Ecology Biomes and Ecosystems
Do Now What is a niche? What is a Keystone Species? Website is up! Brannellybiology.weebly.com 2
Ecosystems- Ma/er and Energy 3
Primary Produc8on h/p://www.bigelow.org/foodweb/chemosynthesis.jpg 4
Visualizing Ma/er & Energy There are a variety of diagrams that help us visualize how energy, biomass, ma/er, and even number of organisms interact in a par8cular community or ecosystem. It is important that you look carefully at the diagrams and understand what it says about that ecosystem in terms of ma/er and/or energy. 5
Primary Produc8on made by Primary Producers Gross primary produc5vity is the total amount of energy that producers convert to chemical energy in organic molecules per unit of 8me. Then the plant must use some energy to supports its own processes with cellular respira8on such as growth, opening and closing it s stomata, etc. What is leo over in that same amount of.me is net primary produc5vity which is the energy available to be used by another organism. 6
Primary Production 7
Net Product Pyramid 8
Trophic Level Human Popula8on 9
Biomass Pyramids I think this slide should go up with the other pyramid slides even though it s about popula8ons 10
Pyramid of Numbers 11
Energy Transforma8on 13
Biogeochemical Cycle 14
Nitrogen Cycle 15
Phosphorus Cycle 16
Water Cycle 17
Carbon Cycle 18
Nutrient Cycling 19
Now that we have examined the flow of energy and the cycling of ma/er, let s examine biomes from the biosphere. 20
Do Now 1. What Biome has the greatest biodiversity and why? 2. Why do many fish tanks have a machine that creates bubbles that blow from the bo/om to the top? 21
Dissolved Oxygen Temperature: As water becomes warmer, its ability to hold oxygen decreases. Photosynthe8c ac8vity: In bright light, aqua8c plants are able to produce more oxygen. Decomposi8on ac8vity: As organic material decays, microbial processes consume oxygen. Mixing and turbulence: Wave ac8on, waterfalls, and rapids all aerate water and increase the oxygen concentra8on. Salinity: As water becomes more salty, its ability to hold oxygen decreases. 22
Dissolved Oxygen Which ecosystems has more dissolved oxygen? Freshwater pond or salt water bay? 23
Dissolved Oxygen Which environment has a greater concentra8on of dissolved oxygen? Cold water (2 degrees Celsius) Warm water (18 degrees Celsius) 24
Aqua8c Biome Distribu8on 25
Lake Stra8fica8on 26
Freshwater 27
Freshwater Zones Pho5c zone near surface, contains phytoplankton and zooplankton Apho5c zone deeper, dark areas w/ many decomposers ea8ng dead organisms 28
Wetlands & Estuaries Transi8onal Zones between freshwater and marine. This water tends to be a mix of both depending on its geographic loca8on. The water is ooen referred to as brackish 29
Marine Biomes Coral Reef Tide Zone Benthos Black Smoker 30
Marine Biome Zones 1. inter8dal zone shallow where land meets water; some8mes wet and some8mes dry 2. neri8c zone shallow region over con8nental shelf 3. oceanic zone beyond the shelf; very deep pelagic zone open water benthic zone sea floor 4. abyssal zones very deep and cold areas w/ high water pressure and no light 5. Estuary - area where freshwater rivers merge w/ ocean 31
Terrestrial Biomes 32
Tropical Rain Forest 33
Tropical Rainforest Where Found: South America, S.E. Asia, Central Africa Central America Plants: rich vegeta8on in canopy and undergrowth Animals: colorful insects, lizards, amphibians, rep8le, small mammals Other Characteris8cs: 200 400 cm rain, constant temperature (25 o C) 34
Savanna 35
Savana Savanna grassland w/ sca?ered trees 3 seasons cool/dry, hot/dry, and warm/wet frequent fires inhibit tree growth large herbivores dominant animal 36
Desert 37
Desert Where Found: northern Africa, southern Asia, central Australia Plants: cactus and other non- leafy plants Animals: lizards, small rodents Other Characteris8cs: very li/le rainfall, although some deserts have seasonal rain 38
Chaparral- also called Scrubland 39
Temperate Grasslands 40
Temperate Grasslands Where Found: interior of many con8nents Plants: grasses and small leafy plants Animals: grazers and browsers Other Characteris8cs: Large varia8on in temperature and seasonal changes. Grazing and prairie fires 41
Temperate Forest 42
Temperate Forest Where Found: southern Canada, eastern U.S., Europe, and Japan Plants: trees that lose their leaves (oak, maple, birch) Animals: huge variety, including fox, deer, moose, etc. Other Characteris8cs: lands cleared by hun8ng and farming 43
Taiga Also called Coniferous or Boreal Forest 1. precipita8on usually snow 2. conifers like spruce, fir, hemlock 3. soil acidic and forms slowly 44
Tiaga Where Found: most of Canada and Asia Plants: pine trees Animals: bears, wolves, moose, elk, voles, wolverines, grouse Other Characteris8cs: long and cold winter, summers warm enough to completely thaw the soil. 45
Tundra 46
Tundra Characteris5cs Soil- Layer of permafrost Light- long periods of darkness Low Vegeta8on Two Types Arc8c tundra around N. Pole, very cold, li/le light for long periods and then 24 hr. days in brief summer Alpine tundra at high eleva8ons 47
Biosphere 48
What happens when a cycle is out of balance? Cycles can have an anthropogenic (man- made) or a non- anthropogenic (natural phenomena) impact that causes a cycle to become unbalanced. Addi8onally, this may just be the natural state of that ecosystem as a consequence of the availability of nutrients. Two examples involving imbalanced freshwater habitats include: Oligotrophic waters- low primary produc8vity Eutrophic waters- high primary produc8vity 49
Oligotrophic Lake Eutrophic 50
Eutrophica8on- The Algal Bloom 51
Experimental Data Use the Sta8on 1 data to calculate the Primary Produc8vity of a water sample. Report your answer in units of mg Carbon fixed/liter The needed conversion factors are found on the student formula sheet 52
Answers to Previous Slides Sta5on 1 4.2 mg O 2 /L 0.698 = 2.9 ml O 2 /L 2.9 ml O 2 /L 0.526= 1.6 mg Carbon fixed/l 53