UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

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1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS JUDUL: EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON EROSION-CORROSION SESI PENGAJIAN: 2011/2012 Saya, AHMAD SYAZWAN BIN YAHYA ( ) (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda / Sarjana / Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis ini adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi / badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat Tetap: 808-C Kg. Jeram, Manir, Pn. Nor Imrah binti Yusoff Kuala Terengganu, (Nama Penyelia) Terengganu. Tarikh: Tarikh: CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara Penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).

2 EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON EROSION-CORROSION AHMAD SYAZWAN BIN YAHYA Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JULY 2012

3 ii UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING I certify that the project entitled Effect of Heat Treatment on Erosion-Corrosion is written by Ahmad Syazwan bin Yahya. I have examined the final copy of this project and in my opinion; it is fully adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering. I herewith recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering. Mr. Luqman Hakim Bin Ahmad Shah Examiner Signature

4 iii SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I have checked this project and in my opinion, this project is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering. Signature : Name : PN.NOR IMRAH BINTI YUSOFF Position : LECTURER OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING Date :

5 iv STUDENT S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree. Signature : Name : AHMAD SYAZWAN BIN YAHYA Matric Id : MA08064 Date :

6 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS EXAMINER DECLERATION SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION STUDENT S DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Page ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix xiii xiv xvi xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Project background Problem statement Project objective Scope of the project 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Erosion-corrosion Erosion-corrosion process Erosion-corrosion mechanism Applications constrains and protecting approaches 7

7 x 2.3 Types of corrosion Pitting corrosion Intergranular corrosion Corrosion in seawater Heat treatment Stages of heat treatment Types of heat treatment Annealing Quenching media Preparation and test mechanical properties for specimens Electrochemical techniques in corrosion testing Electrochemical polarization Tafel extrapolation Passivity Austenitic stainless steels Conclusion 21 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Preparation of specimens Design of specimens Reduce length and diameter Surface finishing Composition analysis Cold mounting process Surface polishing 32

8 xi 3.3 Heat treatment process Inspection of erosion-corrosion parameter Microstructure analysis Surface roughness test Rockwell hardness test Electrochemical test and measurement Electrochemical cell set-up General parameter Corrosion rate analysis Tafel plot 44 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction Hardness test analysis Corrosion rate analysis Sample characterization Surface roughness, Ra analysis 64 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction Conclusion Recommendation 67

9 xii REFERENCES 68 APPENDICES 70 A Gantt Chart /Project Schedule FYP 1 70 B Gantt Chart /Project Schedule FYP 2 71

10 xiii LIST OF TABLES No. Title Page 2.1 Passive region Classified of specimens type Composition of AISI Type 301 stainless steel Approximate periods for annealing steel Corrosion rates determine by Tafel Extrapolation Method Specimens surface roughness value before and after electrochemical Erosion-corrosion test 65

11 xiv LIST OF FIGURES No. Title Page 2.1 Process of erosion-corrosion (a) An example of general deep pitting corrosion with some pits joining to form larger pits and interconnected pitting, (b) Pitting corrosion in stainless steel backscattered SEM image 2.3 Intergranular Corrosion, Sensitized 304 stainless steel exhibiting intergranular attack, 100X magnification 2.4 (a) Detail of the home-built slurry wear testing machine used for corrosion erosion experiments. (b) SEM image showing the morphology of SiO2 particles used in the tests Polarization diagram Passivity diagram Flow chart FYP Experiment setup Lathe turning machine to reduce and slice raw material to specimen Precision surface grinder Top surface finishing Spark emission spectrometer Cold mounting machine Surface of specimen to undergoes erosion-corrosion test 32

12 xv 3.9 Three grades of polish type Furnace for heat treatment process Program controller setting for furnace to heat and soaking specimens at 1070 C Specimens undergoes heating process in furnace Image analyser Surface roughness Perthometers Rockwell hardness test Result for HRC appears on screen after load applied Electrochemical test cell Working electrodes connected to Wonatech Potentiostat (WPG100) Wonatech Potentiostat (WPG100) Electrochemical test set-up General Potentio dynamic parameters from Potentiostat WPG100 for IVMan software Tafel plot Tafel analysis using IVMan software Specimen A1 (a) Potentiodynamic polarization curves and (b) Tafel extrapolation plot for control specimens AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel 4.2 Specimen A2 (a) Potentiodynamic polarization curves and (b) Tafel extrapolation plot for control specimens AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel 50 51

13 xvi 4.3 Specimen A3 (a) Potentiodynamic polarization curves and (b) Tafel extrapolation plot for control specimens AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel 4.4 Specimen B1 (a) Potentiodynamic polarization curves and (b) Tafel extrapolation plot for annealed specimens AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel 4.5 Specimen B2 (a) Potentiodynamic polarization curves and (b) Tafel extrapolation plot for annealed specimens AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel 4.6 Specimen B3 (a) Potentiodynamic polarization curves and (b) Tafel extrapolation plot for annealed specimens AISI Type 301 Stainless 4.7 Surface structure at magnification 50X of AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel as control specimen A1; (a) before electrochemical erosioncorrosion test (b) after electrochemical erosion-corrosion test 4.8 Surface structure at magnification 50X of AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel as control specimen A2; (a) before electrochemical erosioncorrosion test (b) after electrochemical erosion-corrosion test 4.9 Surface structure at magnification 50X of AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel as control specimen A3; (a) before electrochemical erosioncorrosion test (b) after electrochemical erosion-corrosion test 4.10 Surface structure at magnification 50X of annealed AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel annealing at 1070 specimen B1; (a) before electrochemical erosion-corrosion test (b) after electrochemical erosion-corrosion test 4.11 Surface structure at magnification 50X of annealed AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel annealing at 1070 C specimen B2; (a) before electrochemical erosion-corrosion test (b) after electrochemical erosion-corrosion test 4.12 Surface structure at magnification 50X of annealed AISI Type 301 Stainless Steel annealing at 1070 C specimen B3; (a) before electrochemical erosion-corrosion test (b) after electrochemical erosion-corrosion test Graph bar for increment of surface roughness,ra 64

14 xvii LIST OF SYMBOLS NaCl βa βc Cr E corr E p I c I p LogI Natrium Chloride Anodic Slopes Cathodic Slopes Chromium Corrosion Potential Primary Passivation Potential Critical Current Density Passive Current Density Log Current % Percentage g s g/cm 3 Weight Time Density C Temperature

15 xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AISI ASTM SEM FYP UMP WE RE RP CE American Iron and Steel Institute American Society for Testing and Materials Scanning electron microscopy Final Year Project University Malaysia Pahang Working electrode Reference electrode Corrosion resistance Counter electrode