CONTENTS. 1.1 General 1.2 Definition defined 1.3 Operational definition 1.4 A. S. M. definition CHAPTER I: DEFINITION. Page.

Transcription

1 CONTENTS CHAPTER I: DEFINITION 1.1 General 1.2 Definition defined 1.3 Operational definition 1.4 A. S. M. definition 2.1 Brinell test method 2.2 Axel Wahlberg analysis 2.3 Eugen Meyer analysis 2.4 S. L. Hoyt investigation 2.5 S. N. Petrenko analysis 2.6 ASTM E-10-58T 2.7 British and German Standards CHAPTER 111: BRINE LL APPLICATIONS 3.1 General 3.2 Brinell testing machines CHAPTER IV: THE ROCKWELL TEST 4.1 General 4.2 Rockwell patents 4.3 Principle of the Rockwell Test 4.4 Rockwell Test, increment of depth 4.5 Dial indicator, Rockwell type 4.6 Depth of penetration 4.7 Diamond penetrator patent 4.8 Diamond penetrator data 4.9 Test block data 4.10 Unit pressure on diamond penetrator First successful diamond penetrators 4.12 ASTM E-18-59T

2 x CONTENTS CHAPTER V: THE ROCKWELL SUPERFICIAL TEST 5.1 General considerations 5.2 Standard scales and depths 5.3 Rockwell superficial scales 5.4 Rockwell superficial-depth of penetration 5.5 Rockwell superficial testing machines CHAPTER VI: CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF MACHINES FOR ROCKWE LL TESTING 6.1 Machine maintenance Measuring head Dashpot Clark Hardness Tester Avery Hardness Tester Optical projection Rockwell type machines All scale combination machine for Rockwell testing 134 CHAPTER VII: APPLICATIONS OF THE ROCKWE LL TEST 7.1 Special application - small parts 7.2 Large or heavy pieces 7.3 Gears 7.4 Internal testing 7.5 Automatic Rockwell testing CHAPTER VIII: VICKERS OR DIAMOND PYRAMID HARDNESS 8.1 General Vicker's Tester Features of the Vicker's Tester Vickers hardness for various loads and various loading conditions ASTM E CHAPTER IX: KNOOP MICROHARDNESS TESTING 9.1 NBS Specification for Knoop Indentors 209

3 CONTENTS xi CHAPTER X: MICROHARDNESS TESTING APPLICATIONS IN AMERICA Buckle definition of microhardness 244 Low-load hardness tests 247 Weight and spring loaded testers 248 Sources of error in hardness determinations 252 Mott on micro-indentation hardness testing 259 The Tukon Tester 263 The Kentron Tester 270 The Service Mihrotester 272 The Bergsman Microhardness Tester 274 The Eberbach Microhardness Tester 278 Applications of microhardness testing 280 ASTM D T 282 Vickers and hoop impressions in various mate rials 285 CHAPTER XI: SCLEROSCOPE 11.1 General The Shore Scleroscope Shore's Recording Scleroscope Model D ASTM A T 307 CHAPTER XII: PORTABLE HARDNESS TESTERS 12.1 General King Portable Brine11 Tester Riehle and Service Diamond Portable Testers for Rockwell Testing Riehle Portable Loading System Riehle Portable Hardness Indicating System Ames Portable Tester for Rockwell Testing Vickers Armstrong Portable Diamond Pyramid Hardness Tester Barber Colman Impressor Webster Hardness Tester Hardness Testing with Files 336 CHAPTER XIII: SHEET METAL TESTING 13.1 Sheet Metal Testing 13.2 Robert H. Heyer, metallurgist

4 xii CONTENTS CHAPTER XIE SHEET METAL TESTING, ~ontinukd 13.3 Test Specimens R. L. Kenyon R. Hill Hugh O'Neil Service Diamond Superficial Hardness Tester for Rockwell Testing, Model 8SB L. E. Samuels and T. 0. Mulhearn R. H. Heyer and V. E. Lysaght Vickers Pyramid Numerals graph E. B. Bergsman Carbide Spot Anvils 360 CHAPTER XIV: HOT HARDNESS 14.1 General consideration of hot hardness Sources of error in hot hardness tests J. A. Brine John H. Hruska J. F. Kayser Light Load Rockwell Special Hot Hardness Rockwell Test Practice at Climax Molybdenum Co Apparatus for determining the hardness of metals at temperatures up to 3000" F Marshall Hot Hardness Furnace Marshall 58-HD Vacuum Hot Hardness Testing Furnace Comstock & Wescott Precision Microtester Static load type of hot hardness tester Microhardness tester for metals at elevated temperatures Hot hardness machine developed by Battelle Memorial Institute 390 CHAPTER XV: CEMENTED CARBIDE TESTING 15.1 Sensitivity, magnification, accuracy cemented carbide testing S. L.Hoyt J. Gurland and P. Bardzil Carbide hardness analysis by William Bleecker Cooperative study of hardness testing ASTM paper # ASTM B T Cemented Carbides 405

5 CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER XVI: INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS General Standard hardness test blocks Diamond pyramid hardness Effect of errors in load on hardness value Other effects on hardness value Rockwell test Tolerance in Rockwell testers German "Standard" Rockwell Tester British "Standard" Rockwell Tester Tentative design of Deadweight Rockwell Machine of 1960 Precision measurement of Rockwell diamond penetrators Performance tests on indentors for Rockwell hardness XVII: PLASTICS TESTING 17.1 General 17.2 ASTM Designation: D Barcol indentor 17.4 Bierbaum Microcharacter 17.5 ASTM D T 17.6 Microhardness testing of plastics CHAPTER XVIII: HARDNESS CONVERSION 18.1 Relating Rockwell scales to other hardness testing scales 18.2 S. N. Petrenko 18.3 "Relationships between Rockwell and Brinell Numbers" 18.4 J. S. Vanick and J. T. Eash 18.5 Robert Heyer on conversion - 50 to 250 Brinell 18.6 Robert Heyer on conversion factors 18.7 Approximate comparison of hardness scales 18.8 ASTM E Shore Hardness Conversion Conversion charts based on Rockwell B and C John T. Richards and Ellsworth M. Smith The sad state of aluminum conversion Delmar E. Trout Rockwell testing for controlling the temperature of alloys

6 xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER XM: SELECTION AND USE OF STEEL Selection and use of SAE steels SAE numbering system for wrought or rolled steel Carbon and alloy steels general application General characteristics and heat treatment of steels Characteristics of plain carbon steels Characteristics of free cutting carbon steels Common constructional alloy steels (other than stainless and austenitic) Physical properties of SAE carbon steel bars Plain carbon and low alloy cast steel Automotive steel castings CHAPTER XX: HARDENABILITY AND JOMINY TEST 20.1 Definitions of heat treating terms 20.2 Jominy hardenability 20.3 ASTM Designation: A T CHAPTER xxi: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAT TREATED STEELS AND TOOL STEEL APPLICATIONS 21.1 Physical properties 521