In the name of od, the most beneficent and the most merciful RODUCTION OF NEW CLONES OF CRICKET BAT WILLOW (SALIX ALBA) FOR FAST ROWTH AND QUALITY TIMBER Speaker: rof. S. A. angoo Faculty of Forestry SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir 1
INTRODUCTION Habitat of tree willows: Dampish ground, along river, stream margins. Shrubby species: Boggy areas or damp stony ground of higher altitudes. 6 out of 33 species in India are tree willows : Salix alba, S. babylonica, S. daphnoids, S. fragilis, S.elegans, S.tetrasperma Importance: Eco-friendly, multipurpose, fast growing, plantation. Uses: Baskets, cricket bats, hurdles, furniture, plywood, paper etc. Kashmir valley:23 species of which 15 reach alpine/subalpine limits. Salix alba was introduced to Kashmir from England in 1927. Salix alba wood is soft, light, white, elastic and shock resistant. 2
Objectives of Experimentation Selection of Candidate lus Trees (CT s) of Salix alba L. (White willow) and their clonal and progeny trial in Kashmir valley has been conducted with the following objectives: 1.To select candidate plus trees of Salix alba L. 2.To study the variability of selected clones of Salix alba L. 3.To study variability in the progeny of selected Salix alba L. trees. 3
CT s Source Height (m) DBH (cm) Volume (m 3 ) Bole height (m) Crown diameter (m) Mean of 100 CT s 12.5 28.7 0.53 5.4 3.4 Range Minimum 9.9 20.5 0.24 4.3 2.5 Maximum 14.8 37.2 0.98 6.8 4.5 Table-1: Characteristics of the selected CT s of Salix alba CT s Height (m) Av. of 5 check trees Superiority % DBH (cm) Av. of 5 check trees Superiority % Volume (m 3 ) Av. of 5 check trees Superiority % Mean of 100 CT s 12.5 9.7 28.9 28.7 20.1 43.1 0.53 0.20 163.6 Table-2: Superiority of selected CT s of Salix alba over check trees 4
CT s Shoot height (cm) Collar diameter (mm) Volume index (cm 3 ) Above ground biomass (g) Below ground biomass (g) Total biomass (g) R/S ratio CT1 87.2 5.7 28.3 7.3 4.9 12.2 0.67 CT100 79.1 4.9 19.3 6.6 4.1 10.7 0.62 Mean 93.05 6.2 37.6 8.3 5.3 13.6 0.64 CD 0.05 2.5 0.15 2.7 0.26 0.21 0.40 0.02 SE (m) 0.9 0.05 0.97 0.09 0.07 0.14 0.008 CV % 1.7 1.6 4.5 1.99 2.44 1.83 2.43 Min. 75.3 4.5 15.47 6.20 3.47 10.23 0.50 Max. 113.3 7.6 65.69 10.63 7.63 17.86 0.83 Table-3: Variability in growth and biomass traits of selected CT s of Salix alba 5
CT s Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) L/W ratio etiole length (mm) osition of max. width (cm) Branches /plant Branch angle ( o ) Colour of petiole Incisions of leaf margin Shape of leaf blade base Leaf hairiness CT1 8.3 1.4 5.9 1.7 3.1 2.7 55.5 3.5 2.7 5.1 5.1 CT2 9.4 1.6 5.8 2.3 3.6 3.1 60.5 1.8 3.6 3.5 3.0 CT99 9.1 1.5 6.1 2.7 3.5 3.4 63.7 3.3 3.8 5.1 6.8 CT100 8.1 1.2 6.7 2.1 2.9 2.9 54.9 4.0 2.2 5.6 4.8 Mean 9.0 1.5 6.2 2.5 3.4 3.0 57.8 2.9 3.0 4.8 4.9 CD 0.05 0.18 0.02 0.13 0.12 0.16 0.24 1.34 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.17 SE (m) 0.06 0.007 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.48 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 CV % 1.28 0.89 1.39 2.25 2.98 4.92 1.44 3.5 3.76 2.04 2.11 Min. 6.8 1.1 4.8 1.3 2.4 1.8 50.9 1.2 1.5 3 3 Max. 11.5 1.9 7.3 3.6 4.8 4.6 64.1 4.6 4.4 6.6 6.8 Table-4: Variability in leaf and branch traits of selected CT s of Salix alba 6
Coefficient of Variance S.No arameters Variation enetic components Vp Vg CV CV H 2 A 1. Shoot height (cm) 129.9 127.5 16.6 16.4 0.982 23.0 32.7 2. Collar diameter (mm) 0.84 0.83 14.8 14.7 0.961 1.8 30.2 3. Volume index (cm 3 ) 234.9 232.0 40.7 40.4 0.974 31.1 82.8 4. Above ground biomass (g) 1.54 1.49 15.1 14.9 0.965 2.4 31.0 5. Below ground biomass (g) 0.82 0.81 17.4 17.2 0.957 1.8 35.1 6. Total biomass (g) 4.23 4.16 15.1 14.9 0.938 4.1 30.6 7. Root/shoot ratio 0.004 0.004 10.1 9.8 0.949 0.1 19.7 8. Leaf length (cm) 1.21 1.20 12.5 12.4 0.914 2.3 25.5 9. Leaf width (cm) 0.04 0.04 13.9 13.8 0.926 0.4 28.7 10. Length/width ratio 0.23 0.22 7.8 7.6 0.923 0.9 15.5 11. etiole length (mm) 0.48 0.46 14.3 14.1 0.933 1.5 28.6 12. osition of maximum width (cm) 0.38 0.37 17.9 17.6 0.948 1.2 35.8 13. Number of Branches/plant 0.55 0.53 24.3 23.8 0.915 1.4 48.2 14. Branch angle ( 0 ) 13.7 13.0 6.4 6.2 0.928 7.2 12.5 15. Colour of petiole 0.44 0.43 9.4 9.2 0.902 0.4 18.7 16. Incisions of leaf margins 0.53 0.52 7.9 7.8 0.913 0.6 14.6 17. Shape of leaf blade base 0.65 0.64 8.9 8.6 0.935 0.9 17.3 18. Leaf hairiness 0.69 0.68 7.4 7.2 0.901 0.7 14.8 Table-5: Estimates of genetic parameters of selected characteristics of Salix alba CT s 7
Traits Type CD VOL AB BB TB R/S LL LW L/W L MW B/ BA C ILM SLBB LH SH 0.647** 0.691** 0.759** 0.794** 0.545** 0.586** 0.362** 0.384** 0.537** 0.561** -0.009-0.008 0.224* 0.234* 0.215* 0.223* -0.022-0.022 0.104 0.104 0.057 0.075 0.425** 0.453** 0.045 0.068 0.041 0.045 0.104 0.107 0.110 0.111-0.005-0.004 CD 0.849** 0.874** 0.331** 0.346** 0.325** 0.337** 0.354** 0.365** 0.105 0.109-0.077-0.075-0.028-0.023-0.044-0.039 0.108 0.107-0.007-0.004 0.090 0.093 0.059 0.062-0.067-0.068 0.051 0.054-0.048-0.045 0.120 0.123 VOL 0.452** 0.467** 0.314** 0.322** 0.449** 0.461** 0.056 0.078 0.221* 0.223* 0.156 0.158-0.024-0.021 0.109 0.100 0.196* 0.198* 0.111 0.117 0.066 0.071 0.135 0.138-0.129-0.127 0.155 0.154 0.104 0.108 AB 0.482** 0.489** 0.561** 0.569** -0.265* -0.273* 0.042 0.051 0.095 0.099-0.038-0.035-0.051-0.057 0.075 0.078 0.029 0.031-0.048-0.043-0.008-0.007-0.112-0.110 0.078 0.082-0.012-0.013 BB 0.327** 0.331** 0.469** 0.473** 0.010 0.012 0.064 0.068-0.053-0.051 0.101 0.107-0.070-0.069 0.073 0.079-0.025-0.022 0.123 0.125 0.162 0.165-0.081-0.080 0.075 0.077 BA -0.125-0.123 0.007 0.008-0.086-0.087 0.154 0.156 C -0.155-0.153-0.114-0.113 0.109 0.111 ILM 0.148 0.150 0.092 0.096 SLBB 0.107 0.109 Table-6: enotypic () and phenotypic () correlation matrix between selected characteristics of Salix alba CT S 8
Characters rin1 rin2 rin3 Shoot height (cm) 0.6092-0.0081 0.1032 Collar diameter (mm) 0.6093 0.0196 0.0726 Volume index (cm 3 ) 0.6098 0.0141 0.0867 Above ground biomass (g) 0.7058 0.0146 0.1152 Below ground biomass (g) 0.6697 0.4047-0.1498 Total biomass (g) 0.8042 0.1898 0.0019 Root/shoot ratio 0.0123 0.5052-0.1446 Leaf length (cm) 0.0226-0.0816 0.3095 Leaf width (cm) -0.2853-0.2761 0.2636 Length/width ratio 0.0053-0.2813 0.5638 etiole length (mm) -0.2931-0.1914 0.0407 osition of maximum width (cm) 0.1028-0.0887 0.3040 Number of branches per plant 0.0995 0.3956 0.0388 Branch angle ( o ) 0.1382 0.3478-0.0828 Colour of petiole -0.0421-0.1204 0.1502 Incisions of leaf margins 0.0200-0.1053 0.0864 Shape of leaf blade base -0.0056 0.0278 0.1146 Leaf hairiness -0.0130-0.0914 0.0975 Eigen value 9.788 1.413 1.310 ercentage of variance 69.92 10.10 9.36 Cumulative variance percentage 69.92 80.02 89.38 Table-7: Total variance explained for the components 9
CT s Catkin length (cm) Catkin width (mm) Capsules/ Catkin Capsule diameter (mm) 100- Capsule Weight (g) 1000- Seed Weight (mg) ermination percentage CT1 5.9 4.4 59.7 1.6 64.7 69.1 79.6 CT2 7.6 6.7 76.0 3.3 82.2 95.3 88.0 CT3 8.5 9.0 89.7 3.7 95.5 104.6 91.0 CT4 4.6 7.7 53.0 3.9 57.5 61.2 87.3 CT5 8.0 7.0 83.3 2.3 85.3 89.6 97.3 CT6 5.6 8.6 62.6 2.5 62.6 62.1 85.0 CT7 8.9 10.3 90.7 3.8 90.2 93.6 95.0 CT8 9.9 4.9 100.6 4.0 101.9 111.4 97.6 CT9 4.8 6.4 67.0 1.3 56.2 64.8 86.0 CT10 7.6 8.3 82.0 3.5 80.3 86.1 81.0 CT11 6.3 7.5 57.3 3.6 76.8 68.1 90.0 CT12 6.9 5.4 92.7 2.3 63.4 86.0 89.0 CT16 8.8 4.8 84.7 3.5 98.7 108.1 96.6 CT17 5.1 8.6 56.3 1.3 56.0 67.7 80.3 CT18 5.2 9.3 72.6 1.3 61.4 67.7 84.0 CT19 8.7 8.7 90.0 3.6 100.2 110.1 95.3 CT20 7.4 10.2 58.0 2.3 81.1 90.2 91.3 Mean 7.3 7.6 75.8 2.9 78.9 86.1 89.1 CD 0.05 0.8 0.9 8.3 0.4 11.5 12.5 3.5 SE (m) 0.3 0.3 2.9 0.1 4.0 4.4 1.2 CV % 7.0 7.2 6.6 8.4 8.8 8.7 2.3 Min. 4.6 4.4 53.0 1.3 56.0 61.2 79.6 Max. 9.9 10.2 100.7 4.0 107.3 118.5 97.6 Table-8: Variability in catkin and seed traits of Salix alba 10
CT s Survival % Shoot height (cm) Root length (cm) Collar diameter (mm) CT1 78.0 17.3 7.7 1.7 CT2 84.0 23.6 10.6 2.4 CT3 88.6 26.4 13.4 2.8 CT4 80.6 17.6 9.4 1.6 CT5 92.0 28.2 13.7 3.4 CT6 81.6 21.5 11.1 1.9 CT7 95.0 26.3 14.0 2.9 CT8 92.0 30.4 13.2 3.8 CT15 94.0 30.6 14.1 3.3 CT16 76.3 17.8 8.4 1.9 CT17 85.0 24.0 12.4 1.8 CT18 87.0 24.6 11.6 2.5 CT19 82.3 18.4 9.1 2.3 CT20 92.0 30.3 13.9 3.6 Mean 85.7 23.7 11.5 2.4 CD 0.05 2.2 2.4 0.7 0.3 SE (m) 0.7 0.84 0.2 0.1 CV % 1.5 6.2 3.9 7.1 Min. 76.3 15.9 7.7 1.5 Max. 95.0 30.5 14.0 3.8 Table-9: Variability in seedling growth rates of Salix alba 11
CT s AB (g) BB (g) TB (g) R/S ratio CT1 1.1 0.7 1.8 0.60 CT2 1.4 1.0 2.4 0.70 CT3 2.5 1.3 3.8 0.53 CT4 1.2 0.8 2.0 0.64 CT5 2.9 1.5 4.4 0.51 CT6 2.1 1.2 3.3 0.56 CT7 2.7 1.4 4.1 0.52 CT8 3.0 1.5 4.5 0.50 CT9 1.4 0.8 2.2 0.60 CT15 2.8 1.5 4.3 0.55 CT16 1.8 1.2 3.0 0.65 CT17 2.3 1.3 3.6 0.58 CT18 2.4 1.3 3.7 0.55 CT19 1.7 0.9 2.6 0.54 CT20 3.1 1.5 4.6 0.51 Mean 2.1 1.2 3.3 0.58 CD 0.05 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.05 SE (m) 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.02 CV % 9.4 8.3 8.6 5.7 Min. 1.1 0.6 1.7 0.50 Max. 3.1 1.5 4.6 0.70 Table-10: Variability in seedling biomass traits of Salix alba 12
CT s Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (mm) L/W ratio etiol e length (mm) ositi on of max. width (cm) Leaf angle ( o ) Numb er of leaves /plant Shape of leaf blade base Incisions of leaf margin Colour of petiole CT1 7.6 1.23 6.2 1.86 2.4 60.4 4.7 3.7 1.8 1.2 CT2 9.0 1.70 5.3 2.47 3.7 53.6 6.1 4.3 3.3 3.1 CT3 9.6 1.76 5.4 3.56 3.9 55.6 7.0 5.2 2.4 4.2 CT4 8.5 1.43 5.9 2.33 3.3 62.4 4.6 3.2 4.2 1.6 CT5 9.0 1.53 5.8 3.46 3.7 56.8 7.6 6.3 2.2 2.8 CT19 8.7 1.64 5.3 3.36 3.5 60.6 4.5 3.3 2.8 1.5 CT20 9.8 1.53 6.4 3.54 3.9 55.0 7.8 6.4 3.5 3.2 Table-11: Variability in seedling leaf traits of Salix alba Mean 8.5 1.5 5.7 2.5 3.3 57.9 6.1 4.9 3.0 2.9 CD 0.05 0.41 0.11 0.39 0.16 0.20 2.10 0.33 0.19 0.18 0.20 SE(m) 0.14 0.04 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.73 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.07 CV % 2.9 4.6 4.2 5.9 3.8 2.2 3.3 2.4 3.6 4.2 Min. 7.2 1.23 4.5 1.46 2.3 53.3 3.46 3.2 1.7 1.2 Max. 9.9 1.76 7.1 3.78 4.1 62.9 8.00 6.4 4.3 4.5 13
S.No 1 2 3 4 arameters Catkin length (cm) Catkin width (cm) Capsules/ catkin Capsule diameter (mm) Variance Coefficient of Variation enetic components Vp Vg CV CV H 2 A 2.8 2.6 23.1 22.0 0.90 3.1 43.3 3.4 3.1 24.2 23.1 0.91 3.4 45.5 239.6 214.6 20.4 19.3 0.89 28.5 37.6 0.9 0.8 33.6 32.5 0.93 1.8 65.0 5 6 7 100-Catkin weight (g) 303.9 255.7 22.0 20.2 0.84 30.2 38.3 1000-Seed weight (mg) 366.3 309.2 22.2 20.4 0.84 33.2 38.6 ermination percentage 45.3 40.7 7.5 7.1 0.90 12.5 14.0 Table-12: Estimates of genetic parameters of catkin and seed characteristics of Salix alba 14
Variance Coefficient of Variation enetic components arameters Vp Vg CV CV H 2 A 1 Survival percentage 34.15 32.31 6.8 6.6 0.942 11.4 13.3 2 Shoot height (cm) 26.92 24.80 21.9 21.0 0.926 9.8 41.5 3 Root length (cm) 5.34 5.15 20.1 19.7 0.965 4.5 39.9 4 Collar diameter (mm) 0.61 0.52 29.7 28.9 0.941 1.4 57.8 5 Above ground biomass (g) 0.44 0.31 29.7 28.2 0.894 1.1 55.1 6 Below ground biomass (g) 0.08 0.07 23.7 22.2 0.873 0.5 42.9 7 Total biomass (g) 0.83 0.73 27.2 25.8 0.901 1.6 50.5 8 Root/shoot ratio 0.003 0.002 10.8 9.2 0.728 0.09 16.1 9 Leaf length (cm) 0.71 0.62 10.0 9.6 0.913 1.6 19.0 10 Leaf width (cm) 0.04 0.03 13.8 13.0 0.885 0.3 25.3 11 Length/width ratio 0.10 0.06 6.1 4.4 0.534 0.3 6.7 12 etiole length (mm) 0.45 0.34 25.3 24.3 0.920 0.6 48.3 13 osition of maximum width (cm) 0.53 0.42 18.1 17.7 0.956 1.1 35.6 14 Number of leaves/seedling 2.61 2.43 25.9 25.7 0.981 3.2 52.6 15 Leaf angle ( o ) 10.90 9.24 5.7 5.2 0.854 5.7 9.9 16 Shape of leaf blade base 0.52 0.47 6.8 6.4 0.823 0.9 17.3 17 Incisions of leaf margins 0.41 0.35 5.9 5.5 0.807 0.6 14.6 18 Colour of petiole 0.50 0.46 6.2 5.9 0.914 0.4 18.7 Table-13: Estimates of genetic parameters of seedling characteristics of Salix alba 15
arameters Type Catkin width (mm) Capsules/ catkin Capsule diameter (mm) 100-Catkin weight (g) 1000-Seed weight (mg) ermination percentage Catkin length (cm) 0.212* 0.235* 0.577** 0.581** 0.263* 0.267* 0.385** 0.392** 0.287* 0.295* 0.101 0.109 Catkin width (mm) -0.038-0.035 1.090 1.087 0.202* 0.209* 0.157 0.165 0.086 0.091 Capsules/catk in -0.153-0.150 0.108 0.106 0.034 0.046-0.018-0.016 Capsule diameter (mm) 0.282* 0.286* 0.302** 0.313** -0.021-0.019 100-Catkin weight (g) 0.417** 0.425** 0.476** 0.482** 1000-Seed weight (mg) 0.359** 0.366** **=significant at 5%, *= significant at 1% Table-14: enotypic () and phenotypic () correlation matrix between catkin and seed characteristics of Salix alba 16
Cluster Number of CT s CT I 9 5,15,3,12,14,20,8,7,17 II 8 4,6,2,10,9,11,1,19 III 1 18 IV 1 16 V 1 13 Table-15: Composition of Euclidean clusters for catkin, seed and seedling characteristics of Salix alba genotypes Clusters I II III IV V I 102.98 266.77 180.42 598.23 204.68 II 104.40 193.62 221.86 380.74 III 0.00 568.17 367.42 IV 0.00 748.77 V 0.00 Table- 16: Intra (diagonal) and inter cluster distance for catkin, seed and seedling characteristics of Salix alba genotypes 17
Fig-1: Dendrogram showing different clusters of genotypes in Salix alba germplasm 18
A. CT 26 B. CT 45 C. CT 75 D. CT 98 late-1: erformance of best CT s of Salix alba 19
A. Catkin B. Catkin collection C. Seed in cottony fluff after capsule bursting D. Seed extraction using indigenous method E. ure seed extracted late-2: Seed extraction of Salix alba 20
(A) late-3: Seed germination of Salix alba (A after 3 days, B after 2 weeks) (B) 21
late-4: Seedlings of Salix alba raised in mist chamber 22
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