Turbine Inlet Air Cooling: A Great Strategy for Maximizing the Potential of Combustion Turbines and Addressing the Needs of Restructuring Energy Market Dharam V. Punwani Avalon Consulting, Inc. Tom L. Pierson Turbine Air Systems, Ltd. Presented at Technical, Energy and Government Activities (TEGA) Issues Update Seminar ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Chicago, IL January 26, 2003
Impacts of Current and Future Restructured Energy Markets Offer potential for lower energy costs for consumers Challenge producers to reduce cost of electric energy production Increase potential for greater price and service volatility Increase potential for high electric prices and service interruption due to lower reserve margins
Primary Benefits and Shortcomings of Combustion Turbines Benefit Lowest Installed Capital Cost Quick to Market Environmentally Friendly Shortcomings Power output decreases as outdoor air temperature increases Fuel utilization efficiency decreases as outdoor temperature increases
Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling (TIC) May be the Best Option for Power Plant Owners/Operators As ambient temperature increases power output and fuel utilization efficiency of a combustion turbine decrease. TIC helps maximize the potential of combustion turbines: Prevents drop in power output and fuel utilization efficiency Allows even increase in power output and fuel utilization efficiency beyond the ISO ratings Reduces environmental emissions per kwh of electric energy
Effect of Outdoor Ambient Temperature on Output Capacity of Combustion Turbines Effects of Inlet Air Temperature and Gas Turbine Characteristics on Power Output Power Output, Relative to Rated Capacity 1.10 1.00 0.90 Industrial 0.80 Aeroderivative 0.70 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Inlet Air Temperature, o F
Effect of Outdoor Ambient Temperature on Heat Rate of Combustion Turbines 110% Aeroderivative Percent Design 105% 100% 95% Frame 90% 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Ambient Temperature - F
Turbine Inlet Cooling Technologies Options Evaporative cooling Fogging system Electric centrifugal chillers Direct-fired double-effect absorption chillers Steam-Heated single- or double-effect absorption chillers Hot water heated single-effect (HWSE) absorption chillers Hybrid systems of some of the compatible options
Effect of TIC on Power Output of a 83.5 MW Rated Gas Turbine Los Angeles (87F DB, 64F WB); Evap (90% Approach); Fogging (98% approach); Electric chiller (Cools to 45 o F) 86.00 85.41 Power Output, MW 84.00 82.00 80.00 78.00 76.00 74.00 75.26 81.29 81.88 72.00 No Cooling Evap Cooling Fogging Chiller Cooling Technology
Effect of TIC on Plant Capital Cost for a Cogen Plant with a 83.5 MW Rated Gas Turbine Los Angeles (87F DB, 64F WB); Evap (90% Approach); Fogging (98% approach); Electric chiller (Cools to 45 o F) Cogen Plant $750,00/MW; Evap & Fogging $1,.900/MW; Chiller $800/RT 840,000 832,141 Total Plant Capital Cost, $/MW 830,000 820,000 810,000 800,000 790,000 780,000 770,000 760,000 772,316 766,794 755,753 750,000 No Cooling Evap Cooling Fogging Chiller Cooling Technology
Effect of TIC on Power Output of a 42.0 MW Rated Gas Turbine Los Angeles (87F DB, 64F WB); Evap (90% Approach); Fogging (98% approach); Electric chiller (Cools to 45 o F) Power Output, MW 46.00 44.00 42.00 40.00 38.00 36.00 34.00 32.00 30.00 44.90 39.87 40.44 34.06 No Cooling Evap Cooling Fogging Chiller Cooling Technology
Effect of TIC on Plant Capital Cost for a Cogen Plant with a 42.0 MW Rated Gas Turbine Los Angeles (87F DB, 64F WB); Evap (90% Approach); Fogging (98% approach); Electric chiller (Cools to 45 o F) Cogen Plant $750,000/MW; Evap & Fogging $1,.900/MW; Chiller $800/RT Plant Capital Cost with TIC, $/MW 950,000 900,000 850,000 800,000 750,000 700,000 924,784 792,029 780,954 721,472 No Cooling Evap Cooling Fogging Chiller Cooling Technology
Effect of Chiller Technology on Increase in Net Power Capacity Ambient DB 95 o F (35 o C) and WB 80 o F (26.6 o C); Chillers cool inlet air to 50 o F (10 o C); 90% and 98% approaches to equilibrium for evap and fogging systems, respectively 50.0 48.2 48.8 Net Power Capacity Enhancement, MW 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 16.2 17.9 38.5 15.0 Evaporative Cooling Fogging Electric Centrifugal Hot-Water Heated Single Effect Direct-Fired Double Effect
Effect of Chiller Technology on Total Plant Cost Including TIC System Ambient DB 95 o F (35 o C) and WB 80 o F (26.6 o C); Chillers cool inlet air to 50 o F (10 o C); 90% and 98% approaches to equilibrium for evap and fogging systems, respectively 869,911 Total Plant Cost Including TIC System, $/MW 870,000 860,000 850,000 840,000 830,000 820,000 810,000 800,000 810,285 811,616 Hot-Water Heated Single Effect Electric Centrifugal 818,479 Fogging 819,939 Direct-Fired Double Effect 823,207 Evaporative Cooling No Cooling
Effect of Cooling Technology on Increase in Annual Net Electric Energy Produced 8760 hour annual operation; Chillers cool inlet air to 50 o F (10 o C) whenever ambient temperature exceeds 50 o F (10 o C); 90% and 98% approaches to equilibrium for evap and fogging systems, respectively 190,000 177,754 180,062 Annual Net Electric Energy Production, MWh/Yr 170,000 150,000 130,000 110,000 90,000 70,000 50,000 52,115 58,913 140,963 30,000 Evaporative Cooling Fogging Electric Centrifugal Hot-Water Heated Single Effect Direct-Fired Double Effect
Effect of Cooling Technology on Monthly Increase in Net Electric Energy Produced 8760 hour annual operation; Chillers cool inlet air to 50 o F (10 o C) whenever ambient temperature exceeds 50 o F (10 o C); 90% and 98% approaches to equilibrium for evap and fogging systems, respectively Net Electrical Energy Increase, MWh 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 Electric Centrifugal Hot-Water Heated Single Effect Direct-Fired Double Effect Evaporative Cooling Fogging 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Factors Affecting the Selection and Economics of TIC Technology Combustion turbine characteristics Plant location (Local DB and WB temperature profile) Electric power demand profile Electric energy selling price profile Combustion turbine fuel cost profile TIC system must be optimized for each plant
CTIC is Flexible and Compatible with and Complementary to Many Other Technologies Applications Stand-alone technology Combined with other technologies: -Cogeneration - Thermal Storage - District Energy - Duct Firing
One Example of TIC Integrated with Cogeneration and Thermal Storage 317 MW (3x105.6 MW) Cogeneration plant in Pasadena, Texas incorporates: 8,300 RT hot-water heated absorption chiller 1,200 RT electric centrifugal chiller 107,000 Ton-hr Thermal Storage capacity. 184,000 Ton-Hrs of Cooling
Turbine Inlet Cooling Association (TICA): A Comprehensive Source of TIC Information TICA promotes development and exchange of knowledge related to TIC TICA Website www.turbineinletcooling.org is a comprehensive source of information on - TIC technology - TIC-related published papers - TIC system & component vendors and their Websites and information on some specific TIC installations
CT-Based Plants in the U.S. Total U.S. Gas Turbine Capacity in MW in 2002 Planned, 117,839 Operating, 168,833 Construction, 79,647
Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling (CTIC) is a Well Established Technology CTIC is Commercially used around the world Hundreds of plants in the U.S. use CTIC Many more power plants could benefit from CTIC
Summary TIC could be very attractive for combustion turbine power plants for dealing with current and restructured energy markets TIC is being commercially used in many plants across the U.S. and the world Significant potential exists for many other plants to benefit from TIC TICA Website www.turbineinletcooling.org is a comprehensive source of information on TICA