Environmental Performance Assessment in the Greater Mekong Subregion Iain Watson Senior Environmental Safeguards Specialist ADB Greater Mekong Subregion Environment Operations Center
Background SEF-II, CEP-BCI
Management & Collaboration National EPA Lead for Selected Activities + Secretariat Technical Support + Lead (in some subactivities) GMS EOC Overall Facilitation and Management, Financial & Technical Support Data Sharing Collaborative Partners 6 GMS Countries (including Yunnan & Guangxi Provinces) Sub-regional EPA NSU (focal point, coordinator, national EPA consultants
INDICATORS What is EPA? Policy and tool that enables governments to: Measure degree of success in achieving national environmental targets Critically review development and planning processes which can undermine overall progress Mitigate negative impacts of development activities with appropriate policy and decisions INDICATORS
EPA-SoE-SDP Linkages By considering past trends in environmental protection efforts (EPA) and the current environmental condition (SoE) Future interventions to meet targets can be decided on more effectively (SDP)
Causal Framework Evolution EPA uses a causal framework that helps understanding of cause-effect relationships CEP-BCI country EPA reports mostly adopted DPSIR framework to better understand and explain causeeffect relationships? Stress- (SR) - - (PSR) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD Driving Force- - (DSR) Driving Force- - - Impact- (DPSIR) European Environmental Agency - EEA?
P-S-R Versus D-P-S-I-R Figure 2: PSR and DPSIR Frameworks for EPA A2 D Drivers Changes in Society Human Society P s Human influences on the environment R s Changes in human behaviour I Impacts Society s well being S Of the environment: air, land, water, etc Environment
SEF-II Priority Concerns Participatory approach to select country priority concerns 14 GMS-wide priority concerns identified for first GMS EPA reporting exercise; adapted from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Air pollution by stationary sources Climate change Fish resources Forest resources Inland water pollution Land degradation Air pollution by mobile sources Ozone layer depletion Threats to biodiversity Threats to coastal zone Toxic contamination Water resources Natural disasters
CEP-BCI Reconsidering Concerns Air Pollution by stationary sources (2) Climate Change (2) Fish Resources (2) Forest Resources (6) Inadequate Waste Management (6) Inland water pollution (4) Land degradation (6) Mobile Source Pollution (2) Ozone Layer Depletion (0) Threats to Biodiversity (5) Threats to Coastal Zone (2) Toxic Contamination (3) Water Resources (4) Are they still relevant? Has the ranking changed? Are there new concerns? Are they specific enough? Are they clearly separated/distinct? Number of GMS countries concerned
CEP-BCI Priority Concerns
Concern Ranking Each country individually ranked national concerns and selected their top concerns for development of indicators Rank Yunnan / PRC Cambodia Lao PDR Myanmar Thailand Vietnam 1 Land degradation Threats to biodiversity Forest resources Forest resources Inland water pollution Inland water pollution 2 Threats to biodiversity Fish resources Land degradation Land degradation Water resources Land degradation 3 Water resources Water resources Threats to biodiversity 4 Forest resources Forest resources Threats to biodiversity Climate change 5 Inland water pollution Land degradation 6 7 Toxic contamination 8 Air pollution by stationery sources Inland water pollution Toxic contamination 9 Climate change Land degradation Air pollution by stationary sources Forest resources Threats to biodiversity Fish resources Toxic contamination Forest resources Water resources Threats to biodiversity Mobile source pollution Threats to coastal zone Land degradation Threats to coastal zone Mobile source pollution
Indicator Development Indicators: 1. : Loss of Tropical Rainforest in Taninthari Division 1990-2000 Loss of Mangroves in Delta Forest Reserve 1924-2001 Rank Yunnan / PRC Cambodia Lao PDR Myanmar Thailand Vietnam 1 Land degradation Threats to biodiversity Forest resources Forest resources Inland water pollution Inland water pollution 2 Threats to biodiversity Fish resources Land degradation Land degradation Water resources Land degradation 2. : Threatened Species as % of Globally Threatened Species 5 Inland water pollution Land degradation 1996-2004 3 Water resources Water resources Threats to biodiversity 4 Forest resources Forest resources Threats to biodiversity Climate change 6 Inland water pollution 3. 7: Toxic contamination % of Air Protected pollution by Area Over 8 Toxic contamination stationery sources Total Land Area 9 Climate change Land degradation 1918-2004 Air pollution by stationary sources Each country selected their own concern-specific indicators; not consistent across subregion Forest resources Threats to biodiversity Fish resources Toxic contamination Forest resources Water resources Threats to biodiversity Mobile source pollution Threats to coastal zone Land degradation Threats to coastal zone Mobile source pollution
Indicator Gap Analysis Priority Concerns and Indicators chosen Priority concern Air Pollution by Stationary Sources Air Pollution by Stationary Sources Air Pollution by Stationary Sources Framework Element Indicators per Country Cambodia Year Lao PDR Year Myanmar Year Thailand Year Viet Nam Year PRC - Yunnan Year Climate Change Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1994-2020 Volume of GHG Emissions 1990 Climate Change Climate Change Expenditure on Reducing the Extend of Slash- and- Burn Farming Fish Resources Volume of Fisheries Production 1995-2004 Fish Resources Inland Fish Consumption 1981-2003 Fish Resources Number of Community Fisheries 1996-2005 Retail Price of Fish at Constant Prices Expenditure on Fish Management GHG Emission in CO2 Equivalent 2001-2005 GHG Emission per unit of GDP 1990-2002 1995-2002 1991-2000 Forest Resources Forest Concession Area 1994-2002 Area under Shifting Cultivation 1976-2004 Forest Resources Forest Resources Forest Resources Forest Cover as Percent of Total Land Area Protected Forest as Percent of Total Land Area 1965-2002 1993-2002 Forest Resources Reforested Areas 1985-2002 Forest Cover as Percent of Total Land Area Protected Forest Area as Percent of Total Land Area Inadequate Waste Management Urban Population 2005 Inadequate Waste Management Percentage of Collected Waste 2005 Inadequate Waste Management Inadequate Waste Management Inland Water Pollution Inland Water Pollution Inland Water Pollution Expenditure on Waste Management 1943-2002 1993-2002 2005 Ratio of Wood Removal over Thousand Hectares of Forest Cover Percent of Forest Cover over Total Land Area Permanent Forest Estate as Percent of Total Land Area Expenditures on Forest Conservation Municipal Solid Waste Generated in Yangon City Percent Solid Waste Collected in Yangon City Expenditure on Solid Waste Management in Yangon City 1990-2005 Emission of Greenhouse Gases 1990-2020 National GHG Emissions 1993-2002 1975-2001 1975-1998 1985-2002 Emissions of CO2- Equivalent per Unit of GDP Available Agricultural Land per Capita Forest Cover as Percent of Total Land Area Protected Areas as Percent of Total Land Area Coal Consumtion for Energy Generation 1991-2003 1990-2020 Energy Intensity 1991-2003 1975-2000 (Projection until 2030) 1961-2000 1961-2004 Ratio of Roundwood Production over Total Forest Area Forest Cover as Percent of Total Land Area 1961-2000 Ratio of Wood Consumption to Forest Standing Stock Increment 1960-2002 1942-2003 Percentage of Forest Cover 1960-2002 Area under Forest Conservation Programs 2000-2004 1988-2001 Reforested Area 1997-2002 Afforested Area 1999-2004 1983-2004 1983-2004 1994-2004 Municipal Solid Waste Generated Percentage of Collected Municipal Solid Waste Percentage of Waste Disposal and Utilization Discharge of Un- treated Domestic Wastewater Water Quality in Designated Water Bodies Inland Water Pollution Amount of Wastewater Treated 2003 Land Degradation Agriculture Land as Percent of Total Land / per Capita 1961-2002 Land Degradation Average Rice Yield 1961-2003 Land Degradation Land Degradation Growth of Agricultural Irrigated Area 1961-2002 Land Degradation De- Mined Areas 1992-2004 Mobile Source Pollution Mobile Source Pollution Mobile Source Pollution Natural Disasters Natural Disasters Natural Disasters Natural Disasters Ozone Layer Depletion Ozone Layer Depletion Ozone Layer Depletion Threats to Biodiversity Loss of Critical Habitat 1993-1997 Threats to Biodiversity Threats to Biodiversity Threats to Biodiversity Number of Upland Households Practicing Shifting Cultivation Sediment Load in Selected Rivers Number of Household under LUP/LA Programs Ratio of Natural Forest to Plantation Forest 1993-2003 1993-2003 1993-2003 1994-2003; 2001, 2003 1993-2003 Volume of Solid Waste Generated Solid Waste Collected as Percentage of Generated Solid Waste Investment in Solid Waste Management 2000-2003 2000-2003 1998-2003 BOD Discharges 1995-2003 BOD5 Concentration in Selected Rivers Industrial Wastewater Discharge Fees 1995-2002 2003 Volume of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Generated Percent of Non- Recycled Industrial Waste Municipal Solid Waste Safely Disposed of as Percent of Total Municipal Solid Waste Generated Percent of Industrial Solid Waste Recycled Volume of Municpal Wastewater Discharges Volume of Untreated Industrial Wastewater Discharged Percent of Major Rivers meeting Grade- III Water Quality Criteria Percent of Industrial Wastewater Treated Prior to Discharge 1989-2004 1989-2004 2000-2004 1989-2004 1989-2004 1993-2000 1990-2004 1993-2000 1995-2004 Growth in Upland Population 1980-2000 Loss of Forest Area 1961-2000 Farm Land per Capita 1984-2004 1989-1995 1995-2003 1976-2002 Vulnerable Farm Area as Percent of Total Cultivated Area 1998 Land Rehabilitated as Percent of Area Sown to Crops Car Equivalent Unit per sq.km in Major Cities TSP Concentrations in Yangon City Percentage of Vehicles Inspected Loss of Tropical Rainforest in Tanintharyi Division Loss of Mangroves in the Delta Forest Reserves 1974-2002 1999-2004 1998-2000 1998-2004 Vulnerable Farm Land as Percent of Total Farm Land Marginal Lands as Percent of Total Farmland Area Rehabilitation Area of Degraded Land 2000, 2002 2000 1997-2003 Number of Vehicles in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM and CO in Hanoi and Ho Chi Min City 1990-2001 1997-2002 Total Area Affected by Soil Erosion Total Soil Erosion Area Rehabilitated Government Expenditure on Soil Conservation Provincial GDP at Constant Prices Population Affected by Natural Disasters Economic Loss Caused by Natural Disasters as Percentage of Provincial GDP Expenditures on Disaster Relief and Preparedness 1987-2000 1989-2004 2001-2004 1992-2003 1992-2003 1992-2003 1992-2003 1990-2000 Loss of Natural Forest Habitat 1990-1998 Area of Natural Forests 1979-2002 1924-2001 Threatened Species as Percent of Globally Threatened Species 1996-2004 Threatened Species as Percent of Globally Threatened Species 1996-2004 Threatened Species as Percent of Globally Threatened Species 1996-2004 Threatened Species as Percent of Globally Threatened Species 1996-2004 Threatened Species as Percent of Globally Threatened Species Protected Area as Percent of Total Land Area 1993-2002 Ntional Protected Area as Percent of Total Land Area 1993-2002 Percent Protected Area over Total Land Area 1918-2004 Protected Area as Percent of Total Land Area Threats to Coastal Zone Growth of Aquaculture Area 1995-2003 Threats to Coastal Zone Area of Mangrove Forest 1943-2001 Threats to Coastal Zone Toxic Contamination Toxic Contamination Toxic Contamination Volume of Imported Hazardous Substances Number of UXO- Related Accidents Water Resources Urban and Rural Population 1961-2003 Rural Population 1961-2004 Population Growth 1985-2015 Water Resources Agricultural Population 1980-2003 Irrigated Crop Sown Area 1985-2002 Water Resources Percent of Population with Access to Safe Potable Water 1998-2002 Water Resources Area under Rice Cultivation 1980-2003 Water Resources Water Resources Urban and Rural Drinking Water Provision Expenditure on Irrigation System Construction and Maintenance 1998-2003 1999-2003 Percent of Population with Access to Safe Potable Water Expenditures on Improved Water Supply 2005 2005 1998-2004 2001-2005 Percent Population with Access to Safe Drinking Water Irrigated Area as Percentage of Irrigable Area Expenditure on Drinking Water Supply Expenditure on Irrigation Management Amount of Hazardous Substances Utilized Number of Health Incidents Related to Hazardous Substances Amount of Treated Hazardous Waste Water Consumption by Agriculture 1993-2003 1993-2003 1994-2004 1993-2006 1995-2003 Area of Under- Irrigated Land 1990-2004 1997-2002 1997-2003 1992-2002 Irrigation Water Storage Capacity 2002 1996-2004 1992-2002 Threatened Species as Percent of Globally Threatened Species Protected Area as Percent of Total Land Area 1996-2004 1989-2004 Are there any gaps in the current indicator matrix? Have the right indicators been chosen to well describe causeeffect relationships? Are the data compatible (time, trend) accross the PSR/DPSIR framework and among countries?
EPA Findings What did you think? Great! I give them a 10 10 out of what?!
Improved Country Reporting But How To Assess Comparative Improvement? All countries selected for example biodiversity as a priority environmental issue, primarily concentrating on loss of biodiversity from terrestrial forested areas Most countries identified loss of critical habitat as main pressure. Other countries considered ratio of natural forest to plantation forest, and loss of natural forests. All countries used the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as a % of globally threatened species as the state indicator The main response indicator identified was creation of protected areas as a % of total land area; does establishment of parks ensure protection of biodiversity?
GMS Status & Trends indicators were all high to medium and generally increasing indicators were all satisfactory to good but trends were mostly deteriorating indicators were generally little to moderate, and intermittent to sustained
GMS Sufficiency For Priority Environmental concerns Ca Calculated as a simple weighted average of, and values and trends given in the previous table 0 to 50%: Urgent need for response improvement 51 to 75%: Some need for response improvement 76 to 100%: is adequate
Future Directions EPA reporting undertaken to date in the GMS has provided a solid foundation for future EPA CEP-BCI focused on broadening involvement by non-environment agencies and ministries and integrating EPA reporting into existing national planning processes Current CEP Phase 2 technical assistance is focusing on improving environmental monitoring capabilities necessary to establish baseline conditions and identify trends Seeking also to strengthen environmental databases and data standards to facilitate sharing of data among GMS countries
Thank you iain@gms-eoc.org www.gms-eoc.org