K. Suzuki, K. Ishii, S. Sakurai, S. Sasaki (Eds.) Plantation Technology in Tropical Forest Science
K. Suzuki, K. Ishii, S. Sakurai, S. Sasaki (Eds.) Plantation Technology in Tropical Forest Science With 46 Figures ^Spri inger
Kazuo Suzuki, Dr. Agr. Professor College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan Katsuaki Ishii, Dr. Agr. Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan Shobu Sakurai, Dr. Agr. Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan Satohiko Sasaki, Ph.D. Professor College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan ISBN-10 ISBN-13 4-431 -28053-7 Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York 978-4-431-28053-8 Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2005930231 Printed on acid-free paper Springer-Verlag Tokyo 2006 Printed in Japan This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com Printing and binding: Nikkei Printing, Japan f^a I PRINTED WITH I L^I ^JNKJ..
Preface This book is intended to be a record of the Biotechnology-Assisted Re/Afforestation Project in the Asia-Pacific Region (BIO-REFOR) since 1992, conducted in cooperation with the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (lufro). The purpose of the project is to promote exchanges of information of fundamental research on indigenous species in the Asia-Pacific Region in order to restore natural forests. The production, cultivation, and maintenance of forest tree species provide highly sustainable production systems that conserve soils, the microenvironment, and biodiversity The key technology for biomass production of forests is propagation via micropropagation or traditional propagation. However, there are many recalcitrant species among useful forest trees to be propagated in large numbers. Recent advances in mycorrhizal technology and in vitro culture have made it possible to commercially propagate useful trees for re/afforestation. In this book, comprehensive information is provided on propagation, mycorrhizal inoculation, and reforestation of economically and environmentally important forest trees, information that usually is available only in widely scattered resources. Here, we include a wide area of the ecology and physiology of dipterocarps as a general overview, and then cover propagation techniques, mycorrhizal symbiosis, man-made forests, and biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific region. Our purpose is to provide information on the progress being made in biotechnology-assisted re/afforestation. In vitro culture combined with mycorrhizal inoculation has become a powerful tool for large-scale increases in forest trees, conservation of biodiversity, and reforestation comprehensive information that until now has been difficult to find in one volume. This compilation provides a valuable resource for scientists, students, policy makers, and industrialists concerned with reforestation. We would like to express our sincere thanks for the financial support of Japan's OD A for the BIO-REFOR project as well as support for this book by a Grant-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Finally, we are very grateful to Dr. Masaya Masumori of the University of Tokyo for his work in the preparation of this book. The Editors
Contents Preface V Part I General Overview 1 Ecology and Physiology of Dipterocarpaceae S. SASAKI 3 2 Forest Genetics for Sustainable Forest Management J. BURLEY 23 3 Recent Developments in Vegetative Propagation Techniques and Their Application for Tropical Forest Trees K. IsHii 31 4 The Significance of Mycorrhizae in Forest Ecosystems K. SUZUKI 41 5 Plantation Forestry in the Tropics S. SAKURAI 53 Part II Propagation Techniques for Tropical Forest Trees A. Cutting Technology 6 Vegetative Propagation of Dipterocarp Species by Stem Cuttings Using a Very Simple Technique D.H.AHMAD 69 7 Assessment of the Relative Amenability to Vegetative Propagation by Leafy Cuttings of 14 Tropical and Subtropical Eucalyptus and Corymbia Species A. BAKER and S. WALKER 79 VII
VIII Contents 8 Production of Cuttings in a Peat Swamp Species from Sarawak, Malaysia A. KiTAOKA, Y. UcHiMURA, and H. ASAISHI 89 9 Developments in Dipterocarp Propagation Research in the Philippines M. POLLISCO 101 B. Tissue-Culture Technology 10 An Updated Overview of Advances in Somatic Embryogenesis in Forest Trees S.M.JAIN 113 11 Comparative Studies on the Survival and Growth of Seedlings and In Vitro-Raised Plants of Shorea robusta and Dipterocarpus turbinatus S.ROY 123 12 Tissue Culture oiswietenia macrophylla King (Big-Leaf Mahogany) E. MARUYAMA 131 13 Micropropagation of Shorea roxburghii and Gmelina arborea by Shoot-Apex Culture K. NAKAMURA 137 14 Tree Tissue Culture and Ex Vitro Sand Rooting for Reforestation H.K. SAIJU 151 Part III Use of Mycorrhizae Symbiosis for Dipterocarp Forests 15 Mycorrhizal Research in Malaysian Plantation Forestry S.-S.LEE 157 16 Remarks on the Mycorrhizae of Some Tree Species in Vietnam N.S. GiAO 167 17 Mycorrhizal Formation and Growth of Shorea leprosula in Bukit Suharto After Using Charcoal and Rockphosphate SuHARDi, E. FARIDAH, E. ISKANDAR, and S. RAHAYU 175 18 Inoculation Method of Scleroderma columnare onto Dipterocarps M. OGAWA 185 19 Competitiveness of Two Strains of Pisolithus tinctorius on Seedlings of Three Dipterocarp Species Under Nursery and Field Conditions Y.S. CHANG, S.S. LEE, F. LAPEYRIE, and M.S. YAZID 199 20 Ectomycorrhizas of Dipterocarps in Logged-Over Forests and Plantations J. KiKUCHi 207
Contents IX Part IV Man-Made Forests and Biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region 21 The Role of Industrial Forest Plantations in Supporting Pulp and Paper Industries: A Case Study in South Sumatra, Indonesia B.H. SAHARJO 213 22 Planting Techniques and Growth of Dipterocarps in an Abandoned Secondary Forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia K. MATSUNE, R. SODA, SUNYOTO, T. TANGE, S. SASAKI, and SUPARNO 221 23 Effect of Enrichment Planting on Restoring the Logged-Over Dipterocarps in a Tropical Rainforest of Central Sumatra Y. OKIMORI, J. KiKUCHi, and S. HARDIWINOTO 231 24 Effects of Periodic Drought on Gas Exchange and Phyllode Water Status of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis Growing on Sand Tailings L. ANG, Y. MARUYAMA, C. MULLINS, and W. SEEL 239 25 Reforestation and Biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region J. KiKKAWA 247 26 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Forests: Socioeconomic Problems with Farm-Forestry of Rainforest Timber Production in North Queensland N. STORK, S. HARRISON, J. HERBOHN, and R. KEENAN 265 Subject Index 283