Nonrenewable Energy Sources

What is Energy? The ability to do work Takes multiple forms: potential vs. kinetic.chemical bonds, electrical, heat, etc.

Energy Efficiency Remember the 1 st and 2 nd Laws Actual amount of energy delivered: the amount of energy supplied. i.e. A gas furnace on average delivers 1 BTU:1.5 BTU of fossil fuels burned = 67% efficiency

Energy Efficiency Solar cells can have anywhere from 12-30% efficiency. Although a group recently developed a solar cell with the capability of 42% efficiency.

July 30, 2007 From 40.7 to 42.8 % Solar Cell Efficiency University of Delaware-led team sets solar cell record, joins DuPont on $100 million project. Using a novel technology that adds multiple innovations to a very high-performance crystalline silicon solar cell platform, a consortium led by the University of Delaware (UD) has achieved a record-breaking combined solar cell efficiency of 42.8 percent. The current record of 40.7 percent was attained in December 2006 by Boeing's Spectrolab, Inc. Today, the American soldier carries a pack that weighs nearly 100 pounds of which about 20 pounds are the three-day supply of batteries needed to power their gear. The DARPA program aims to dramatically reduce the battery logistics pipeline and provide the soldier with more power at reduced weight, thus improving mobility, survivability and the availability of advanced electronic technologies on the battlefield.

Energy Efficiency Combustion engine has approximately 20% efficiency.

Nonrenewable: Fossil Fuels Oil Natural Gas Coal Nonrenewable: Nuclear Uranium, plutonium

How Can Nonrenewable Sources Be Used to Generate Electricity? Coal ground into a fine powder (increase surface area) Burned at high temps Water-filled steel pipes run through the fire Produces high pressure STEAM

How Can Coal Be Used to Generate Electricity? Steam is used to turn a turbine Turbine spins a generator Produces electricity

U.S. Dependence On 1973 (OPEC) Oil embargo on U.S. 1979 Iranian revolution 1990 Gulf war 2003 Current Iraq War Fossil Fuels

O.P.E.C Org. of Petrol. Exporting Countries 1973-restricted shipments to US huge crisis (with only 5% drop) long lines, high prices Cars became more efficient Speed limit lowered to 55 mph

Embargo Israel and Palestine = conflict. Yom Kippur war, U.S. supported Israel. As a result, OAPEC punished U.S. and some other countries with an oil embargo.

Iranian Revolution 1979 Oil prices tripled people willing to pay the price 1980 s s - scares forgotten, people bought more cars, used more gas Oil imports almost doubled, US

Iranian Revolution 1979: Shah lost power and overthrown. Production dropped. 1980: Iraq invaded Iran and production in both countries dropped.

Energy Consumption in Developing Countries Only 22.3% of global population lives in developed countries Developed nations consume 68% of commercial energy Each person in a developed country consumes 7.4x s s as much energy

Developing Nations Food production in developed nations requires much more energy Energy consumption is increasing worldwide by 1.6% annually

Consumption Comparison

Fossil Fuels

How Fossil Fuels Were Formed All fossil fuels come from organic matter that has been buried and exposed to heat and pressure over long periods of time Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

Coal Formation Rock formed in several stages Buried remains of plants pressurized & heated Sulfur is incorporated into coal as it forms Coal = mostly carbon, some water and sulfur

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/24/60minutes/main1343604.shtml

Oil Formation Microscopic aquatic protists die Buried remains pressurized & heated seeps through porous rock trapped under non-porous Oil made of many hydrocarbon compounds, petrochemicals

Natural Gas Formation Similar to oil formation Buried remains pressurized & heated to a much higher temp Natural Gas = mainly methane, much fewer hydrocarbons, burns much cleaner than oil

Not a coal Peat Beginning stage of coal development

Brown coal Low heat Lignite Coal Limited supplies Low sulfur content

Bituminous Coal Soft coal Most commonly used High heat content Large supplies High sulfur content

Hard coal Anthracite High heat content Takes longest to form Fewer supplies, expensive Low sulfur

Formation of Types of Coal

How Do We Acquire Coal?

Coal Mining Subsurface Mining - 40% of mining in U.S. very dangerous (black lung, etc.) labor intensive (requires 5x more workers) acid drainage, land subsidence

Surface Mining - Coal Mining Very destructive because large amounts of topsoil are removed Rain combines with spoil banks to make sulfuric acid, pollutes water

Coal Reserves Most abundant fossil fuel, primarily in Northern Hemisphere Most coal deposits have been located Enough to last 200 years; deep, too-expensive deposits could last 1,000 years

Coal Reserves China, U.S., and Russia comprise 66% of the world s coal reserves. Benefits: cheap, high net energy ratio, easy transportation, infrastructure already in place

How is Coal Used? 25% of world s s commercial energy 39% of world s s electricity 75% of world s s steel China is world s s largest consumer (76% of their energy) Coal = 57% of US electricity

Remaining Coal Reserves Depends on: How many oil and gas reserves are located????? Technological breakthroughs????? Rate of consumption?????? Economic factors???????

Safety & Environmental Problems with Coal Human Impacts Black Lung Disease Accidents (fire, gases, crushing) Nonrenewable Water pollution

Environmental Impacts of Mining Coal Removal of topsoil and vegetation=loss of habitats Increases soil erosion Acid and toxic minerals drain from mined areas plants are unable to naturally recognize land after mining

Formation of SMCRA 1977 the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act was passed Requires mining companies to restore land after use

Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal Increased CO2 levels Global Warming Produces Sulfur Oxides (SO2 & SO3) and Nitrogen Oxides (NO( & NO2)

Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal Both form acids when mixed with water (acid rain)

1990 Clean Air Act Required power plants burning fossil fuels to install devices that reduce pollutant (SO( x & NO x ) SCRUBBERS: : can be installed on smoke stack and will reduce pollutants.

Takes place at lower temps=less pollutants FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION

Oil And Natural Gas 1940 s s oil and natural gas became most important energy sources 1993 63% of U.S. energy needs are met by these

Formation of Oil & Nat. Gas Both are hydrocarbons Both usually formed from remains of microscopic marine organisms buried in anaerobic sediments both exposed to heat and pressure Usually oil and natural gas deposits are found together

Exploration for Oil & Nat. Gas Oil deposits are detected by structural traps Geological features that trap oil and natural gas ANTICLINE: : upward folding of rock SALT DOMES: : underground columns of salt deposits

Natural Gas: Overview Third most important fuel 24% of world s s consumption Mixture of 50-90% methane and bits of ethane, propane, butane and H2S

Benefits to Natural Gas easier to transport cleanest of all three fossil fuels contains almost no sulfur High net energy ratio Relatively cheap cheaper cheaper than oil

Unfortunately, nonrenewable and we have lost a lot of natural gas due to carelessness

In the Gulf War, the Iraqis burned 10% of Kuwait s s oil fields as they retreated

Petroleum Benefits: infrastructure already set, relatively cheap (more costly of all the three fossil fuels), high net energy ratio, easily transported Drawbacks: nonrenewable, air and water pollution, erosion

Crude Oil Recovery Primary Oil Recovery Drill well Pumping out oil that flows by gravity into well

Crude Oil Recovery Secondary Oil Recovery Injection of water into nearby well Force heavy oil into the well

North Sea Off- shore Oil Platforms Extremely dangerous to work on

Off- Shore Oil Platforms Require constant maintanance, even in storms

Crude Oil Recovery Tertiary Oil Recovery Inject steam or CO2 into well Force oil out When average yields = 30-50%: becomes too expensive to extract

How Is Crude Oil Refined? Crude oil mixture of many different hydro- carbons that can be separated with distillation

How Is Crude Oil Refined? From heaviest to lightest: Asphalt, wax, naphtha, diesel oil, heating oil, jet fuel, gasoline, cooking gases (propane, butane)

NA Reserves

Global Oil Demand & Supply Worlds major producers of oil are not major consumers Oil must be imported into countries like U.S. and Europe Creates economic burden on these countries

Gulf War - 1991 Iran invaded Kuwait; US attacked Protecting its oil supply

Persian Gulf Oil Spill Worlds most massive oil spill 250 million gal. deliberately dumped into Persian Gulf may take a century or more for area to recover

Persian Gulf Aftermath By March 1991, 800 oil wells had been set ablaze by Iraqi occupation forces in Kuwait, and after the coalition forces ejected Iraqi troops from the. It was soon estimated that six million barrels of oil were burning per day circa March 1991 in Kuwait. It was estimated that 250 million gallons of oil - more than 20 times the amount spilled in the Exxon Valdez disaster in Alaska - flowed into the Gulf, causing irreparable harm to the biological diversity and physical integrity of the Gulf. Oil soaked over 440 miles of Saudi Arabia's coastline. Due to the Gulf's sluggish circulation system, it will take years before the oil is swept away by the natural forces of the water. Hundreds of miles of the Kuwaiti desert were left uninhabitable, due to the accumulation of oil lakes and of soot from the burning wells. The impact of the oil spillage on the biodiversity of the Gulf has yet to be fully assessed, yet based on the biologics that inhabitated the region prior to the Gulf War, it can be adduced that they are now at serious risk. One to two million of migratory birds visit the Gulf each year on their way to northern breeding grounds, and it has been documented that thousands of cormorants, migratory birds indigenous to the Gulf region, died as a result of exposure to oil or from polluted air.

Operation Iraqi Freedom March 2003 -?????? Initial onset as a result of September 11, 2003 terrorism. Aids in protecting interests in foreign oil

Environmental Problems Air pollution (combustion) increased CO2 levels acid deposition Oil spills (transportation)

Solutions to Oil Problems Shale: expensive and lower net energy ratio Bitumen and tar sand: same as above Improved environmental standards to reduce air, water, land pollution

The 1989 Alaskan Oil Spill Exxon Valdez spilled 10.9million barrels of crude oil into Prince William Sound

Decimation of Wildlife Pinnepeds 4000 dead Salmon migration disrupted Sea Birds >30,000 dead

Monetary Loss Fishermen Local Villages suffered huge economic loses as a result of the spill

Clean Up Efforts Exxon paid out over 10 BILLION dollars in settlements and clean up costs Lead to Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Requires oil spill contingency plan