Science 8. Unit 1. Booklet

Transcription

1 Science 8 Unit 1 Mixture and Flow of Matter Booklet Name: Class: 1

2 TOPIC 1 REINFORCEMENT The Particle Model Goal Demonstrate your understanding of the particle model and changes of state. BLM 1-1 Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Turn to page 32 of your textbook. Read the five points that summarize the particle model of matter. Use the five points to complete the statements below. (a) Solids have a definite shape because (b) Fluids (liquids and gases) flow because (c) Gases do not have a definite shape because 2. You have learned about the following changes of state: sublimation (solid to gas, or gas to solid) condensation vaporization melting (fusion) freezing (solidification) Identify each change of state described below. (a) Ice is left out on a counter. (b) Frost forms on a window on a cold day. (c) Water is left in a freezer. (d) Clothes are left outdoors to dry. (e) Dry ice is used to create fogs. (f) A bathroom mirror fogs up after a shower. (g) A pond gets shallower at the end of a long hot summer. (h) Your hair was wet when you left the house, but it dries by the time you get to school. 2

3 TOPIC 1 SKILL BUILDER Classifying Pure Substances and Mixtures Goal Practise classifying materials as pure substances and mixtures. BLM 1-2 Classify each substance below as a pure substance or a mixture. Then beside each pure substance identify it as an element or a compound. Beside each mixture identify it as a mechanical mixture or a solution. scrambled eggs cooking oil fresh-squeezed orange juice iron sugar food colouring ginger ale raisin bread rubbing alcohol mouthwash toothpaste liquid oxygen silicon quartz salt gold baking soda sulfur sulfuric acid carbon dioxide aluminum cement sand crude oil helium black coffee glucose Pure substances Element or compound Mixtures Mixture or Solution 3

4 TOPIC 1 REINFORCEMENT Heterogeneous or Homogeneous? Goal Review your understanding of heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures. BLM 1-3 Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Identify each mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous. (a) dirt (b) sterling silver bracelet (c) sample of pond water (d) recycled paper 2. Answer each question with a full sentence. (a) To the unaided eye, a mixture appears to be a white liquid with no visible substances floating around. Can this mixture be classified as homogeneous? Explain why or why not. (b) Air can be classified as heterogeneous or homogeneous. Explain why this statement is true. 3. Read the descriptions below. In the space provided, indicate whether each mixture is a mechanical mixture (M) or a solution (S). (a) The different substances in this mixture can be distinguished from each other with the unaided eye or a magnifying glass. (b) The substances in this mixture cannot be separated by filtering. (c) When this mixture is left to stand undisturbed, the substances do not separate by floating to the top or settling to the bottom. (d) This mixture appears cloudy or opaque. You cannot see through it clearly. 4

5 TOPIC 2 SKILL BUILDER Solubility and Concentration BLM 1-4 Goal Practise your graphing skills, and demonstrate your understanding of solubility. Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Make a line graph using the data in the table below. Give your graph a title. Provide a legend to identify the three substances represented by the three lines. Substance Solubility (g/100 g water) at 0 C 20 C 40 C 60 C 80 C 100 C copper sulfate lithium sulfate ammonium chloride Answer the following questions using the data in the graph and the table. (a) Which substance has the greatest solubility at 0 C? (b) Which substance has the greatest solubility at 100 C? (c) Which substance decreases in solubility as its temperature increases? (d) Which solutions are saturated at 60 C, with 40 g dissolved in 100 g of water? (e) Which solution is the least saturated at 0 C, with only 2 g dissolved? 5

6 TOPIC 4 REINFORCEMENT Viscosity at Work Goal Explore how viscosity can be used in various occupations. BLM 1-11 Many occupations use the principles you have studied in this topic. Look at the occupations in the table below. For each occupation, think of one way that a knowledge of viscosity could be used. You may want to research these occupations or ask people who work in them. Occupation How knowledge of viscosity is applied candy maker glass blower beekeeper baker motor mechanic maple syrup manufacturer other 6

7 TOPIC 4 ASSESSMENT Viscosity Quiz BLM 1-13 Goal Show your understanding of concepts you have learned in Topic 4. Carefully read the instructions before answering each set of questions. Matching Match each description in column A with the correct term in column B. Place the letter for the term on the line beside the description. A what happens to the viscosity of a liquid as it is heated substance that has no internal resistance to flow what happens to the viscosity of a liquid as it is cooled substance that reduces friction between moving parts change of temperature that causes the viscosity of a gas to increase change of temperature that causes the viscosity of a gas to decrease resistance to flow how fast a fluid runs any substance that flows B (a) superfluid (b) change of state (c) internal friction (d) flow rate (e) fluid (f) lubricant (g) liquid (h) increases (i) decreases (j) heating (k) cooling Short answers Answer the following questions in the space provided. 10. List two fluids that have a high viscosity. 11. List two fluids that have a low viscosity. 12. Explain the effect of temperature on the viscosity of a gas and a liquid. 7

8 TOPIC 5 PROBLEM SOLVING Density Calculations BLM 1-14 Goal Compare densities, and calculate the mass and volume of different substances. Use the table at the right and the formula below for density to answer the following questions. Show your calculations. Density = Mass Volume 1. Calculate the mass of 550 ml of air. 2. Calculate the mass of 50 cm 3 of copper. Fluid Density (g/ml) Solid Density (g/cm 3 ) hydrogen Styrofoam helium cork 0.24 air oak 0.70 oxygen sugar 1.59 carbon dioxide salt 2.16 ethyl alcohol 0.79 aluminum 2.70 machine oil 0.90 iron 7.87 water 1.00 nickel 8.90 seawater 1.03 copper 8.92 glycerol 1.26 lead mercury gold What is the volume of a 2 g piece of gold? 4. How much space does 1 kg of air occupy? 5. In an experiment, two students find that 500 g of water occupies a space of 50 ml. Is this accurate? Why? 8

9 TOPIC 5 PROBLEM SOLVING Density Calculations (continued) BLM Two other students in the same class find that a piece of wood, with a mass of 70 g, has a volume of 103 cm 3. They conclude that the wood is oak. Is this accurate? Why? 7. Suppose that you drop three objects into a glass of water: a piece of Styrofoam, a piece of oak, and a gold ring. Which will float, and which will sink? 8. Which is more dense, carbon dioxide or air? Explain your answer. 9. Suppose that you find a white granular substance in a jar in your cupboard. You suspect that it is either sugar or salt. How can you find out, without tasting the substance? 9

10 Science, Gr. 9 Atoms & Elements Unit Density Density Calculations Worksheet I density = mass UNITS OF DENSITY volume solids (g/cm 3 ) liquids (g/ml) 1. Find the unknown quantity: a) d = 3 g/ml V = 100 ml M =? b) d =? V = 930 ml M = 95 g c) d = 0.4 g/cm 3 V =? M = 22 g 2. Find the unknown quantity (CONVERT FIRST to g or ml) a) d = 21 g/ml V = 1.6 L = ml M =? b) d =? V = 85 ml M = 1.5 kg = g c) d = V = 0.62 L = ml M = 500 mg = g WORD PROBLEMS (Use page 52 in your textbook to help you) 1. A block of aluminum occupies a volume of 15.0 ml and weighs 40.5 g. What is its density? 2. Mercury metal is poured into a graduated cylinder that holds exactly 22.5 ml. The mercury used to fill the cylinder weighs g. From this information, calculate the density of mercury. 10

11 3. What is the weight of ethyl alcohol that exactly fills a ml container? 4. A rectangular block of silver metal weighs 1896 g. The dimensions of the block are 8.4 cm by 5.5 cm by 4.6 cm. From this data, what is the density of silver? (hint: find the volume of a block first) 5. What volume of copper metal will weigh exactly g? 6. Find the mass of ml of Carbon Dioxide. 7. A block of uranium has dimensions of 4.50 cm by 5.20 cm by 6.00 cm. The block weighs 1587 g. From this information, calculate the density of uranium g of tungsten is added to a graduated cylinder containing ml of water. The water level rises to the ml mark, From this information, calculate the density of tungsten. 11

12 TOPIC 7 SKILL BUILDER Fluid Pressure Review BLM 1-18 Goal Practise drawing and reading a line graph. Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Draw a line graph to show the data in the table below. Remember to include the scales and labels for each axis. Give your graph a title. Temperature of water ( C) Mass of oxygen (mg) What does your graph tell you about the cause-and-effect relationship between the temperature of water and the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water? 3. (a) According to your graph, how many milligrams of oxygen are dissolved in 1 L of water at 5 C? (b) What is the temperature of the water if it contains 15 mg of dissolved oxygen? 12

13 Pressure Calculations Worksheet: P = F A 1Kpa = 1000 pa Name: Class: 1. Take the formula Pressure = Force/Area (P = F/A) and put it into the triangle form that we used for the density formula 2. If a container has a pressure of 300 pa and an area of 5.6 m 2 what is the force acting on the container? 3. If there is a force of 18N acting on a container that is 3m 2 what is the pressure? 4. What is the force acting on a pressurized object that has a surface area 2.4m 2 and 150 pa? 5. if a container has a pressure of 12 Kpa and a surface area of 0.12m 2, what is the force acting on it?