Analysis on National Policy for Sustainable Forest Management in Indonesia INDONESIA - JAPAN 60th ANNIVERSARY SEMINAR FOR FOREST SECTOR Changing Paradigm of Forestry Policy in Indonesia: Toward Promotion of Community-based Sustainable Forest Management Hiromitsu Samejima (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies) Syahru Ramdhoni & Lilik Budi Prasetyo (Bogor Agricultural University) Waseda Univ. International Conference Center Tokyo, 28 June 2018
Sustainable management of forest and timber supply Natural forest Timber supply
Sustainable management of forest and timber supply Natural forest Timber supply Forest degradation and deforestation Forest fire
Sustainable management of forest and timber supply Natural forest Timber supply Agriculture crop (e.g. oil palm) Forest degradation and deforestation Tree plantation Demand for land Demand for land
Sustainable management of forest and timber supply Natural forest Timber supply Sustainable management Alternative timber supply Tree plantation
Outline Overview of the 3 major timber production schemes in Indonesia and their sustainability in recent decades 1Logging concession of natural forest (IUPHHK-HA) 2Industrial tree plantations (IUPHHK-HT) 3Tree-farming by small-holders
Vegetation in Indonesia 2016 Sulawasi Papua Sumatra Kalimantan Maluku Natural forest Primary dryland forest Secondary forest Primary peat forest Secondary peat forest Primary mangrove forest Secondary mangrove forest Planted forest Java Total area of Indonesia 190 million ha Nonforest Primary forest Secondary forest Nusa Tenggara Forest cover rate 51% (2016) (%) 80 60 40 20 WEBGIS, MoEF (http://webgis.dephut.go.id) Change of forest cover rate (MoEF 2016) Planted forest 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Forest Zone (Kawasan Hutan) Total area of Indonesia 190 million ha Area for other purpose (36%) Forest Zone (64%) State-owned land under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Environment and Forestry 64% of total land in Indonesia Supervised by Forest Management Unit (FMU)
Forest Zone Total area of Indonesia 190 million ha Area for other purpose (36%) Conservation & Protected forest (27%) Convertible production forest (7%) Production forest (30%) Including Limited Prodction Forest
Forest Zone Total area of Indonesia 190 million ha Logging concessions in natural forest (10%) max. 55 years Papua Area for other purpose (36%) Kalimantan (MoEF 2016) Ecosystem restoration concessions (0.3%): Max. 60 years Industrial tree plantations (6%) Max. 60 years Sumatra Kalimantan
Conservation & Protected forest Production forest Convertible forest Area for other purpose million ha Forest cover rate of each functional zone Forest cover Forest Zone Forest Zone 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Non-forest Planted forest Secondary forest Primary forest Tree farming by small-holders Forest cover rate 80% 71% 50% 11% (MoEF 2016)
Log prodction in Indonesia Log supply to industry in 2016 (annual capacity>6,000m3) 49.3 million m3 State Forestry Cooperation (0.2%) Small-holders 10% Land conversion (1.3%) Logging concession 11% Stock from last year (6%) Industrial tree plantation 66% (MoEF 2016)
million m3 or ton million m3 Log supply in Indonesia and production of wood products 50 45 40 35 30 Log production 25 20 15 10 5 Log export Log export ban 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 10 8 6 4 2 Sawn timber production Plywood production 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Pulp production
million m3 or ton million m3 Log supply in Indonesia and production of wood products 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Log production Log export Log export ban Log supply to industry (capacity>6,000m3/year) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2013 Industrial tree plantation Small-holders and others Logging concession Land conversion 10 8 6 4 2 Sawn timber production Plywood production 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Pulp production
1Natural forest logging concession 19.3 million ha / 268 companies Kalimantan Maluku Papua Java Log production from logging concessions in 2016 million m3 0 1 2 3 4 5 Consumption of logs from logging concessions by industry (capacity>6,000m3/year) in 2016 million m3 0 1 2 3 Sumatra Kalimantan Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi Maluku Meranti (Shorea spp.) Other species Merbau (Intsia spp.) Mixed natural species Sumatra Kalimantan Papua Papua (BPS 2016) (MoEF 2016) Java Nusa Tenggara Sulawesi Maluku
Forest just after logging
Forest a few years after logging
Rich biodiversity and ecosystem services can be maintained in natural forestlogging concessions
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 million ha million m3 Decrease of natural forest logging concessions Sumatra Kalimantan Maluku Papua Java 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Number of logging concessions Total area of logging concessions 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 8 6 4 2 0 Log production by islands Sumatra Papua Kalimantan (MoEF 2016) (MoEF 2016)
Decrease of natural forest in logging concessions Change of natural forest area 2003-2015 ±5% -20 ~ -5% -30 ~ -20% ~ -30% Proportion of logging concessions with change of natural forest 2003-2015 -30 ~ -20% ~ -30% -20 ~ -5% ±5% N=231
Improvement of sustainability of logging concessions (1) Whole area resource survey every 10 years(ihmb) (2) Long-term (10 years) management plan(rku) (4) Forestry certification by third-party Number of concessions 150 100 50 PHPL (mandatory) FSC (voluntary) Harvesting plan 2011-2020 (3) Reduced impact logging Annual harvesting plan (RKT) Mapping of all harvestable trees 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 Mono-cable harvesting (TNC 2009) Reduce forest floor destruction by bulldozers
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 million ha 2Industrial tree plantation 187 companies / 8.1 million ha Sumatra Kalimantan 300 200 Number of industrial plantations 12 10 8 6 100 0 Total area of industrial tree plantations 4 2 0 (MoEF 2016)
2Industrial tree plantation 187 companies / 8.1 million ha Sumatra Kalimantan Log production from Industrial tree plantations in 2016 million m3 0 5 10 15 20 25 Consumption of logs from industrial tree plantations by industry (capacity>6,000m3/year) in 2016 million m3 0 10 20 30 Sumatra Kalimantan Jawa Nusa Tenggara Sulawesi Maluku and Papua Acacia Other species Mixed natural species Sumatra Kalimantan Java Nusa Tenggara Sulawesi Maluku Papua (MoEF 2016) (MoEF 2016)
Monoculture plantations of fast-growing tree species
Development of an industrial tree plantation
3Tree farming by small-holders Density of tree farming households in 2013 Sulawasi Density of tree farming households (HH/ha) Java Nusa Tenggara (Sensus Pertanian 2013) Tree farming households / Land-owning farm households 3.4 million / 24.1 million (2003) 6.4 million / 25.8 million (2013) Plannted tree species No. of trees planted by farming households (million trees) Sengon (Albizzia falcata) 328.8 Teak (Tectona grandis) 167.4 Mahogani (Swietenia macrophylla) 71.5 Akasia (Acacia mangium etc.) 46.9 (Sensus Pertanian 2013)
Density of planted trees by farming households Sengon (Albizzia falcata) Density of planted trees (trees/ha) Lampung Central Java Banten West Java East Java (Sensus Pertanian 2013) Teak (Tectona grandis) Central Java East Java Southeast Sulawesi Yogyakarta East Nusa Tenggara (Sensus Pertanian 2013)
3Tree farming by small-holders Kalimantan Sumatra Java Consumption of logs from small-holders by industry (capacity>6,000m3/year) in 2016 million m3 0 1 2 3 4 Sumatra Kalimantan Java Nusa Tenggara Sulawesi Maluku Papua (MoEF2016)
Conclusion Major source of log production in Indonesia has shifted from logging concession (mainly Meranti) to industrial tree plantations (mainly Acacia) and treefarming (mainly Sengon) in past two decades. Natural forest logging concession can produce valuable logs and maintain high levels of biodiversity. Continued efforts are needed to achieve sustainablity. Industrial tree plantations are highly productive by volume, but this wood is mostly for chip and pulp and cannot substitute for the high-value timber from natural forest. Tree-farming by small-holders outside the Forest Zone has become an alternative source for sawnwood and plywood, and is growing.