Recent Developments in Mechanization in SA Cross fertilization of ideas H S Sidhu (Sr. Research Manager) & Bhagirath Chauhan (Weed Scientist) H.Sidhu@cgiar.org b.chauhan@cgiar.org
Issues In South Asia Degradation of Natural Resources (Soil, Water & Environment) Stagnation in the crop Yield Declining Farmers Income Scarcity of Farm Labor Mechanization for small Farmers Climate change Sustainability of Agriculture
Efficient utilization of available water sources Develop Strategies Enhance water productivity at field level Best option to redress the water scarcity
What is laser leveling? Laser land leveling is leveling the field within certain degree of desired slope using a guided laser beam through out the field.
Bihar (N= 60) Saving in Irrigation Costs under Laser Leveling over Traditional Leveling US$ ha -1 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Rice (11) Wheat (38) Maize (09) Potato (02) Source: Jat et al, 2009b
Land Leveling effects on RW system productivity RW System Productivity ( t ha -1 ) 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 0.53 Laser Traditional 0.76 Yr-1 Yr-2
> 12000 machines in south Asia GROWTH OF LASER LEVELING IN PUNJAB With Due Acknowledgement to Dr. Joe Rickman &CIMMYT
25 % in efficiency > 23 manufactures
Direct Seeded Rice
Some More Efforts
DSR with Sprinkler Date of Seeding : 14-06-10 Variety : Arize 6129 Seed Rate : 6kg/acre
Rice Residue Management
POSSIBLE STRAW MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Collection Straw incorporation (most difficult) Burning Complete burning (mostly practiced) Partial burning Straw Mulch
Mostly Practiced Rice Residue Management Technique PIL in High Court
Data & Feed Back Data/ Information Capacity Building ARTs Punjab Hub Development, Evaluation & improvement Other Hub Public partners PAU, SDA,, KVKs, ICAR Machinery Manufacturers Rolling Out Institutional mandate Demos & ART Innovation Zimidara Farm Solutions Champion farmers Business Inputs Input Dealers SALE/Buisness Profits Print & Mass media Farmers IMPACTS/ Outcomes >4000 Laser in the state Electricity Saving = 400 units/rice season/acre Purchase of 200 Turbo happy seeder by State Govt Subsidy on Laser Land Lever & Turbo Seeder
Mitigation Strategies for terminal Heat RW system (i) Advancing planting time (ii) Cultivar choices (iii) Mulching (iv) Irrigation management (v) Balanced plant nutrition.
Sowing Time Lag for different options 25 Time (days) 20 15 10 5 0 0 22 8 9 Happy Seeder No-tillage Conventional Incorporation
Custom hiring Cost for different options 1 USD = 45 INR
Effect of residue management on soil temperature (5 cm) 35 Temperature ( o C) 30 Mulch Bare Max. 25 20 15 Min. Bare Mulch Mulch Bare 10 18-Oct-03 26-Oct-03 3-Nov-03 11-Nov-03 19-Nov-03 Sidhu et al. 2007
Moisture conservation at different layers for mulched and un-mulched plots 19. 0 without mulch With m ulch 17. 0 Moisture content (%) 15. 0 13. 0 11. 0 9.0 7.0 5.0 7.5 15 30 60 90 120 Depth of layers (cm)
Weed matter growth in mulched and un-mulched plots 0.5 With mulch Without mulch Quantity (t/ha) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Plot A2 Plot P6 Plot P1 Plots Weed matter after 45 days of sowing Quantity (t/ha) 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Plot A2 Plot P6 Plot P1 Plots With mulch Without mulch Weed matter after 90 days of sowing
Quantity of Nutrient available in Rice Straw in one hectare 140 120 100 140 quantity kg/ha 80 60 40 20 39 6 11 0 N P K S Organic
Canopy temperature under various tillage option Wheat Varieties Turbo Happy Seeder Canopy Temperature ( ºC ) Zero till Conventional Rotoseeder DBW 17 30.1 30.6 31.8 32.8 PBW 550 29.5 30.7 31.7 33.9 HD 2894 31.5 32.5 32.9 33.2 Average 30.37 31.27 32.13 33.30 No. of observations 43 10 18 5
Rice Residue Management
Performance of wheat during last three conjunctive years Districts Year (locations) Yield (t/ha) % increase* CT HS 4 2007-08 (46) 4.59 4.73 3.02 2 2008-09 (14) 4.34 4.54 4.61 12 2009-10 (94) 4.35 4.48 3.15 * Over conventional Mean (154) 4.46 4.58 3.20
USD 1300-1400/ha
Germination
Moong Yield was 1.6 t/ha
5000 4000 3000 2000 Av. Yield Wheat (kg) Av. State Wheat (kg) Yield gap (kg) 1000 234 kg 0 1000 Cotton grown area Rice grown area -247 kg Yield (kg/ha) gap of wheat in cotton grown and rice grown areas
Newly Developed Prototype Clutches Seed box Fertilizer box Engine Separator
Sowing wheat on date 11-11-09
Farmer removing the cotton sticks
Comparison of Relay & Conventional Crop Sowing on 06-12-09 11-11-09
7.0 6.0 5.0 Yield (t/ha) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Average yield (t/ha) Yield gain (t/ha) Relay Seeder 5.0 6.1 4.5 4.3 5.0 1.3 Hand drill 4.1 5.9 3.5 4.5 4.5 0.8 Broad casting 3.8 5.6 4.3 3.9 4.4 0.7 Conventional 3.5 3.3 1.4 4.3 3.7 0.0 Yield Comparison of Relay Seeding of wheat in standing cotton
Yield Comparison of Relay Seeding of wheat in standing cotton Treatments Wheat grain yield ( t ha -1 ) 2009-10 2010-11 Mean Cost of cultivation (US$ ha -1 ) Net profit (US$ ha -1 ) B:C ratio T 1 4.97a 4.84a 4.91a 430 1353a 3.15 T 2 4.51a - 4.51a 430 1123b 2.61 T 3 4.39a 4.64a 4.52a 430 1124b 2.61 T 4 3.52b 4.33b 3.93b 463 978c 2.11 Within a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability by the Duncan s multiple range test (DMRT) Source : Paper submitted in 5 th World Congress of Conservation Agriculture incorporating 3 rd Farming Systems Design Conference, September 2011 Brisbane, Australia www.wcca2011.org
Some Specifications Normal Tractor Ground Clearance (cm) 45 cm High Clearance Tractor 110 cm Weight (Kg) 2000 Kg 2350 Kg Turning Radius 270 302 Seeding Speed 3.5 km/hr 17% less Track Width 135 cm 202 cm
Opportunities Very good Liaison with manufacturer Global market for need/farm size based machinery Custom hiring single window service is emerging for small & Marginal farmers State Govt. are coming forward providing subsidies on all CA /new machinery
What Next Global challenges of mechanization for S/M size How Indian machinery manufacturing skills/strengths Multi-crop ZT Planter for 2WT Laser Land Leveler for 2WT Capacity building of scientists Manufactures, Farmers Trainings & Exposer visits
SMS
Small 4 WT Tractors (15-20 HP) 4 WT v/s 2 WT Four Manufacturers
Machines sold By different manufacturers S.No. Name of the Firm Type of machines 1 ASS foundry and Agril. Work, Near Police station, GT Road, Jandiala Guru, Distt. : Amritsar 0091-183-2432367, 0091-98728-52545 E-Mail : : assagril@yahoo.com 2 Dasmesh Mechanical Works Amargarh 0091-1675-284221, 0091-98151-74311 E Mail : info@dasmesh.net.in Inclined Plate planters, ZT, Bed Planters Inclined Plate planters, ZT, Bed Planters, Happy Seeders & Combine Harvester 3 National Agro Industry Ludhiana (INDIA) 0091-161-2222041, 0091-98150-64000 0091-98150-43000 E Mail : info@nationalagroinds.com 4 Amar Agril. & Threshers, Amar Street, Gill Road Ludhiana (INDIA) 0091-98720-18040 Email : info@amaragri.com Inclined Plate planters, ZT, Bed Planters, Happy Seeders & 2WT MCP attachments Small Tractors, Threshers, seeders, weeders and reapers
Thanks