European industry dependence on critical raw materials. - Transport Sector -

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1 European industry dependence on critical raw materials - Transport Sector - CRM_InnoNet, 2 nd Innovation Network Workshop, Brussels, 14 th of May 2014 Lisa Bolin SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Presented by Lena Smuk

2 Number of employees in different sectors of manufacturing industry in EU

3 Transport sector - Definition Road transports Trains, ships not included Aviation Conventional vehicles Electric cars, fuel cells etc. not included

4 Identification of CRM dependencies Application Automobile Heavy vehicles Buses Goods vehicles Catalysts for petrochemical refining and biofuels production Commercial aeroplanes Motorcycle Bicycle Helicopter CRM-Use Pt, Pd, Rh, Ta, Nb, Mg, Sb, Nd, Gd, Be, In, Ce, Dy, La, Tb, Tm, Y, Er, Eu, Ga, Ho, Graphite Pt, Pd, Rh, Ta, Nb, Mg, Sb, Nd, Gd, Be, In, Ce, Dy, La, Tb, Tm, Y, Li, Co, Ag Assumed similar to auto/heavy vehicles Assumed similar to auto/heavy vehicles Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir Ru, Re, Co, W, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Lu Sb, Ge, Mg, Gd, Rh, Pd, Be, Pr, Sm, W, Ta, Ru, Nb, Y Assumed similar to automobile Mg, Sc, Be Assumed similar to aeroplane

5 Supply chain analysis EU production of automobile

6 Position of Europe in automobile supply chain

7 Position of Europe in heavy vehicle supply chain

8 Supply chain analysis EU production of aeroplane

9 Position of Europe in aeroplane supply chain

10 Conclusions - Automobile Jobs involved in the EU (2012) ~ 2.3 millions Market value in the EU (2012) ~ 270B EU has a strong position, mainly in the end of the value chain Three European producers are in the top ten Several Japanese companies have manufacturing plants in Europe Most CRM dependence in Catalytic converters High strength steels for car bodies Permanent magnets in electrical motors Electronic control units (ECUs)

11 Conclusions - Automobile Catalytic converters mainly produced outside the EU not by the European automotive companies platinum and palladium production is concentrated in South Africa and Russia no substitutes for the CRMs used in catalytic converters are available at the moment PGM from catalytic converters recycled High strength steels for car bodies high strength steels are of great importance in the current concept safe to collide no recycling for Nb at the moment composites may replace steel parts in the future, especially in the new concept safe to avoid collision

12 Conclusions - Automobile Permanent magnets in electrical motors mainly produced outside the EU neodymium production is concentrated in China the market is growing with the number of motors in the cars no recycling for Ne 100 % lost Electronic control units, ECU the market is growing with the number of ECU in the cars (from 30 to 100 ECU currently) fuel injection control, cooling systems, anti-lock breaking systems, air bags and adaptive cruise control systems are dependent on ECUs ECUs are the key issue in the new concept safe to avoid collision high dependence on CRMs very low recycling rates

13 Conclusions - Heavy vehicles Jobs involved in the EU (2012) ~ 700 thousand Market value in the EU (2012) ~ 33B EU has a strong position, mainly in the end of the value chain Top three heavy vehicle manufacturers are European Large number of innovative SME Estimated market growth for heavy vehicle is 5.5% per year from 2012 to 2022 Specific CRM dependence for heavy vehicles on board energy storage systems Ta, Co New materials are under development

14 Conclusions - Aeroplanes Airbus manufacturing jobs (2010) ~ 56.5 thousand Market value in the EU (2012) ~ 14B Main CRM dependence Be, Nb and Mg and CRMs in electronics trends toward higher Mg content in the alloys used in the plane body Be in structural materials (landing gear bearings, etc) additionally, carbon fibre (not produced in the EU, few producers worldwide) and Ti are critical for aeroplane manufacturing super alloys for jet engines (high strength materials functional at high temperatures) are Nb-based, additionally W and Ta are used currently available alternatives cause loss of performance, which is unacceptable in safety-related applications

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