TABLE LIST OF TABLES 1 Growth of Educational Institutions in India and Tamil Nadu 14 2 Gas Production per Kg of Dung 45 3 Design Parameters for Sizing of Biogas Plants 52 4 Nature and Number of the Institutions Surveyed for the Study 69 5a Selected Institutions for the Study Tamil Nadu 71 5b Selected Institutions for the Study Kerala 72 6 Comparison of Biogas Spent Slurry and other Organic Manures 85 7 Details of Community Biogas Plant 89 8 Selection of Respondents 95 9 Concept of Installing IBP 101 10 Year wise Installation 102 11 Capacity wise Distribution of Institutional Biogas Plants 12 Area and Cost Incurred for 10 cu.m, 15 cu.m and 20 cu.m capacity plants 13 Area and Cost Incurred for 25 cu.m, 30 cu.m, 35 cu.m and 40 cu.m capacity plants 14 Area and Cost Incurred for 60 cu.m, 80 cu.m, 85 cu.m and 90 cu.m capacity plants 103 104 105 106
15 Capacity versus Organic Waste Utilized in Educational Institutions 16 Capacity versus Organic Waste Utilized in Textile Industries 17 Capacity versus Organic Waste Utilized in Hospitals and Religious Centre 107 108 109 18 Waste Disposal Methods and Associated Problems 111 19 Mean Cost Benefit through the Installation of Institutional Biogas Plant 113 20 Obstacles Faced in Execution 115 21 Prospects Gained by Authorities in Installing IBP 116 22 Materials Required 120 23 Man Power Required 120 24 Dimensions of the Digester 121 25 Dimensions of Inlet and Outlet Tank 122 26 Cost of Materials and Labour 125 27 Cost spent for construction of IBP 125 28 Average Waste Generated in a Week for Three Months 128 29 Average Quantity of Organic Waste Generated 129 30 Month Wise Average Gas Production from Organic Waste 131 31 Gas Flow in Cubic Meter 132 32 Fuel and Cost Equivalent 134
33 Average Generation of Organic Waste and Gas Flow with its LPG Fuel Equivalent 135 34 Fuel Equivalent Compared with Biogas 136 35 NPK Content of BSS 136 36 Recovery of Organic Manure 137 37 Economic Viability of 35 cu.m Institutional Biogas Plant 138 38 Analysis of Untreated and Treated Effluent Water 139 39 Social Status 140 40 Educational Status 141 41 Economic Status 143 42 Fuel Usage Pattern 145 43 Quantity and Amount Spent for fuel 146 44 Problems Associated with the use of Fuel 147 45 Resource Recovery of Fuel Energy 148 46 Reasons for Adoption 150 47 Reasons for Non-Adoption 153 48 Personal and Economic Variables towards Adoption 154 49 Average Concentration of Carbonmonoxide 157 50 Amount spent for Fuel in Anganwadi 159
FIGURE LIST OF FIGURES 1 Population Estimates (1990-2012) 14 2 Map of Tamil Nadu Showing Surveyed Districts 67 3 Map of Kerala Showing Surveyed Districts 68 4 Resource Recovery from Organic Wastes 80 5 Design of 25cu.m Community Biogas Plant 88 6 Evaluation Process Model for Resource Recovery 91 7 Location of the Selected Villages 93 8 Year wise Installation 102 9 Capacity versus Organic Waste Utilized in various Institutions 10 Fuel Saved through the Installation of Institutional Biogas Plant 110 114 11 Design of 35 cu.m Institutional Biogas Plant 119 12 Cost spent for construction of IBP 126 13 Average Quantity of Organic Waste Generated 130 14 Gas Flow in Cubic Meter 133 15 Socio-Economic Profile of Rural Households 144 16 Resource Recovery of Fuel Energy 149 17 Personal and Economic Variables versus Adoption 155 18 Average Concentration of Carbon monoxide 158 19 SWOC Analysis 163
LIST OF PLATES PLATE I Excerpts from Print Media 5 II Waste to Energy - Focus by Print Media 9 III Institutional Biogas Plants in Operation 70 IV Quantification of Waste in the Educational Institution 79 V Recording the Gas Flow in the Kitchen 83 VI Community Biogas Plants in the Village Set-up 94 VII Assessing the Smoke Emission from Traditional Chulah 97 VIII Construction of Institutional Biogas Plant 123 IX Resultant Change in the Lifestyle of Rural Households 151 X Changing Scenario in Anganwadi 160 XI Creating Knowledge, Awareness and Perception to Rural Women 162
LIST OF ANNEXURES ANNEXURE I Interview Schedule to elicit Information regarding the Institutional Biogas Plant 194 II Sample Menu of the Hostel 198 III Working Mechanism of Carbon Monoxide Meter 199 IV Interview Schedule to elicit Information regarding the Views and Awareness on Community Biogas Plant among Rural Women 201 V Statistical Analysis 203 VI Conversion of LPG kg to LPG cu.m 211 VII Leaflet Community Biogas Plant 212 VIII Information about Institutional Biogas Plant 214
Glossary of Terms and Symbols IBP - Institutional Biogas Plant CBP - Community Biogas Plant cu.m - Cubic metre mm - Millimetre kw/h - Kilowatt per hour kcal - Kilocalories ppm - Parts per million sqm - Square metre @ - at BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand FYM - Farm Yard Manure BGM - Biogas Manure BSS - Biogas Spent Slurry CO - Carbon monoxide C/N - Carbon Nitrogen Ratio NPK - Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus content WHO - World Health Organisation MNRE - Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources TEDA - Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration SWOC - Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Challenge RCC - Reinforced Cement Concrete PCC - Plain Cement Concrete Equivalents 1kg human excreta = 0.02 cu.m/day of biogas 1kg garbage = 0.1 cu.m/day of biogas 1kg LPG = 0.565 cu.m LPG 1cu.m biogas = 0.433kg LPG (fuel equivalent) 1 adult person/day excretes = 0.4kg 1 commercial cylinder = 19kg