High-energy. ball milling. processing of nanopowders. Mechanochemical. Malgorzata Sopicka-Lizer. Edited by WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

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1 High-energy ball milling Mechanochemical processing of nanopowders Edited by Malgorzata Sopicka-Lizer CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Oxford Cambridge New Delhi

2 Contents Contributor contact details xi 1 Introduction to mechanochemical processing 1 M. Sopicka-Lizer, Silesian University of Technology, Poland Part I Basic science of mechanochemistry 7 2 Mechanism and kinetics of mechanochemical processes 9 F. Kh. Urakaev, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Russia 2.1 Introduction General issues Calculation of t-p-t conditions at point of contact of milling tools and treated particles Mechanism of mechanochemical processes Kinetics of mechanochemical processes Use of kinetic equations Conclusions References 40 3 Kinetic behaviour of mechanically induced structural and chemical transformations 45 G. Mulas, Universita degli Studi di Sassari, Italy; and F. Delogu, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy 3.1 Introduction Mechanochemistry Outline of experimental methods Degradation of chlorinated aromatics Hydrogen absorption on Mg2Ni/Ni composite 53 v

3 vi Contents 3.6 Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide Future trends References 60 4 Materials design through mechanochemical processing 63 M Senna, Keio University, Japan 4.1 Introduction Benefits of a mechanochemical route for materials design Theoretical aspects of modern mechanochemistry Composite oxides in electromagnetic applications Organic synthesis and utilization of spontaneous chemical reactions Conclusions and future trends References 85 5 Kinetic processes and mechanisms of mechanical alloying 92 F. Delogu, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy; and G. Mulas, Universita degli Studi di Sassari, Italy 5.1 Introduction Fundamentals of mechanical alloying processes in ball mills A phenomenological model of mechanical alloying kinetics Collecting and analysing experimental data on the kinetics of mechanical alloying reactions Mechanisms of chemical mixing on the atomic scale Future trends References 108 Part 1 1 Mechanochemical treatment of different materials Mechanochemical synthesis of complex ceramic oxides 113 T. Rojac and M. Kosec, Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia 6.1 Introduction Mechanisms and kinetics of mechanochemical reactions in complex oxide systems Mechanochemical synthesis of complex oxides with various properties 126

4 Contents vii 6.4 Future trends References Production of intermetallic compound powders by a mechanochemical approach: solid-liquid reaction ball milling 149 D. Chen, Y. Jiang, J. Cai and Z. Chen, Hunan University, People's Republic of China; and P. Huang, Central South University, People's Republic of China 7.1 Introduction Experimental equipment and methods As-milled products obtained from solid-liquid reaction ball milling Reaction mechanism of solid-liquid reaction ball milling Conclusions Acknowledgement References Mechanochemical processing of non-oxide systems with highly covalent bonds 167 M. Sopicka-Lizer, Silesian University of Technology, Poland 8.1 Introduction Manufacturing non-oxide powders by mechanochemical processing Mechanochemical processing of reactive systems Conclusion References Mechanochemical synthesis of metallic-ceramic composite powders 193 K. Wieczorek-Ciurowa, Cracow University of Technology, Poland 9.1 Introduction Composite powder formation: bottom-up and top-down techniques Monitoring mechanochemical processes Examples of applied high-energy milling in the synthesis of selected metallic-ceramic composite powders Copper-based composite powders with A Nickel-based composite powders with A

5 viii Contents 9.7 Other possible variants of the synthesis of metal matrixceramic composites in Cu-Al-O and Ni-Al-0 elemental systems using mechanical treatment ex situ and in situ Conclusions Acknowledgements References Mechanochemical synthesis of organic compounds and rapidly soluble materials 224 A.V. Dushkin, Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, Russia 10.1 Introduction Solid state mechanochemical synthesis of low-molecularweight organic compounds Effect of solid particles aggregation on reactivity in mechanochemical reactions Synthesis of rapidly soluble materials for pharmaceutical applications Future trends References 245 Part III Mechanochemical processes in metal powder systems and other applications Mechanochemical plating and surface modification using ultrasonic vibration 251 S.V. Komarov, Nippon Light Metal Co. Ltd, Japan; S.E. Romankov, N. Hayashi and E. Kasai, Tohoku University, Japan 11.1 Introduction Key concepts Surface modification and coating treatment of as-obtained substrates Surface treatment of precoated substrates Production of nanostructured coatings Conclusions and future trends References Mechanochemically activated powders as precursors for spark plasma sintering (SPS) processes 275 R. Orrij, R. Licheri, A.M. Locci and G. Cao, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy 12.1 Introduction 275

6 Contents ix 12.2 Experimental materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions and future trends Acknowledgements References Synthesis of titanium dioxide-based, visible-light induced photocatalysts by mechanochemical doping 304 S. Yin, Q. Zhang, F. Saito and T. Sato, Tohoku University, Japan 13.1 Introduction Titanium dioxide and its photocatalytic applications Synthesis of anion-doped, titanium-dioxide, visiblelight induced photocatalysts by mechanochemical doping Future trends Acknowledgement References Soft mechanochemical synthesis of materials for lithium-ion batteries: principles and applications 331 N.V. Kosova, Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, Russia 14.1 Introduction: principles of soft mechanochemical synthesis of solid inorganic compounds Reactions of LiOH with anhydrous oxides Reactions of LiOH with solid hydroxides Reactions of LiOH and Li2C03 with crystal hydrates and acidic salts Conclusions Future trends Acknowledgements References Materials for lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical methods 361 L.C. Yang, Q.T. Qu, Y. Shi and Y.P. Wu, Fudan University, China; T. van Ree, University of Venda, South Africa 15.1 Introduction Lithium-ion batteries Mechanochemical preparation of cathode materials Mechanochemical preparation of anode materials Solid electrolytes from mechanochemical methods Conclusions 400

7 x Contents 15.7 Acknowledgement References 402