaxation properties, the springs must be preset at an appropriate stress. Delivery forms See separate sheet. Soft shot peening Before the nitriding process a soft shot peening process shall be applied in order to remove the oxide layer on the spring wire surface. Nitriding Springs of OTEVA 90 SC should be nitrided to obtain optimum fatigue and relaxation properties. Our recommendation is gas nitriding. Shot peening In order to obtain optimum fatigue properties, the process time should be adjusted to get a complete treatment. Size of shots should be adapted to wire dimension, pitch and shot peening equipment. For nitrided springs with an extremely hard surface zone, it is important to use a shot peening media with high hardness. Shot peening of the inside of the spring coils is particularly critical. Relaxation and fatigue properties In diagram 1 the fatigue properties of this grade are illustrated in a Goodman-diagram, based on a special test spring design. Diagram 2 shows the relaxation properties (loss of load) of springs made from OTEVA 90 SC wire subjected to static compression at different temperatures, nitrided/not nitrided. For further technical support, please contact Suzuki Garphyttan. Final stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Number of cycles: 25 x 10 6 Spring conditions for fatigue and relaxation tests (specially designed test spring) Diagrams 1 and 2: Wire diameter Ø 3.85 mm Spring index 6 Stress relieving Soft shot peened Speed Shot size Nitriding Aim for surface hardness Aim for core hardness Compound (white) layer Shot peening (triple shot peening for nitrided springs) 1st treatment 2nd treatment 3rd treatment Aim for Almen arc-height (theoretically set) 450 ±5 C (840 ±10 F) min. 420 C (790 ±10 F) for nitriding 30 minutes m/s 5 min 0.8 mm Gas nitriding C 5-20 hours Min. 800 Hv Min. 560 Hv Max. 1 µm. Pressure 0.3 MPa with RCW shoot size 0.6 mm (hardness 800 Hv) for 20 minutes. Pressure 0.3 MPa with RCW shoot size 0.25 mm (hardness 800 Hv) for 10 minutes. Pressure 0.2 MPa with fine shoot size (hardness 700 HV) for 10 minutes mm 1500 N/mm 2 (nitrided springs) 1300 N/mm 2 (not nitrided springs) 200 C (max. 250 C) 10 minutes Initial stress Nitrided Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Not nitireded of test: 24 h Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Diagram 1 - Fatigue properties as nitrided/not nitrided. Diagram 2 - Relaxation properties, nitrided/not nitrided springs. Loss of load, %

17 OTEVA 76 SC/ OTEVA 76 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrVNi-alloyed high tensile valve spring wire Only manufactured in USA and China OTEVA 76 SC is a Super Clean steel, especially intended for the manufacture of clutch/transmission springs requiring high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at moderately increased working temperatures. Manufactured as standard in shaved condition in sizes from Ø 2.00 mm to 6.00 mm, or in egg or elliptical shape corresponding to round cross section 2.50 mm to 6.00 mm. Other wire sizes on request. OTEVA 76 SC PLUS is intended for manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Chemical composition C Si Mn P max. S max. Cr V Ni % % % % % % % % Physical properties Torsions 4) Size range 1) Tolerance 2) Tensile strength 3) Reduct. of area l=300 mm, mm ± mm N/mm 2 min. % min. revs > > > > > ) 2) 3) 4) Other wire sizes on request. Ovality, i. e. the difference between the largest and smallest dimension of a cross section, is maximum half the tolerance range. Conversion from tensile strength to hardness values can be calculated in standard ISO EN The tensile strength R m within one coil does not vary more than 50 N/mm 2. Torsion test is carried out for assessing deformability. The fracture of the torsion test piece shall be smooth and perpendicular to the wire axis. The rupture shall show no longitudinal cracks. Yield point The proof stress R p0.2 is min. 0.9 x tensile strength of the wire. E and G modulus Modulus of elasticity, E: About 206 kn/mm 2 Modulus of shear, G: About 79.5 kn/mm 2 Surface condition non-destructive testing In the standard size range mm the wire is tested continuously in Eddy Current equipment to a surface level of > 40 microns. Other wire sizes on request. Surface condition End sample test The wire is end sample tested by means of etch testing and binocular inspection as well as microscopical inspection of the material structure. Max. permissible depth of partial surface decarburization and surface defects, 1 % x wire diameter. In shaved condition; for diameters <=2.00 mm 10 µm, for diameters > 2.00 mm 0.5% x d. Cleanliness in steel The presence of non-metallic inclusions in the wire rod is inspected for every heat of OTEVA 76 SC in accordance with the Suzuki Garphyttan method (or alternative max. T- method). For OTEVA 76 SC PLUS an additional extended inclusion inspection applies. Our criteria for releasing wire rod material for valve spring wire are the following; For wire rod samples: Inclusion size max. 15 µm in surface area. Inclusion size, surface 5 10 > >15 µm Max. number of inclusions As stated by IVSWMA*, it is likely to find occasional inclusions in valve spring quality steel of a size larger than 15µm. * IVSWMA: International Valve Spring Wire Manufacturers Association

18 OTEVA 76 SC/ OTEVA 76 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrVNi-alloyed high tensile valve spring wire Delivery forms Please contact site: South Bend USA or Suzhou China. Heat treatment As soon as possible after coiling, the springs should be stress relieved. Shot peening In order to obtain optimum fatigue properties, the process time should be adjusted to get a complete treatment. Size of shots should be adapted to wire dimension, pitch and shot peening equipment. Shot peening of the inside of the spring coils is particularly critical. After shot peening, the springs should be hot preset or stress relieved. In order to reach optimum fatigue and relaxation properties, the springs must be preset at an appropriate stress. Relaxation and fatigue properties In diagram 1 the fatigue properties of this grade are illustrated in a Goodman-diagram, based on a special test spring design. Diagram 2 shows the relaxation properties (loss of load) of springs made from OTEVA 76 SC wire subjected to static compression at different temperatures. For further technical support, please contact Suzuki Garphyttan. Spring conditions for fatigue and relaxation tests (specially designed test spring) Diagram 1 and 2: Wire diameter Ø 4.00 mm Spring index 6 Stress relieving Shot peening (double shot peening) 1st treatment 2nd treatment Hardness of Shot-peening grit (shot): Aim for Almen arc-height (theoretically set) 420 ±5 C (790 ±10 F) 30 minutes Speed 56 m/sec. for 20 minutes, size of shots 0.8 mm Speed 30 m/sec. for 10 minutes, size of shots 0.8 mm Hv Min 0.45 mm 1300 N/mm C (max. 250 C) 10 minutes Final stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Number of cycles: 25 x 10 6 Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 of test: 24 h Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Loss of load, % Diagram 1 - Fatigue properties Diagram 2 - Relaxation properties

19 OTEVA 75 SC/ OTEVA 75 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrV-alloyed high tensile valve spring wire OTEVA 75 SC is a Super Clean steel, especially intended for the manufacture of clutch/ transmission springs with extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at moderately increased working temperatures. Manufactured as standard in shaved condition in sizes from Ø 1.60 mm to 6.50 mm, or in egg or elliptical shape corresponding to round cross section 2.50 mm to 6.50 mm. Other wire sizes on request. OTEVA 75 SC PLUS is intended for manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Chemical composition C Si Mn P max. S max. Cr V % % % % % % % Physical properties Torsions 4) Size range 1) Tolerance 2) Tensile strength 3) Reduct. of area l=300 mm, mm ± mm N/mm 2 min. % min. revs > > > > > > > ) 2) 3) 4) Other wire sizes on request. Ovality, i. e. the difference between the largest and smallest dimension of a cross section, is maximum half the tolerance range. Conversion from tensile strength to hardness values can be calculated in standard ISO EN The tensile strength R m within one coil does not vary more than 50 N/mm 2. Torsion test is carried out for assessing deformability. The fracture of the torsion test piece shall be smooth and perpendicular to the wire axis. The rupture shall show no longitudinal cracks. Yield point The proof stress R p0.2 is min. 0.9 x tensile strength of the wire. E and G modulus Modulus of elasticity, E: About 206 kn/mm 2 Modulus of shear, G: About 79.5 kn/mm 2 Surface condition non-destructive testing In the standard size range mm the wire is tested continuously in Eddy Current equipment to a surface level of > 40 microns. Other wire sizes on request. Surface condition end sample test The wire is end sample tested by means of etch testing and binocular inspection as well as microscopical inspection of the material structure. Max. permissible depth of partial surface decarburization and surface defects, 1 % x wire diameter. In shaved condition; for diameters <=2.00 mm 10 µm, for diameters > 2.00 mm 0.5% x d. Cleanliness in steel The presence of non-metallic inclusions in the wire rod is inspected for every heat of OTEVA 75 SC in accordance with the Suzuki Garphyttan method (or alternative max. T- method). For OTEVA 75 SC PLUS an additional extended inclusion inspection applies. Our criteria for releasing wire rod material for valve spring wire are the following; For wire rod samples: Inclusion size max. 15 µm in surface area. Inclusion size, surface 5 10 > >15 µm Max. number of inclusions As stated by IVSWMA*, it is likely to find occasional inclusions in valve spring quality steel of a size larger than 15µm. * IVSWMA: International Valve Spring Wire Manufacturers Association

20 OTEVA 75 SC/ OTEVA 75 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCrV-alloyed high tensile valve spring wire Delivery forms See separate sheet. Heat treatment As soon as possible after coiling, the springs should be stress relieved. Shot peening In order to obtain optimum fatigue properties, the process time should be adjusted to get a complete treatment. Size of shots should be adapted to wire dimension, pitch and shot peening equipment. Shot peening of the inside of the spring coils is particularly critical. After shot peening, the springs should be hot preset or stress relieved. In order to reach optimum fatigue and relaxation properties, the springs must be preset at an appropriate stress. Relaxation and fatigue properties In diagram 1 the fatigue properties of this grade are illustrated in a Goodman-diagram, based on a special test spring design. Diagram 2 shows the relaxation properties (loss of load) of springs made from OTEVA 75 SC wire subjected to static compression at different temperatures. For further technical support, please contact Suzuki Garphyttan. Spring conditions for fatigue and relaxation tests (specially designed test spring) Diagram 1 and 2: Wire diameter Ø 4.00 mm Spring index 6 Stress relieving Shot peening (double shot peening) 1st treatment 2nd treatment Hardness of Shot-peening grit (shot): Aim for Almen arc-height (theoretically set) 420 ±5 C (790 ±10 F) 30 minutes Speed 56 m/sec. for 20 minutes, size of shots 0.8 mm Speed 30 m/sec. for 10 minutes, size of shots 0.8 mm Hv Min 0.45 mm 1300 N/mm C (max. 250 C) 10 minutes Final stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Number of cycles: 25 x 10 6 Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 of test: 24 h Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Loss of load, % Diagram 1 - Fatigue properties Diagram 2 - Relaxation properties

21 OTEVA 74 SC/ OTEVA 74 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCr-alloyed high carbon valve spring wire OTEVA 74 SC is a Super Clean steel, especially intended for the manufacture of clutch/ transmission springs requiring extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at moderately increased working temperatures. Manufactured as standard in shaved condition in sizes from Ø 2.00 mm to 6.50 mm, or in egg or elliptical shape corresponding to round cross section 2.50 mm to 6.50 mm. Other wire sizes on request. OTEVA 74 SC PLUS is intended for manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Chemical composition C Si Mn P max. S max. Cr % % % % % % Physical properties Size range 1) Tolerance 2) Tensile strength 3) Reduct. of area mm ± mm N/mm 2 min. % > > > > > > ) 2) 3) Other wire sizes on request. Ovality, i. e. the difference between the largest and smallest dimension of a cross section, is maximum half the tolerance range. Conversion from tensile strength to hardness values can be calculated in standard ISO EN The tensile strength R m within one coil does not vary more than 50 N/mm 2. Yield point The proof stress R p0.2 is min. 0.8 x tensile strength of the wire. E and G modulus Modulus of elasticity, E: About 206 kn/mm 2 Modulus of shear, G: About 79.5 kn/mm 2 Surface condition non-destructive testing In the standard size range mm the wire is tested continuously in Eddy Current equipment to a surface level of > 40 microns. Other wire sizes on request. Surface condition end sample test The wire is end sample tested by means of etch testing and binocular inspection as well as microscopical inspection of the material structure. Max. permissible depth of partial surface decarburization and surface defects, 1 % x wire diameter. In shaved condition; for diameters <=2.00 mm 10 µm, for diameters > 2.00 mm 0.5% x d. Cleanliness in steel The presence of non-metallic inclusions in the wire rod is inspected for every heat of OTEVA 74 SC in accordance with the Suzuki Garphyttan method (or alternative max. T- method). For OTEVA 74 SC PLUS an additional extended inclusion inspection applies. Our criteria for releasing wire rod material for valve spring wire are the following; For wire rod samples: Inclusion size max. 15 µm in surface area. Inclusion size, surface 5 10 > >15 µm Max. number of inclusions As stated by IVSWMA*, it is likely to find occasional inclusions in valve spring quality steel of a size larger than 15µm. * IVSWMA: International Valve Spring Wire Manufacturers Association

22 OTEVA 74 SC/ OTEVA 74 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCr-alloyed high carbon valve spring wire Delivery forms See separate sheet. Heat treatment As soon as possible after coiling, the springs should be stress relieved. Shot peening In order to obtain optimum fatigue properties, the process time should be adjusted to get a complete treatment. Size of shots should be adapted to wire dimension, pitch and shot peening equipment. Shot peening of the inside of the spring coils is particularly critical. After shot peening, the springs should be hot preset or stress relieved. In order to reach optimum fatigue and relaxation properties, the springs must be preset at an appropriate stress. Relaxation and fatigue properties In diagram 1 the fatigue properties of this grade are illustrated in a Goodman-diagram, based on a special test spring design. Diagram 2 shows the relaxation properties (loss of load) of springs made from OTEVA 74 SC wire subjected to static compression at different temperatures. For further technical support, please contact Suzuki Garphyttan. Spring conditions for fatigue and relaxation tests (specially designed test spring) Diagram 1 and 2: Wire diameter Ø 4.00 mm Spring index 6 Stress relieving Shot peening (double shot peening) 1st treatment 2nd treatment Hardness of Shot-peening grit (shot): Aim for Almen arc-height (theoretically set) 420 ±5 C (790 ±10 F) 30 minutes Speed 56 m/sec. for 20 minutes, size of shots 0.8 mm Speed 30 m/sec. for 10 minutes, size of shots 0.8 mm Hv Min 0.45 mm 1300 N/mm C (max. 250 C) 10 minutes Final stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Number of cycles: 25 x 10 6 Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 of test: 24 h Initial stress Tau (corr.) N/mm 2 Loss of load, % Diagram 1 - Fatigue properties Diagram 2 - Relaxation properties

23 OTEVA 70 SC/ OTEVA 70 SC PLUS Oil tempered SiCr-alloyed valve spring wire OTEVA 70 SC is a Super Clean steel, especially intended for the manufacture of clutch/ transmission springs with extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at moderately increased working temperature. The wire is manufactured in shaved or unshaved condition (Ø mm in unshaved condition subcontracted) in sizes from Ø 0.50 mm to 6.50 mm, or in egg or elliptical shape corresponding to round cross section 2.50 mm to 6.50 mm. Other wire sizes on request. OTEVA 70 SC PLUS is intended for manufacture of valve springs and other springs requiring extremely high fatigue properties and good relaxation properties at increased working temperatures. Chemical composition C Si Mn P max S max Cr % % % % % % Physical properties Torsions 4) Size range 1) Tolerance 2) Tensile strength 3) Reduct. of area l=300 mm, mm ± mm N/mm 2 min. % min. revs > > > > > > > > > > > > > ) Other wire sizes on request. 2) Ovality, i. e. the difference between the largest and smallest dimension of a cross section, is maximum half the tolerance range. 3) Conversion from tensile strength to hardness values can be calculated in standard ISO EN The tensile strength R m within one coil does not vary more than 50 N/Mm 2. 4) Torsion test is carried out for assessing deformability. The fracture of the torsion test piece shall be smooth and perpendicular to the wire axis. The rupture shall show no longitudinal cracks. Yield point Cleanliness in steel The proof stress R p0.2 is min. 0.9 x tensile strength of the The presence of non-metallic inclusions in the wire rod is wire. inspected for every heat of OTEVA 70 SC in accordance E and G modulus with the Suzuki Garphyttan method (or alternative max. T- method). Modulus of elasticity, E: About 206 kn/mm 2 Modulus of shear, G: About 79.5 kn/mm 2 Surface condition non-destructive testing In the standard size range mm the wire is tested continuously in Eddy Current equipment to a surface level of > 40 microns. Other wire sizes on request. Surface condition end sample test The wire is end sample tested by means of etch testing and binocular inspection as well as microscopical inspection of the material structure. Max. permissible depth of partial surface decarburization and surface defects, 1 % x wire diameter. In shaved condition; for diameters <=2.00 mm 10 µm, for diameters > 2.00 mm 0.5% x d. For OTEVA 70 SC PLUS an additional extended inclusion inspection applies. Our criteria for releasing wire rod material for valve spring wire are the following; For wire rod samples: Inclusion size max. 15 µm in surface area. Inclusion size, surface 5 10 >10 15 >15 µm Max. number of incl As stated by IVSWMA*, it is likely to find occasional inclusions in valve spring quality steel of a size larger than 15µm. * IVSWMA: International Valve Spring Wire Manufacturers Association