AP Chemistry Summer Assignment

Transcription

1 AP Chemistry Summer Assignment NOTE: This assignment will be turned in for a grade upon your return from summer vacation. You will have your first test on the first Friday of the new school year. - Use your notes to review the material required to solve the attached problems. - Make sure that you know how to name ionic and covalent compounds, dimensional analysis, basic significant digit rules, and how to read the information on the periodic table. - You are responsible for the following polyatomic ions, acids, and bases: NH4 + H3O + OH - NO2 - NO3 - CH3COO - CN - CNS - MnO4 - ClO - ClO2 - ClO3 - ClO4 - CO3-2 SO3-2 SO4-2 C2O4-2 CrO4-2 Cr2O7-2 PO3-3 PO4-3 Strong acids HCl HBr HI HNO3 HClO4 H2SO4 ammonium hydronium hydroxide nitrite nitrate acetate cyanide thiocyanate permanganate hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate carbonate sulfite sulfate oxalate chromate dichromate phosphite phosphate hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid hydroiodic acid nitric acid perchloric acid sulfuric acid

2 Strong bases LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Weak acids HF HNO2 CH3COOH H2CO3 H3PO4 H2SO3 Weak bases NH3 CH3NH2 lithium hydroxide sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide rubidium hydroxide cesium hydroxide calcium hydroxide strontium hydroxide barium hydroxide hydrofluoric acid nitrous acid acetic acid carbonic acid phosphoric acid sulfurous acid ammonia methyl amine - You are responsible for the following solubility rules: Alkali metals all alkali metals are soluble NH4 + all ammonium compounds are soluble NO3 - all nitrates are soluble CH3COO - all acetates are soluble except AgCH3COO ClO3 - all chlorates are soluble Cl - /Br - /I - soluble except with Ag +, Pb +2, and Hg2 +2 SO4-2 all sulfates are soluble except BaSO4, PbSO4, CaSO4, SrSO4, Ag2SO4, Hg2SO4 F - insoluble, except with alkali metals and ammonium CO3-2 insoluble, except with alkali metals and ammonium CrO4-2 insoluble, except with alkali metals and ammonium PO4-3 insoluble, except with alkali metals and ammonium SO3-2 insoluble, except with alkali metals and ammonium S -2 insoluble, except with alkali metals and ammonium OH - insoluble, except with alkali metals, ammonium, and Ba +2, Sr +2, Ca +2

3 Problems 1. How many significant figures are in each of the following? a. 100 b. 1.0 x 10 2 c x 10 3 d e f g x 10-3 h x Perform the following mathematical operations, and express each result to the correct number of significant figures. a x0.0821x b x x c. 4.0 x 10 4 x x 10-3 x x 10 2 d x x Use Dimensional Analysis to answer the following: a. How many kilograms are in 1 teragram? b. How many nanometers are in 6.50 x 10 2 terameters? c. How many kilograms are in 25 femtograms? d. How many liters are in 8.0 cubic decimeters? e. How many microliters are in one milliliter? f. How many picograms are in 1 microgram? 4. Perform the following unit conversions: a. Congradulations! Your parents just gave birth to your younger sibling while you are in a country that uses the metric system. The nurse has informed you that the baby weighs 3.91 kg and measures 51.4 cm. Your relatives are texting you like crazy and demand you share this information for them in pounds and inches! b. The circumference of the Earth is 25,000 miles at the equator. What is the circumference of the Earth in kilometers? Meters? c. A rectangular prism measures 1.0 m x 5.6 cm x 2.1 dm. Express its volume in cubic meters, liters, cubic inches, and cubic feet. 5. Science fiction often uses nautical analogies to describe space travel. If the starship U.S.S. Enterprise is traveling at warp factor 1.71, what is its speed in knots and in miles per hour? (Warp 1.71 = 5.00 times the speed of light; speed of light = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s; 1 knot = 2000 yards/hr exactly.)

4 6. You pass a road sign saying New York 112 km. If you drive at a constant speed of 65 mi/hr, how long should it take you to reach New York? If your car gets 28 miles to the gallon, how many liters of gasoline would it take to travel 112 km? 7. Convert the following Kelvin temperatures to Celsius and Fahrenheit degrees. a. The temperature that registers the same value on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales, 233 K b. The boiling point of helium, 4 K c. The temperature at which many chemical quantities are determined, 298 K d. The melting point of tungsten, 3680 K 8. Mercury poisoning is a debilitating disease that is often fatal. In the human body, mercury reacts with essential enzymes leading to irreversible inactivity of these enzymes. If the amount of mercury in a polluted lake is 0.4 µg Hg/mL, what is the total mass of mercury (in kilograms) in the lake. The lake has a surface area of 100 mi 2 and a depth of 20 ft. 9. Classify each of the following as a mixture or pure substance: a. Water b. Blood c. The oceans d. Iron e. Brass f. Uranium g. Wine h. Leather i. Table salt (sodium chloride) 10. In the opening scenes of The Raiders of the Lost Arc, Indiana Jones tries to remove a gold idol from a booby-trapped pedestal. He replaces the idol with a bag of sand of approximately equal volume. (Density of pure gold = g/cm 3 ; density of sand is around 2 g/cm 3.) a. Did he have a reasonable chance of not activating the mass sensitive booby trap? b. In a later scene, he and an unscrupulous guide play catch with the idol. Assume that the volume of the idol is about 1.0 L. If it were solid gold, what mass would the idol have? Is playing catch with it plausible? 11. A reaction of 1 liter of chlorine gas (Cl2) with 3 liters of fluorine gas (F2) yields 2 liters of gaseous product. All gas volumes are at the same temperature and pressure. What is the formula of the gaseous product?

5 12. What number of protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of the following atoms? Assuming each atom is uncharged, what number of electrons are present? 235 a. 92U 13 b. 6 C 57 c. 26Fe 208 d. 82Pb 86 e. 37Rb 41 f. 20Ca 13. Consider the elements of group 4A (the carbon family ): carbon, silicon, germanium, antimony, lead. What is the trend in metallic character as one goes down this group? What is the trend in metallic character going from left to right across a period in the periodic table? 14. For each of the following atomic numbers, use the periodic table to write the formula (including the charge) for the simple ion that the element is most likely to form in ionic compounds. a. 13 b. 34 c. 56 d. 7 e. 87 f Name the compounds in perts a-d and write the formulas for the compounds in e-h. a. Hg2O b. FeBr3 c. CoS d. TiCl4 e. Tin(II) nitride f. Cobalt(III) iodide g. Mercury(II) oxide h. Chromium(VI) sulfide

6 16. Write the formula for each of the following compounds: a. Zinc chloride b. Tin(IV) fluoride c. Calcium nitride d. Aluminum sulfide e. Mercury(I) selenide f. Silver iodide g. Chromium(III) hydroxide h. Magnesium cyanide i. Lead(IV) carbonate j. Ammonium acetate k. Diboron trioxide l. Arsenic pentafluoride m. Dinitrogen monoxide n. Sulfur hexachloride 17. Name each of the following compounds: a. HC2H3O2 b. NH4NO2 c. Co2S d. ICl e. Pb3(PO4)2 f. KIO3 g. H2SO4 h. Sr3N2 i. Al2(SO3)3 j. SnO2 k. Na2CrO4 l. HClO 18. Write the formula for each of the following compounds: a. Chromium(VI) oxide b. Disulfur dichloride c. Nickel(II) fluoride d. Potassium hydrogen phosphate e. Aluminum nitride f. Ammonia g. Manganese(IV) sulfide h. Sodium dichromate i. Ammonium sulfite j. Carbon tetraiodide