Water and Sanitation in Disaster Response Presented by Scott Powell, PE Engineering Ministries International "My people have committed two sins: They have forsaken me, the spring of living water, and have dug their own cisterns, broken cisterns that cannot hold water. Jeremiah 2:13
Learning Objectives Explanation & exploration of the Sphere Standards for water and sanitation Learn tricks of the trade for civil design Showcase some innovative solutions
The Sphere Standards The information in the next section is taken from The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, 2004 Edition This information is copyright 2004 by The Sphere Project.
The Sphere Project Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response www.sphereproject.org Goal: To improve the quality of assistance provided to people affected by disasters, and improve the accountability of states and humanitarian agencies to their constituents, their donors and their beneficiaries
The Sphere Project Overall handbook Overall handbook structure
Sphere Vocabulary Minimum standards: subjective, general statement that state the minimum level for a given area Key Indicators: a more specific, often objective level used to provide guidance in meeting the Standard d Guidance Notes: additional information-- advice on priority issues, common dilemmas, etc.
Why do we need to know the Sphere Standards? International Community has recognized the standards as a minimum baseline for humanitarian response. If the organizations we work with desire USAID/OFDA funding, we will need to reference the sphere standards in our application.
Sphere Water and Sanitation
1. Hygiene Promotion Assessing needs Sharing responsibility Reaching all sections of the population Targeting priority hygiene risks and behaviors Managing facilities Minimizing overburdening
2. Water Supply Standard 1 Access and Water Supply Supply 15 L/person/day Walking distance 500 m Queuing time 15 min Filling time 3minfor20-L container 250 people per tap (7.5 L/min) 500 people per handpump (16.6 L/min) 400 people per single-user open well (12.5 L/min) Supply available consistently or on a regular basis
2. Water Supply Standard 2 Water Quality Sanitary survey low risk of fecal contamination No fecal coliforms per 100 ml at point of delivery People drink water from protected source in preference to other available sources Steps taken to minimize i i post-delivery contamination ti For piped supplies or risk of diarrhea epidemic: Free Cl residual at tap = 05mg/L 0.5 Turbidity < 5 NTU No negative health effects detected
2. Water Supply Standard 3 Water Use Facilities and Goods Each household has 2 clean water collecting containers of 10-20 L 250 g of soap per month One wash basin per 100 people Community participation involved
3. Excreta Disposal Standard 1 Access to, and numbers of, toilets Max 20 people per toilet Arranged by household and/or segregated by sex Toilets < 50m from dwellings Used and cleaned hygienically
3. Excreta Disposal Standard 2 Design, construction, and use of toilets Users have been consulted Designed for use by all people, including special-needs population Pit latrines > 30m from GW sources, Pit latrines > 1.5m above water table
4. Vector Control Standard 1 Individual and Family Protection Understand modes of transportation and methods of prevention Have access to vector-protected shelters Avoid exposure to mosquitoes during peaking biting times through non-harmful means Effective use of mosquito nets Lice control Food protected
4. Vector Control Standard 2 Physical, Environmental, and Chemical Protection Measures Locate settlements to minimize mosquito exposure: 1-2km upwind from large breeding sites Vector breeding sites modified where practicable Intensive fly-control l in areas at risk for diarrhea epidemic Mosquito population density kept low Malaria diagnosed and treated early
4. Vector Control Standard 3 Chemical Control Safety Training, protective clothing, bathing, supervision, and time restrictions on chemical handling Substance transport, storage and usage complies with int l standards and accounted for at all times Communities informed of risks and schedule for application.
5. Solid Waste Management Standard 1 Collection & Disposal Community involvement in program design & implementation Household waste put in containers, burned or buried All households have access to a refuse container and/or are < 100m from communal refuse pit At least one 100-L refuse container per 10 families (where not buried on site)
5. Solid Waste Management Standard 1 Collection & Disposal (cont d) Refuse removed before it becomes a nuisance or health risk Medical wastes separated & disposed properly within boundaries of health facility Public refuse collection labeled & fenced
6. Drainage Standard 1 Drainage Works Areas around dwellings and water points free of standing wastewater Stormwater drains are kept clear Shelters, paths, & wat/san facilities not flooded or eroded by water Water point drainage well planned Drainage waters do not pollute or erode Tools provided for maintenance Engineering techniques req d for >5% slope
The Sphere Project Questions on Sphere standards? d
Settlement Layout Guidelines Water source > 30m Refuse pit Septic Tank Pit latrine Dwellings Large vector g breeding sites
Civil Engineering Tricks of the Trade Keep it simple no need to overdesign. Use schematics for some designs (i.e., 20- foot water tower). Use pre-manufactured items (i.e., plastic, steel, or fiberglass water tanks). Use local building materials & construction methods.
Civil Engineering Tricks of the Trade Piping: Two 45 elbows are better than one 90. Better to align piping with existing linear features (roads, paths, building edges, etc) so they can find later for maintenance. Keep blackwater/solids lines short to minimize maintenance effort (i.e. place septic tanks close to buildings).
Water for the World Documents from Lifewater.org INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Overview Community Participation i Operation and Maintenance Training RURAL WATER SUPPLY (RWS) Surface Water Ground Water Water Treatment Water Distribution Pumps Water Storage
Water for the World Documents from Lifewater.org SANITATION (SAN) Privies Combined Excreta and Washwater Disposal Solid Waste Disposal DISEASE (DIS) - Water Supply, Sanitation and Disease
Civil Engineering Tricks of the Trade Raise the bar up a notch somewhere between first- and third-world design standards. Remember: quality design is a good witness!
Innovative Ideas Play Pump Play Pump (www.playpumps.org)
Innovative Ideas The sweet-smelling smelling toilet (www.restroomfacilities.com)
Questions?