Conference on Resource Efficiency Feedback from Module 2 From Waste to Resources Aldo RAVAZZI Italian MoE G8-3R NFP Italy Oecd-Wpnep Chair Oecd-Wpep Vice-Chair Oecd Tax&Env Co-Chair
Projected generation and landfilling of municipal waste 2 - [Lars Fogh Mortensen] Sustainable consumption and production (SCP)
Food and drink: 18% of GHG emissions 23% of material use One week s food of a family in the United Kingdom 3 - [Lars Fogh Mortensen] Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) Source: Hungry Planet: What The World Eats, by Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio
Housing and infrastructure: 24 % of GHG emissions 32% of material use 4 - [Lars Fogh Mortensen] Sustainable consumption and production (SCP)
Mobility: 18 % of GHG emissions 7% of material use 5 - [Lars Fogh Mortensen] Sustainable consumption and production (SCP)
Initial EIP Networking in Asia the conclusion of the 2001 Conference came out with seven concerned issues: 1. Terminology (indicator/reporting) 2. Communications 3. Policies 4. Financing 5. Research and Development 6. Management Structure 7. Future of EID Source: Chiu JIE 5:2
1-2. Internationalization of waste and recycling-related issues in Asia Developing countries Increased volume of production and consumption Change in lifestyle Increase in waste Change in quality and type of waste Increase in resource demand in developing Asia Waste-related environmental issues Improper recycling in developing Asia 1.Increased Waste Generation in Asia (especially in developing countries) Further economic integratio n Internationalizati on of product life-cycle Further international division of labor Rising international price of resources International trade of recyclables and reusables (including illegal trade) 2.Illegal trade and improper treatment of reusables and recyclables Rising Disposal cost Hollowing out (Especially materials and component industry) Recyclingrelated legislation Governmental support for recycling industry Lower domestic demand for recyclables Accumulation of recyclables and reusables through legislation Outflow of recyclables and reusbales Incentive to recover cost of collection and transportation Damage to domestic recycling industry Developed countries 3.Internationali zation of waste and recyclingrelated issues Domestic issues mainly related to developing countries Direction of influences among issues Source: Hotta, Elder et al. (2008) International issues Domestic issues mainly related to developed countries Group of issues
4. Regional recycling mechanism as a strategic option Overall regional policy option Institutional development Infrastructure development Regional Recycling Mechanism Information and knowledge development Regional Policy International burden sharing for difficult to manage materials International financial support for domestic infrastructure/ information development Networking of ecotowns/eco-industrial park through recycling port Information sharing between upstream and downstream on valuables and hazardous substances in the products Certification for good recyclers/traders National Policy EPR-based obligatory recycling mechanism Promote development of domestic recycling capacity through ecotowns/eco industrial parks policy Statistical information Development of inventory MFA Both regional and national policies are necessary, in Asia 8
source: So lebt der Mensch
Effect of scenarios: Dhaka City -150 +160% +800% 150 Changes to status quo [%] -100-50 0 50 100 population having direct contact with waste N-emissions to hydrosphere Greenhouse gas emissions Disposal rate Landfill volume Material recycling rate Costs MSWM 100 50 0-50 -100 Improved collection Sanitary landfill MBP Incineration Separate collection
OECD UNEP Conference on Resource efficiency 23 25 April 2008, Paris Proposal of Charges Rates in the Draft of Updated Act on Waste Landfill to the Other Waste Landfill of Environment Disposal Technological MW+OW HW Material MW+OW HW Incineration of Municipal Waste 2008 400 4 700 0 0 0 0 2009-2010 700 7 000 700 300 3 000 200 2011-2012 1 000 10 000 1 000 400 4 000 250 from 2013 1500 15 000 1500 600 6000 300 Source: MoE CR Rut Bízková, Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic
Increase of separate collection by Packaging Regulation 1992 1990 2004 87 % 34 Mio. tons 18 Mio. tons 43 % GLASS BIO waste 57 % 13 % GLASS BIOwaste 5 Mio. tons PAPER 23,4 Mio. tons PAPER
Separately collected valuable materials 1990 2004 2 Mio. Tons 8 Mio. Tons 1,6 Mio. Tons 7,7 Mio. Tons 1,3 Mio. Tons 3,1 Mio. Tons 0 Tons 4,7 Mio. Tons
Complex material flows for recycling of light weight packaging GPF Bioabfall Hausmüll LWP P&C Glass Bulky W. Wood ComW 2.381.330 t Collection Sorting rest 934.000 t Aluminium 60.000 t Sorting Tin cans 435.000 t FKN + other composites 182.000 t Plastics 682.000 t Treatment - Foils - Cups - Bottles - Styrofoam - Mix-plastics Treatment Treatment MSWI AzB treated sorting rest 221.000 t Cement kiln Aluminium 45.000 t Aluminium Pyrolysis Tin cans 430.500 t Recovery Steel Industry Recovery Papermill incl. reject to cement kiln Recovery material/feedstock Landfill Benefit: Electricity, Heat Fe, Slag Cement klinker Aluminium Steel Paper fibre Cement klinker Energy Methanol Electricity Heat Regranulate Plastic-substitute
Energy savings through recycling and energy recovery Recycling stands for the saving of energy between 1990 and 2004 equivalent to the annual energy demand of 450,000 people Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) fossil 70.000 64.000 60.000 Ferrous metals Glass in 1.000 Gigajou ule 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 Metalscrap Glass Paper LWP Paper and cardboard Light weight packaging 10.000 8.350 0
Climate change relevance of landfills Reduction of GHG emission from landfills calculated for waste in landfill which are disposed of in one specific year but integrated over the whole emission period 30 25 26.7 Mio. Tons CO 2 eq. 20 15 10 5 0 4.8 0.1 1990 2001 after 2005
Environmental impact by household waste incineration 1990 2004 10.000 t Nitrous oxide 20.000 t Sulphur dioxide 5.000 kg Cadmium 350 kg Mercury 290 g Dioxin-Equivalent 2.500 t Nitrous oxide 68 t Sulphur dioxide 64 kg Cadmium 5 kg Mercury 0,2 g Dioxin-Equivalent With 6 Mio. t of incinerated waste from households With 9 Mio. t of incinerated waste from households
Conference on Resource Efficiency The issue of transnational movement of waste - The key role of the Basel Convention - The principle of responsibility of producers, exporters and importers - The problems of illegal shipments of waste and hazardous wastes - The cases of Electronic Waste and Used Tyres
Conference on Resource Efficiency 1. Convergence of concepts & approaches: - 3R or sound material society (Jap) - Circular Economy (Chi) - Waste Hyerarchy or Waste Strategy, SCP (Eu) - Waste Hyerarchy or Waste Strategy, SCP (Eu) - Clean Technologies/Innov. or Sust. Mgmt (Usa) - - Sustainable Consumption & Production (Unep) - MFs and RP or SMM (Oecd)
Conference on Resource Efficiency 2a. We need to work on different levels: - Find a common Vision - Reinforce Knowledge, statistics, indicators, targets, for waste & resources - Work on Definitions (waste, 2d hand products, secondary raw materials, etc.) - Find and diffuse best practices & policies - Transform Vision&Knowledge in decision-making One level should not slow down the others
Conference on Resource Efficiency 2b. In the Global Village - Increasing globalisation & interdependence - Need to organise efficient, safe & economically viable flows of waste & resources at local, national, regional and international level - Capacities are different and the appropriate technologies and approaches must be used at the different levels (ex waste hierarchy) - Awareness of finiteness of resources
Conference on Resource Efficiency 3. Strenghten the international tables in which we work together: - OECD (MFs&RP, SMM, Council Rec on ResEff) - UNEP (Int Panel on resource Productivity) - UNEP (Int Panel on resource Productivity) - Basel Convention - G8-3R Avoid duplication, find synergies, develop common approach, decide common action Tables should mutually reinforce the others
Conference on Resource Efficiency 4a. Issue of regulatory vs economic instruments - Priority for economic instruments still requires the use of reg. instr. to guarantee health & hygiene requirements and to create markets - Priority for regulatory instruments still requires the use of eco. instr. to create the right price signals and take advantage of market mechanisms - Issue of ear-marking
Conference on Resource Efficiency 4b. Role of economic instruments and resource productivity policy - Absolute decoupling of waste from GDP is still far - Economic Instruments (signal of scarcity, getting the prices right, internalizing environmental costs, green tax reforms, ) - Work towards a Factor 4 (5-10-100) in resource productivity through a systemic approach (redesign of resources use, from waste management to SCP, )