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Advanced technologies new developments and economic feasibility for India Lesley Sloss Principal Environmental Consultant IEA Clean Coal Centre International Conference on Coal Based Power: Confronting Environmental Challenges New Delhi, 17-19 19 th March 216

What does the IEA Clean Coal Centre do? Our output includes: comprehensive assessment reports on all aspects of clean coal technology Webinars technical workshops on clean coal issues Clean Coal Technologies Conference Capacity building activities iti and demonstration ti projects in developing countries with UNEP and US State Department www.iea-coal.org org

Energy demand will rise but policies determine emissions growth World primary energy demand & CO 2 emissions by scenario Mtoe 2 15 48 1 32 5 16 199 2 21 22 23 24 Gt Primary energy demand: Current Policies Scenario New Policies Scenario 45 Scenario CO 2 emissions (right axis): Current Policies Scenario New Policies Scenario 45 Scenario While global energy demand increases in all scenarios, government policies play a key role in dictating the degree of growth & decoupling with emissions levels

A 2 C pathway is still some further efforts away Gt 4 36 32 28 Baseline 17.9 Gt Energy efficiency Fuel & technology switching in end uses Renewables Nuclear 24 2 45 Scenario CCS Other 16 21 215 22 225 23 235 24 A peak in emissions by around 22 is possible using existing policies A peak in emissions by around 22 is possible using existing policies & technologies; technology innovation and RD&D will be key to achieving the longer-term goal

Asia drives global coal demand higher Evolution of coal demand in key regions Index (1 = 213) 4 3 2 1 Southeast Asia India Rest of Asia 198 199 2 21 22 23 24 (1 = 213) Index 2 15 1 5 China Japan and Korea United States OECD Europe 198 199 2 21 22 23 24 Coal use in OECD countries peaked in 27, so future growth hinges critically on the power sector in emerging economies, especially India, Southeast Asia & China

INDIA ENERGY OUTLOOK OECD/IEA 215

India in a fast-moving energy landscape Energy at the heart of India s drive for development & modernisation 18% of the world s population in India use only 6% of its energy; scope for further growth is enormous Domestic reform efforts gain speed, but one in five remains without electricity

India: expanding energy demand led by coal Primary energy demand in India by fuel 2% 2% 34% 33% Coal 24% Oil Natural gas 44% 1% 5% 25% Nuclear Biomass Other renewables 1% 6% 23% 2 441 Mtoe 213 775 Mtoe Almost three quarters of Indian energy demand is met by fossil fuels, a share that has increased since 2 notably because of a rapid rise in coal consumption

Coal remains the backbone of India s power sector Total electricity generation in India by fuel TWh 1 2 1 8 6 4 Other renewables Bioenergy Hydro Nuclear Gas Oil Coal 2 199 1995 2 25 21 213 Coal makes up by far the largest share of power generation, but renewables are playing an increasingly important role

Efficiency of fossil fuel plants 29-211

A worsening air quality in India s cities Average annual particulate matter concentration in selected cities in India μg/m 3 16 14 12 1 8 Delhi 6 4 Bangalore Mumbai Hyderabad Chennai National guideline (4 μg/m 3 annual mean) 2 WHO guideline (1 μg/m 3 annual mean) Rising fossil fuel combustion for power, industry & transport has led to low air quality in urban centres; use of solid biomass for cooking is also a major health issue

Renewables chart a new path to power in India GW Change in global solar PV capacity 214 24 1 8 6 4 2 Southeast Asia Middle East Africa Japan European Union United States India China Renewables Coal Gas Nuclear Oil Installed power generation capacity inindiaby source GW 1 2 3 4 5 214 Additional to 24 Of which: Hydro Wind Solar Other renewables Solar PV Renewables, led by solar and wind power, lead the way in India s power generation capacity additions, increasing the need for a more resilient grid

India: adding renewables for diversification Renewable sources of power generation capacity in India GW 5 5% Bioenergy Wind 4 4% CSP Solar PV 3 3% Hydro Share of renewable in total (right axis) 2 2% 1 1% 214 22 225 23 235 24 Renewables account for half of all new power generating capacity, increasing their share from 28% in 213 to more than 4% by 24

India: a huge commitment of capital Cumulative investment in energy supply in India 215 24 $.7 trillion Oil 1% Gas 8% Coal 7% Power 75% $2.1 trillion Mobilising 7 lakh crore per year in energy supply investment is a constant challenge for Indian policy & regulation, but encouraging early signs are visible

The importance of HELE technologies High Efficiency, Low Emissions (HELE) technologies: Savings of 2.25 Gt carbon dioxide annually if all of the world s coal-fired power plants (with an average reported operating efficiency of 33%) were upgraded or replaced with state-of-the-art HELE units operating at an efficiency of 45%. This figure is greater than the current total carbon dioxide emissions of India, and corresponds to approximately ate 19% of the total annual emissions s from the power sector globally

Super-critical boiler

SC, USC and AUSC

Potential carbon dioxide savings from HELE technologies Subcritical Efficiency 35% 5.39 Mt CO 2 =1 Supercritical Efficiency 4% 4.7 Mt CO 2 =87 Ultra supercritical (USC) Advanced USC (AUSC) Efficiency 43% 4.35 Mt Efficiency 5% 3.76 Mt CO 2 =81 CO 2 =7 Example An 8 MW e power station boiler burning hard coal and operating at a capacity factor of 8% will generate 6TWh electricity annually and emit the following quantities of carbon dioxide, depending on its steam cycle conditions and corresponding efficiency (HHV).

Ultra-supercritical Shanghai Waigaoqiao By the end of 212, the actual operation performances were: (1) Annual average load rate: 81% (2) Annual average net coal consumption (including FGD & SCR):276 gce/kwh (3) Annual average net efficiency (including FGD & SCR):44.5% (4) If the average net efficiency i is converted into design conditions (full load), the net efficiency i is : 46.5% (Measured net efficiency in 213 is 46.7%) (5) Annual average emissions(213data): Dust: 11.63mg/m 3 ; SO 2 : 17.71mg/m 3 ; NOx: 27.25mg/m 3 (6) Self power consumption rate (213data):2.%

What can be achieved by phasing out subcritical coal power in India and moving to SC, USC, and AUSC?. And what are the costs?

HELE upgrade path through phased plant retirement 1,8 35 1,6 Base Case Existing coal fleet with additional USC to meet demand (if required) CO2 (Mt), Electricity demand (TWh) 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 3 25 2 15 Installed capa acity MWe AUSC Ultra supercritical Supercritical Subcritical Electricity demand CO2 emissions 1 4 5 2 215 22 225 23 235 24 1,8 35 1,6 5 year retirement scenario Review in 22, 23 and 24. Retire capacity over 5 years old and replace with USC CO2 (Mt), Electricity demand (TWh) 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 3 25 2 15 1 Installed capacity MWe AUSC Ultra supercritical Supercritical Subcritical Electricity demand CO2 emissions 5 2 215 22 225 23 235 24 1,8 35 25 year retirement scenario Review in 22, 23 and 24. Retire capacity over 25 years old and replace with USC in 22, AUSC in 23 and 24 CO2 (Mt), Electricity demand (TWh) 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 3 25 2 15 1 Installed capacity MWe AUSC Ultra supercritical Supercritical Subcritical Electricity demand CO2 emissions 4 5 2 215 22 225 23 235 24

Spreadsheet modelling

India 25 year retirement scenario, 215-24 1,8 35 1,6 3 1,4 CO2 (Mt), Ele ectricity demand (TWh) 1,2 1, 8 6 25 2 15 1 Installe ed capacity MWe AUSC Ultra supercritical Supercritical Subcritical Electricity demand CO2 emissions 4 2 5 215 22 225 23 235 24

India 25 year retirement scenario, 215 24 CCS emissions trend line (85% capture) 1,8 35 1,6 3 1,4 CO2 (Mt), Ele ectricity demand (TWh) 1,2 1, 8 6 25 2 15 1 Installe ed capacity MWe AUSC Ultra supercritical Supercritical Subcritical Electricity it demandd CO2 emissions With CCS 4 2 5 215 22 225 23 235 24

Key message for India India has the fastest growing coal fleet after China. If HELE technology is implemented, significant savings can be made, but current policies i on technology may not go far enough

Overnight capex for new USC plants

Updated estimates for coal power plant capital and operating costs

Capital cost breakdown for the construction of a 66 MWe pulverised coal fired plant 21 data

Estimated costs of HELE capacity upgrades with and without CCS (24 cumulative)

Pursuing a sustainable model for growth in India IEA WEO comments A continued focus on efficiency, low carbon energy & high standards of pollution controls is vital to improve air quality India is among the most vulnerable countries to the impact of a changing climate, e.g. by exacerbating water stresses Increased energy use pushes up Indian CO 2 emissions, i although lh h per capita emissions remain 2% below world average in 24 Opening up new, long term, low cost financing options critical to direct investment towards cleaner, more capital intensive projects

Comments on India Will have to fastest growing coal fleet from 22 onwards, with coal-sources electricity demand more than doubling by 24 Current fleet is mostly sub-critical but some SC plants are being built and this should increase in future 13 th 5-year plan may require all new plants to be at least SC USC and AUSC plants could allow CO2 emissions to peak and decline by 24 High ash coals pose a challenge and warrant deeper analysis water availability is also an issue

Conclusions India is growing and cleaning its new power A greater commitment to HELE technologies may be needed d sooner to achieve significant ifi results This will require significant investment