Division of Air Pollution Control November Ohio Air Quality 2017

Division of Air Pollution Control November 2018 Ohio Air Quality 2017

STATE OF OHIO AIR QUALITY CALENDAR YEAR 2017 PREPARED BY DIVISION OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Our Mailing address is: Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control PO Box 1049 Columbus, OH 43216-1049 And we are located at: Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control 50 West Town Street, Suite 700 Columbus, OH 43215 Ohio EPA s web address is: www.epa.ohio.gov The Ohio EPA s general phone number is: (614) 644-3020 The Division of Air Pollution Control phone number is: (614) 644-2270 Prepared by: Jennifer Van Vlerah, Manager, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Dave Ambrose, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Section Phillip Downey, Air Monitoring & Toxics Section Erica Fetty Davis, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Section Laura Woods, Air Quality Evaluation & Planning Section Special Acknowledgment Dave Ambrose has been responsible for preparation of this report for the past 33 years. The staff at Ohio EPA DAPC wish him well in retirement. Craig W. Butler, Director John R. Kasich, Governor Page i

Table of Contents List of Tables... iii List of Figures... iv Acronyms and Abbreviations... v Executive summary... 1 I. Introduction... 3 A. General... 3 B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System... 4 C. Remote Ambient Data System... 6 D. Data Availability on the Internet... 7 II. 2017 Air Quality Data Summary Maps... 7 III. Air Quality Trends... 20 A. SO2 trends... 20 B. Ozone trends... 21 C. Carbon Monoxide Trends... 24 IV. 2017 Air Quality Data... 27 A. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)... 27 B. Particulate Matter 10µm (PM10)... 29 C. Particulate Matter 2.5µm (PM2.5)... 32 D. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)... 39 E. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)... 42 F. Carbon Monoxide (CO)... 44 G. Ozone (O3)... 46 H. Lead (Pb)... 53 V. Air Toxics Monitoring 2016... 55 A. Introduction... 55 B. Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and Analysis... 56 C. Heavy Metals Sampling and Analysis... 67 D. Heavy Metals Parameters... 67 VI. Air Quality Index (AQI)... 74 VII. 2017 Monitoring Sites... 76 Page ii

List of Tables Table 1. Violation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards by County 2017... 1 Table 2. U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards... 3 Table 3. TSP Summary Statistics... 28 Table 4. PM10 Summary Statistics... 30 Table 5. PM2.5 Summary Statistics... 33 Table 6. PM2.5 Continuous Monitor Data (µ/m 3 )... 35 Table 7. PM2.5 24-hour 98th Percentile Averages (µ/m 3 )... 37 Table 8. PM2.5 Average of Annual Averages (µ/m 3 )... 38 Table 9. SO2 Summary Statistics... 40 Table 10. NO2 Summary Statistics... 43 Table 11. CO Summary Statistics... 45 Table 12. O3 1-Hour Summary Statistics... 47 Table 13. O3 8-Hour Summary Statistics... 49 Table 14. Three-year Average of 4 th High 8-Hour O3 Averages (ppm)... 51 Table 15. Total days of 8-Hour Ozone Exceedances Statewide and Date of First Seasonal Exceedance (2008-2017)... 52 Table 16. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 8-Hr Standard (2008-2017)... 52 Table 17. Lead Summary Statistics... 54 Table 18. DES VOC Target Compound List For TO-15 Analysis... 58 Table 19. VOC Summary of Statewide Canister Data... 59 Table 20. VOC Sampling Site Identification... 61 Table 21. Summary of VOC results... 62 Table 22. Metals Sampling Site Identification... 68 Table 23. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool - 1 (39-029-0019)... 69 Table 24. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool - 2 (39-029-0020)... 69 Table 25. Heavy metals: E. Liverpool - 3 (39-029-0023)... 69 Table 26. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 1 (39-035-0038)... 70 Table 27. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 2 (39-035-0042)... 70 Table 28. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 3 (39-035-0049)... 70 Table 29. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 4 (39-035-0061)... 71 Table 30. Heavy Metals: Columbus (39-049-0039)... 71 Table 31. Heavy Metals: Delta (39-051-0001)... 71 Table 32. Heavy Metals: Marion - 1 (39-101-0003)... 72 Table 33. Heavy Metals: Marion - 2 (39-101-0004)... 72 Table 34. Heavy Metals: Marion - 3 (AQS not assigned)... 72 Table 35. Heavy Metals: Elmore (39-123-0012)... 73 Table 36. Heavy Metals: Marietta (39-167-0008)... 73 Table 37. Heavy Metals: Canton (39-151-0024)... 73 Table 38. Comparison of AQI Values... 75 Table 39. Monitoring Network for 2017... 77 Page iii

List of Figures Figure 1. OEPA District Offices & Local Air Pollution Control Agencies Jurisdictional Boundaries 5 Figure 2. 2017 PM10 High 24-Hour Concentration... 8 Figure 3. 2017 PM2.5 Highest Annual Average Concentration... 9 Figure 4. 2017 PM2.5 98th Percentile 24-Hour Concentration... 10 Figure 5. 2017 SO2 2nd Highest 3-Hour Average Concentration... 11 Figure 6. 2017 SO2 99th Percentile 1-Hour Concentration... 12 Figure 7. 2017 Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 8-Hour Concentration... 13 Figure 8. 2017 Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 1-Hour Concentration... 14 Figure 9. 2017 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration... 15 Figure 10. 2017 Nitrogen Dioxide 98th Percentile 1-Hour Concentration... 16 Figure 11. 2017 Ozone 4th Highest 8-Hour Concentration... 17 Figure 12. 2015-2017 Average of the 4th High 8-Hour Averages... 18 Figure 13. 2015-2017 Lead, Highest 3 Month Rolling Average... 19 Figure 14. Sulfur Dioxide Trends Urban Areas (2008-2017)... 20 Figure 15. Sulfur Dioxide Trends All Sites (2008-2017)... 20 Figure 16. 2 nd Highest 1-Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (1)... 22 Figure 17. 2 nd Highest 1-Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (2)... 22 Figure 18. 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (1)... 23 Figure 19. 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (2)... 23 Figure 20. Three-Year Average of 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (1)... 24 Figure 21. Three-Year Average of 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (2)... 24 Figure 22. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Akron... 25 Figure 23. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Canton... 25 Figure 24. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Cincinnati... 25 Figure 25. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Cleveland... 26 Figure 26. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Lake... 26 Figure 27. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Dayton... 26 Page iv

Acronyms and Abbreviations AA AQI AQS ATMP CAA CASTNET CBSA CFR CO DAPC DES DO FEM FRM FR GC GC/MS LAA µg/m 3 mg/m 3 ng/m 3 NAAQS NAMS NCore NO NO 2 O 3 OAQPS OASN Obs Org Type Pb POC ppb ppm ppbv PQAO PM 10 PM 2.5 PSI RADS SLAMS SO 2 TO-15 TSP U.S. EPA VOC Page v Atomic Absorption Air Quality Index (replaced Pollutant Standard Index, PSI) Air Quality System Air Toxics Monitoring Program Clean Air Act Clean Air Status and Trends Network Core-Based Statistical Area Code of Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide Division of Air Pollution Control Division of Environmental Services District Office Federal Equivalent Method Federal Reference Method Federal Register Gas Chromatograph or Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Local Air Agency micrograms per cubic meter milligrams per cubic meter nanograms per cubic meter National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Ambient Monitoring Stations National Core Monitoring Network Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Ohio Air Sampling Network Observations Organization Type Lead Parameter Occurrence Code parts per billion parts per million parts per billion by volume Primary Quality Assurance Organization Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 2.5 microns Pollutant Standard Index (replaced by Air Quality Index, AQI) Remote Ambient-Air Data System State/Local Ambient Monitoring Stations Sulfur Dioxide Toxics analysis methods descriptions Total Suspended Particulate United States Environmental Protection Agency Volatile Organic Carbon

Executive summary A. General Review Air quality data for calendar year 2017 are summarized for seven criteria pollutants: particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns (PM10), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and lead (Pb). Data are also summarized for total suspended particulates (TSP). Also included is a section discussing toxics monitoring projects conducted and trend analysis results for three criteria pollutants: SO2, CO, and O3. B. Discussion of Violation Violations of multiple-year, annual and short-term air quality standards by county and pollutant are provided in Section II: 2017 Air Quality Data Summary Maps. Table 1 gives a breakdown of air quality standard violations by county. There were no violations of the PM2.5, PM10, NO2, Pb, or CO standards in effect during 2017. Table 1. Violation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards by County 2017 Pollutant Standard Counties O3 8-hour (0.070 ppm) Butler, Geauga, Franklin, Hamilton, Lake, Warren SO2 1-hour 99 th percentile Cuyahoga C. Observations and Conclusions Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns (PM10) There were 31 PM10 active monitoring sites including three sites operated by industry with a total of 49 monitors to collect ambient and quality assurance data. Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns (PM2.5) There were 47 active PM2.5 monitoring sites with 81 monitors to collect both ambient and quality assurance data. Most are filter-based instruments collecting individual 24-hour average concentration on a schedule of either every three days or every six days, and the remaining collect hourly concentrations each day in addition to some chemical speciation monitors that operate on an every three- or six-day schedule with filters analyzed for chemical composition of PM2.5 matter. In 2017, no sites were in violation of the annual PM2.5 NAAQS. There have been no violations of the 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS in Ohio since 2009. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) There were 35 SO2 continuous sites collecting hourly data, five of which were operated by private industry. There were exceedances of the 1-hour standard in Cuyahoga and Lake counties in 2017. There were violations of the three-year, 1-hour SO2 standard in Cuyahoga county. Page 1

There were no exceedances of the 3-hour standard statewide in 2017; the last occurrence of an exceedance in Ohio of the 3-hour standard was in 1991. In the last ten years, SO2 concentrations have been reduced 80% statewide. Carbon Monoxide (CO) There were 14 CO continuous sites collecting hourly data. There were no violations of the CO NAAQS in Ohio. Concentrations remain very low throughout all the urban areas of the state. The last violation of the CO NAAQS occurred in 1990 in Steubenville. Ozone (O3) There were 51 continuous sites collecting hourly O3 data, three of which were operated by U.S. EPA as part of their CASTNET monitoring network. Ohio attained the former O3NAAQS standard of 75 parts per billion (ppb) throughout the state within timeframes specified by the Clean Air Act; however, in October 2015, U.S. EPA issued a more stringent O3NAAQS of 70 parts per billion. Ohio EPA provided recommendations to U.S. EPA on areas of the state exceeding or contributing to exceedances of the new standard and proposed non-attainment designations under the Clean Air Act. U.S. EPA designated areas non-attainment in accordance with Ohio EPA's recommendations, effective August 3, 2018, in the following Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Cleveland (Lorain, Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Medina, Summit and Portage counties); Columbus (Franklin, Delaware, Licking and Fairfield counties) and Cincinnati (Hamilton, Butler, Warren and Clermont counties). Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) There were seven continuous NO2 monitoring sites collecting hourly data. There were no violations of the NAAQS for NO2 in 2017, and there have been none in Ohio since 1997. Air Pollution Alerts No air pollution alerts were declared in 2017. D. Monitoring Network There were 136 monitoring sites reporting data from 44 counties; a list of active monitors in 2017 can be found in Table 39 on page 77 of this report. Each year, Ohio EPA is required to submit an annual Air Monitoring Network Plan to U.S. EPA which describes the state s ambient monitoring network in detail. The most recent Ohio Air Monitoring Network Plan is available for viewing on our agency website at http://epa.ohio.gov/dapc/ams/amsmain.aspx#126983982-air-monitoring-plan State maps depicting each of Ohio s air monitoring networks for U.S. EPA criteria pollutants and air toxics are presented in Appendix E of Ohio s Air Monitoring Network Plan. Page 2

I. INTRODUCTION A. General A variety of substances are generated and released into the atmosphere by a multitude of manmade and natural sources. Those substances that may affect public health and welfare are regarded as "air pollutants." The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to safeguard public health and welfare from these air pollutants. Ambient air is defined as air that is accessible to the general public. The air within fenced-in, guarded or limited access areas of facility property is not considered ambient air. Pollutants for which NAAQS have been promulgated are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 10 microns (PM10) and particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter 2.5 microns (PM2.5). The standards are concentrations expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m 3 ), parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) per sampling averaging times. NAAQS concentrations, averaging times and restrictions in effect as of 2017 are provided in Table 2. Pollutant Table 2. U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA Ambient Air Quality Standards Maximum Allowable Concentration Averaging time Restriction Primary 1 Secondary 1 PM2.5 Annual Three-year average not to be exceeded 12.0 µg/m 3 15.0 µg/m 3 24-hour Three-year average of 98th percentile not to be 35 µg/m 3 35 µg/m 3 exceeded PM10 24-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 150 µg/m 3 150 µg/m 3 averaged over three years Sulfur 1-hour Each year s daily 1-Hour maximum 99th 75 ppb none Dioxide percentile value averaged over 3 years 3-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year none 0.5 ppm (1300 µg/m 3 ) Carbon 8-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 9 ppm none Monoxide (10 mg/m 3 ) 1-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 35 ppm none (40 mg/m 3 ) Ozone 8-hour Each year s fourth high averaged over threeyears. 0.070 ppm 0.070 ppm Not to be exceeded Nitrogen 1-hour Each year s daily maximum 98th percentile 1-100 ppb Dioxide Hour value averaged over three-years. Not to be exceeded. Annual Not to be exceeded 53 ppb 53 ppb Lead 3-month Three month rolling average over a three-year period. Not to be exceeded. 0.15 µg/m 3 0.15 µg/m 3 1 Primary standards are established for protection of public health; secondary standards are established for protection of public welfare. Page 3

In some cases, standards are separated into two parts: primary and secondary. A primary standard sets the level of air pollution where human health is protected. A secondary standard sets the level where the welfare of citizens is protected due to air pollution damage to crops, animals, vegetation and materials. This report presents summaries of Ohio EPA s measurements of the NAAQS criteria and toxic air pollutants during calendar year 2017. Also presented are selected statistics and trend analyses for parts of Ohio. Prior to pollutant data tables found in Section IV, there is a brief description of pollutants, sources from which they originate, potential adverse health effects and monitoring methods used. B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System Society's concern about air pollution began with Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1955. This Act and its subsequent amendments first encouraged, then authorized, grants to help finance the establishment of state and local air pollution control programs. In 1963, Ohio established the Ohio Air Sampling Network (OASN) with 21 monitoring sites, measuring total suspended particulates (TSP) throughout the state. The CAA Amendments of 1970 mandated the promulgation of NAAQS. The U.S. EPA was formed in 1970 and began developing air monitoring regulations requiring states to establish a network of monitors to measure air quality in all major urban areas. Cleveland NCore Site The air monitoring program began under the Ohio Department of Health and started with Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Photochemical Oxidants. In October of 1972, Ohio EPA was formed and was responsible for CAA compliance. In 1978, U.S. EPA promulgated the NAAQS for lead. In 1979, the NAAQS for ozone replaced photochemical oxidants. Throughout that time, Ohio's air quality network significantly expanded. Ohio currently has four District Offices and eight local air agencies supporting the Ohio s air program. See Figure 1 on page 5 for geographic coverage and contact information 1. The goals of the ambient monitoring program are to determine compliance with the ambient air quality standards; to provide real-time monitoring of air pollution episodes; to provide data for trend analyses, regulation evaluation and planning; and to provide daily information to the public concerning air quality in high population areas, near major emission sources and in rural areas. 1 Effective October 1, 2018, Mahoning-Trumbull APC Agency (M-TAPCA) is no longer active, and all sites in this jurisdiction are transferred to Northeast District Office (NEDO). Figure 1 reflects jurisdictions for 2017, where M- TAPCA contact information notes this change. Page 4

Page 5 Figure 1. OEPA District Offices & Local Air Pollution Control Agencies Jurisdictional Boundaries

In 1980, U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA established and designated certain portions of Ohio's ambient air monitoring network to be a part of the National Air Monitoring Station (NAMS) network, created for tracking national trends. This required that all sites produce data of adequate quality and quantity to meet monitoring objectives and statistical analysis. The first PM10 standard became effective July 1987, and the first PM2.5 standard was effective in 1997. Filter-based PM2.5 monitors began collecting data in 1999. Monitors to determine chemical makeup of the particulate matter were added in 2000. In 2001, monitors that could continuously measure PM2.5 became a programmatic requirement. The 1-hour ozone standard was supplanted with an 8-hour standard in 1997. The 8-hour standard is a three-year average of the 4 th highest daily 8-hour averages, which was set at 0.08 ppm not to be exceeded. In 2001, the United States Supreme Court found U.S. EPA s proposed implementation plan for ozone unlawful and further held that, in the setting of a standard for ozone pursuant to Section 109 of the CAA, U.S. EPA must set air quality standards at levels that are requisite, i.e., no higher or lower than necessary to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety. The Supreme Court sent the case back to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals to review U.S. EPA s subsequent actions. In March 2002, the court upheld U.S. EPA s revision of the ozone NAAQS. In October 2015, the 8-hour ozone standard was set to 0.070 ppm as the threeyear average of each site s annual fourth high 8-hour average. In 2009, the standard for Pb was revised to 0.15 µg/m 3 as a three-month rolling average, replacing the 1.5 µg/m 3 calendar quarter average. New monitors near known or presumed sources were required to be operational on the first sampling day of January 2010. On January 1, 2011, U.S. EPA made changes to the designations of sites. The NAMS designation, used for national trends in concentrations was eliminated in favor of National Core Monitoring Network (NCore) sites, a much smaller network of sites with many more parameters per site monitored. There are three NCore sites in Ohio, which are located in Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Preble County. Details on Ohio's ambient air monitoring network are provided annually in the Annual Monitoring Network Plan (AMNP). The AMNP is a CAA requirement, annually addressing the state's network as it existed on July 31 of the reporting year and as it was expected or anticipated to be modified in year ahead. Appendix A of the AMNP is the Complete Network Plan Description, listing each monitoring site within the Local Air Agencies and District Offices in Ohio. The AMNP is available at http://epa.ohio.gov/dapc/ams/amsmain#126983982-air-monitoring-plan. C. Remote Ambient Data System Beginning in 1986, the Remote Ambient-Air Data System (RADS) provided for the automatic acquisition of data from Ohio EPA s remote monitors to a central computer. Data is retrieved from each district office and local air agency s continuous monitoring sites on an hourly basis. Page 6

RADS has since been upgraded for improved remote access to data by digital cellular wireless technology. Beginning in 2015, RADS began using Agilaire s AirVision software to poll, process and assemble all hourly data collected in Ohio. D. Data Availability on the Internet Air monitoring data is available on Ohio EPA s AirOhio website at http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dapc/airohio/index.aspx. Ohio EPA also provides ozone and PM2.5 data updates hourly to U.S. EPA s AirNow website. Current data and data forecasts are displayed in the form of tables and maps and can be viewed at http://www.airnow.gov. Historical ambient air quality data can also be found at https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-airquality-data. This site is a gateway to maps, reports and user-selected data residing in U.S. EPA s Air Quality System (AQS) database. II. 2017 AIR QUALITY DATA SUMMARY MAPS A series of maps on the following pages summarize data presented in Section IV of this report. Values are presented on maps in counties where data was recorded. Page 7

Page 8 Figure 2. 2017 PM10 High 24-Hour Concentration

Page 9 Figure 3. 2017 PM2.5 Highest Annual Average Concentration

Page 10 Figure 4. 2017 PM2.5 98th Percentile 24-Hour Concentration

Page 11 Figure 5. 2017 SO2 2nd Highest 3-Hour Average Concentration

Concentrations in counties reflect the 99 th percentile 1-hour reading in 2017 only. Shaded counties represent a violation of three-year average form of the NAAQS. Figure 6. 2017 SO2 99th Percentile 1-Hour Concentration Page 12

Page 13 Figure 7. 2017 Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 8-Hour Concentration

Page 14 Figure 8. 2017 Carbon Monoxide 2nd Highest 1-Hour Concentration

Page 15 Figure 9. 2017 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration

Page 16 Figure 10. 2017 Nitrogen Dioxide 98th Percentile 1-Hour Concentration

Concentrations in counties reflect the 4 th highest 8-hour average in 2017 only. Shaded counties represent a violation of three-year average form of the NAAQS. Figure 11. 2017 Ozone 4th Highest 8-Hour Concentration Page 17

Page 18 Figure 12. 2015-2017 Average of the 4th High 8-Hour Averages

Page 19 Figure 13. 2015-2017 Lead, Highest 3 Month Rolling Average

III. AIR QUALITY TRENDS Monitoring sites designated as State & Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) meet rigid prescribed federal requirements. Trend analyses in this section are drawn from data originating in the SLAMS network. A. SO 2 trends Data for SO2 continuous instruments in urban areas meeting SLAMS siting requirements were used to generate Ohio SO2 trend studies for years 2008 through 2017, which are plotted in the figures below. Figure 14 is based on annual averages. Figure 15 plots the 99 th percentile value, which is the short term 1-hour NAAQS for SO2. In the last ten years, 99 th percentile SO2 concentrations statewide have improved an average of 80%. Figure 14. Sulfur Dioxide Trends Urban Areas (2008-2017) Figure 15. Sulfur Dioxide Trends All Sites (2008-2017) Page 20

B. Ozone trends Assessing progress towards attainment of the ozone NAAQS is complicated because of the influence of meteorology on ozone levels. Differences in weather conditions can cause variations from year to year in both NAAQS exceedances and second highest 1-hour ozone levels. High temperatures, brilliant sunshine, and stagnant air contribute to increased evaporation from fuel storage tanks, fuel systems, and auto refueling activities. These emissions, with nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons from vehicles, are a major contributor to low-level ozone pollution during these atmospheric conditions. In the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides create ground-level ozone. One Hour Ozone Data: Trend information is presented from eight metropolitan areas in Ohio for the period of 2008 through 2017. Figure 16 and Figure 17 on the following page shows second highest 1-hour averages for each year. In an area where ozone is monitored at several sites, the site with the highest second high for each year was used, which may be a different site from year to year. Eight Hour Ozone Standard: Eight metropolitan areas are presented with the 4 th highest 8-hour daily ozone averages for the years 2008 through 2017 in Figure 18 and Figure 19 on page 23. Figure 20 and Figure 21 on page 24 present the three-year average of the 4 th highest 8-hour daily ozone averages for years 2008 through 2017 for the same areas. The year listed is the last year of the three-year period. The NAAQS is a three-year average of the 4 th highest 8-hour averages; the concentration must be less than or equal to 0.070 parts per million (70 parts per billion) for compliance with the standard. The monitor with the highest 4 th high in each three-year period was used, not necessarily the same monitor for all years. The three- year averages for each site in Ohio are listed in the ozone portion of Section IV(G) on page 46. Page 21

Figure 16. 2 nd Highest 1-Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (1) Figure 17. 2 nd Highest 1-Hr Ozone in Urban Areas (2) Page 22

Figure 18. 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (1) Figure 19. 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Concentration by Urban Area (2) Page 23

Figure 20. Three-Year Average of 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (1) Figure 21. Three-Year Average of 4 th High 8-Hr Ozone Average by Urban Area (2) C. Carbon Monoxide Trends Comparative plots of changes in carbon monoxide (CO) in the past ten years for eight major Ohio cities are presented in Figure 22 through Figure 27 on pages 25-26. One central-city monitor in each urban area was selected to yield data for a trend study of 8-hour average CO concentrations. Data for years 2008-2017 are used in the figures. The last violation of the CO NAAQS occurred in 1990 in Steubenville. Page 24

Figure 22. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Akron Figure 23. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Canton Figure 24. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Cincinnati Page 25

Figure 25. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Cleveland Figure 26. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Lake Figure 27. Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours: Dayton Page 26

IV. 2017 AIR QUALITY DATA A. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Total suspended particulate matter is defined as any liquid (aerosol) or solid substance found in the atmosphere. Particles larger than approximately 100 microns in diameter settle rapidly due to gravity and are not considered suspended particulates. Fly ash, process dusts, soot and oil aerosols are all common forms of suspended particulate matter. The major sources of particulate pollution are industrial processes, electric power generation, industrial fuel combustion, and dust from roadways and construction sites. Particulate pollution causes a wide range of damage to materials, as well as limiting visibility and reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth. Components of particulates may be harmful, such as sulfates, nitrates and metals. The major adverse health effects on humans are related to damage to the respiratory system through interference with the lungs natural cleansing processes. Such adverse health effects are dependent, in a general sense, upon two factors: the concentration, size and chemical composition of the particles of which the TSP consists; and the composition of any pollutant gases in combination with it. Particles greater than ten microns in diameter can rarely penetrate below the larynx and, therefore, are less likely to damage the respiratory system. Particles less than six microns in diameter can penetrate the bronchial passage while those of less than one micron in diameter can usually penetrate and be deposited in the capillaries and alveoli of the lungs. Page 27

In 1987, TSP sampling was gradually replaced by ten-micron particulate sampling (PM10). The number of monitors decreased from over 200 in 1987 to seven monitors in 2017. All TSP data is used for lead and other metals monitoring. U.S. EPA later added a NAAQS for 2.5-micron particulate matter (PM2.5). Data collection for PM2.5 began in 1999. The PM2.5 monitors supplement and partially replace the PM10 network. Table 3 below summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the five TSP sites in Ohio. Sampling Method TSP is measured by the high-volume air sampler method. This instrument draws measured volumes of air through a glass fiber filter for 24 hours. Particulate matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass of the particulates collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Normal sampling is done intermittently once every six days. Table 3. TSP Summary Statistics Suspended particulate (TSP) (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Mean Columbiana 39-029-0020 1 East Liverpool 61 77 75 61 56 26.8 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 1 Cleveland 61 115 108 95 87 49.5 Cuyahoga 39-035-0042 1 Cleveland 59 92 71 67 65 37.7 Cuyahoga 39-035-0042 2 Cleveland 60 91 67 66 65 37.3 Cuyahoga 39-035-0049 1 Cleveland 60 198 180 145 145 68.4 Cuyahoga 39-035-0049 2 Cleveland 58 202 143 137 127 67.2 Cuyahoga 39-035-0061 1 Cleveland 57 181 145 134 132 70.4 Page 28

B. Particulate Matter 10µm (PM10) In 1987, U.S. EPA promulgated a primary standard for particulate matter that included only those particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM10, particulate matter 10 micrometers). From 1987 until 1997, the annual standard was 50 µg/m 3 annual arithmetic mean (averaged over three years' data). The 24-hour standard was 150 µg/m 3 and was not to be exceeded more than once per year, averaged over three years. The original annual standard was retained until changes to the particulate NAAQS became effective in 2006. At that time, the 24-hour PM10 standard of 150 µg/m 3 was retained, but the annual PM10 standard of 50 µg/m 3 was revoked. The Ohio Air Monitoring Network was expanded to include 21 PM10 sites in 1986, 45 in 1988, and a high of 91 sites in 1997. Since 1997, the PM10 network has been substantially reduced, as monitoring of particulates has been focused to sampling of PM2.5 fine particulates. Table 4 on the following pages summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the 31 PM10 sites in Ohio. Sampling Method Dayton Moraine PM10 Site PM10 is measured by the filtered air sampler method for non-continuous instruments. These instruments are refined beyond the traditional TSP sampler to limit the size of particle collected on the filter. Measured volumes of air are similarly drawn through a quartz fiber filter for 24 hours. PM10 matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Continuous instruments collect real-time PM10 concentrations by various other measurement techniques. Page 29

Table 4. PM10 Summary Statistics Page 30 PM10 Total 0-10um 24-hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days Obs % Obs Obs Req 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Days > NAAQS Max > NAAQS Belmont 39-013-0006 1 Shadyside 59 59 97 61 60 40 38 36 0 0 17.3 Belmont 39-013-0006 2 Shadyside 60 60 98 61 61 43 40 39 0 0 18.1 Butler 39-017-0015 2 Middletown 60 60 98 61 66 41 40 36 0 0 19.7 Butler 39-017-0019 1 Middletown 56 56 92 61 69 36 35 31 0 0 17.1 * Butler 39-017-0020 1 Middletown 61 61 100 61 69 59 53 51 0 0 31.5 Columbiana 39-029-0020 1 East Liverpool 60 60 98 61 28 27 26 22 0 0 13.6 Columbiana 39-029-0023 1 East Liverpool 61 61 100 61 28 25 25 23 0 0 13.7 Columbiana 39-029-0023 2 East Liverpool 60 60 98 61 28 25 24 23 0 0 13.9 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 1 Cleveland 60 74 98 61 52 51 46 45 0 0 21.7 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 4 Cleveland 59 73 97 61 60 55 49 47 0 0 22.6 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 6 Cleveland 58 68 95 61 92 66 54 52 0 0 25.9 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 7 Cleveland 59 71 97 61 59 55 43 41 0 0 23.4 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 8 Cleveland 60 73 98 61 60 59 55 46 0 0 25.4 Cuyahoga 39-035-0045 1 Cleveland 59 59 97 61 43 41 39 39 0 0 23.9 Cuyahoga 39-035-0045 2 Cleveland 56 56 92 61 44 43 42 41 0 0 23.7 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 1 Cleveland 59 59 97 61 65 62 60 58 0 0 29.9 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 3 Cleveland 327 327 90 365 71 69 68 67 0 0 22.8 * Cuyahoga 39-035-0065 1 Newburgh Heights 61 61 100 61 67 67 63 57 0 0 29.8 Cuyahoga 39-035-1002 1 Brook Park 59 59 97 61 30 29 28 24 0 0 14.2 Franklin 39-049-0024 1 Columbus 60 60 98 61 65 50 45 39 0 0 21.8 Franklin 39-049-0024 2 Columbus 61 61 100 61 65 52 49 36 0 0 20.8 Greene 39-057-0005 1 Yellow Springs 61 61 100 61 24 24 23 23 0 0 11.4 Hamilton 39-061-0014 1 Cincinnati 59 59 97 61 40 33 30 30 0 0 17.8 Hamilton 39-061-0040 4 Cincinnati 119 119 98 122 29 29 28 26 0 0 14.1 Hamilton 39-061-0040 5 Cincinnati 59 59 97 61 29 28 26 25 0 0 14.1 Hamilton 39-061-0040 9 Cincinnati 356 356 98 365 40 40 39 37 0 0 18.3 Hamilton 39-061-5001 1 Lockland 61 61 100 61 33 32 24 24 0 0 14.9 Hamilton 39-061-5001 2 Lockland 61 61 100 61 32 31 23 23 0 0 14.6 Jefferson 39-081-0001 1 Brilliant 60 60 98 61 34 31 29 27 0 0 16.5 Jefferson 39-081-0017 1 Steubenville 60 60 98 61 54 37 36 35 0 0 18 Mean

PM10 Total 0-10um 24-hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days Obs % Obs Obs Req 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Days > NAAQS Max > NAAQS Jefferson 39-081-0017 2 Steubenville 60 60 98 61 36 33 33 30 0 0 16.4 Lake 39-085-1001 1 Fairport Harbor 60 60 98 61 29 28 24 22 0 0 12.5 Lake 39-085-1001 2 Fairport Harbor 59 59 97 61 31 28 25 24 0 0 13.1 Lawrence 39-087-0012 1 Ironton 59 59 97 61 64 21 21 16 0 0 12.2 Lorain 39-093-3002 1 Sheffield 61 61 100 61 20 20 19 18 0 0 10.7 Mahoning 39-099-0005 1 Youngstown 61 61 100 61 31 25 24 24 0 0 14.1 Mahoning 39-099-0006 1 Youngstown 56 56 92 61 35 32 29 27 0 0 16.5 Mahoning 39-099-0006 2 Youngstown 57 57 93 61 37 31 30 29 0 0 16.9 Montgomery 39-113-7001 1 Moraine 60 60 98 61 37 34 33 29 0 0 15.9 Montgomery 39-113-7001 2 Moraine 61 61 100 61 35 34 33 28 0 0 15.8 Scioto 39-145-0013 1 Portsmouth 59 59 97 61 20 18 17 17 0 0 10.8 Scioto 39-145-0013 2 Portsmouth 53 53 87 61 20 17 17 15 0 0 10.9 * Scioto 39-145-0019 1 Portsmouth 59 59 97 61 20 19 16 16 0 0 10.6 Scioto 39-145-0020 1 Franklin Furnace 363 363 99 365 47 18 17 17 0 0 7.5 Scioto 39-145-0021 1 Franklin Furnace 365 365 100 365 25 25 25 24 0 0 10.7 Scioto 39-145-0022 1 Franklin Furnace 362 362 99 365 27 25 23 20 0 0 10.4 Trumbull 39-155-0006 1 Warren 51 51 84 61 22 20 18 17 0 0 11.4 * Trumbull 39-155-0014 1 Warren 60 60 98 61 30 28 27 21 0 0 12.4 Trumbull 39-155-0014 2 Warren 61 61 100 61 39 29 29 23 0 0 13.4 Note: * indicates one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate. Mean Page 31

C. Particulate Matter 2.5µm (PM2.5) In 1997, the U.S. EPA promulgated revisions to the NAAQS for particulate matter. The primary standard includes only those particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5 micrometers). The annual standard was 15.0 µg/m 3 annual arithmetic mean, averaged over three consecutive years. The annual NAAQS was changed from 15.0 µg/m 3 to 12.0 µg/m 3, effective January 2013. The 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS was changed from 65 µg/m 3 to 35 µg/m 3 effective in December 2006. The 24-hour standard is met when the 98th percentile concentration, averaged over three consecutive years, is less than or equal to 35 µg/m 3. Because of U.S. EPA s final action to set the fine particulate PM2.5 standards to supplement the PM10, the Ohio Air Monitoring Network had a peak of 52 sites in 2008. In 2017, there were 47 PM2.5 sites with 79 total monitors. Most are filter-based Federal Reference Method (FRM) instruments collecting 24-hour average concentrations either every three days or every six days. Additionally, several are chemical speciation monitors operating on an every three- or six-day schedule with filters analyzed for chemical composition of PM2.5 matter, and some monitors collect hourly concentrations 24 hours per day. The FRM monitors and a limited number of continuous monitors are used to determine compliance with the NAAQS. Speciation monitors are used to determine the composition of the particulates. The continuous monitors are primarily used for the Air Quality Index and for real time reporting of particulate data to the public. Cincinnati's PM2.5 Fairfield Site Table 5 through Table 8 on the following pages summarize key data statistics in 2017 for the 47 PM2.5 sites in Ohio. Sampling Method PM2.5 is measured by the filtered air sampler method for non-continuous instruments. These instruments are refined beyond the PM10 sampler to further limit the size of particle collected on the filter. Measured volumes of air are similarly drawn through a filter for 24 hours. PM2.5 matter trapped on the filter is weighed to determine the mass collected per volume of air. Results are reported as micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Continuous instruments collect real-time PM2.5 concentrations by various other measurement techniques. Page 32

PM2.5 24-hour (micrograms/cubic meter) Page 33 Table 5. PM2.5 Summary Statistics County Site ID POC City Valid Days 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max 98th percentile Allen 39-003-0009 1 Lima 61 24.4 16.4 16.2 14.1 16.4 7.63 Allen 39-003-0009 2 Lima 59 23.9 16 15.9 14.6 16 7.64 Athens 39-009-0003 1 Sharpsburg 57 14.3 12.2 12.2 10.6 12.2 6.29 Athens 39-009-0003 2 Sharpsburg 51 13.6 12.9 10.9 10.7 12.9 6.71 * Belmont 39-013-0006 1 Shadyside 111 23.3 15.4 15.1 14.1 15.1 7.65 Butler 39-017-0015 1 Middletown 60 27.1 18.6 18.3 16.6 18.6 9.47 Butler 39-017-0015 4 Middletown 56 16.8 16.8 16.7 16.4 16.8 9.18 Butler 39-017-0016 1 Fairfield 60 24.3 16.5 16.4 16.1 16.5 8.53 Butler 39-017-0016 4 Fairfield 59 19.6 17.7 17.2 15.8 17.7 8.59 Butler 39-017-0019 1 Middletown 61 24.3 18.9 17.2 16.3 18.9 8.84 Butler 39-017-0019 4 Middletown 61 17.9 17.6 17.1 16.4 17.6 8.49 Butler 39-017-0022 1 Middletown 58 31.5 21.8 19.5 18.9 21.8 10.54 Butler 39-017-0022 4 Middletown 45 21.9 19.5 18.4 17.8 21.9 10.22 * Clark 39-023-0005 1 Springfield 59 21.8 19.7 15.1 14.9 19.7 7.96 Clark 39-023-0005 4 Springfield 61 30.9 17.7 14.8 14.6 17.7 8.19 Cuyahoga 39-035-0034 1 Cleveland 120 24 22.9 18.2 16.6 18.2 7.75 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 1 Cleveland 120 33.7 30.7 22.6 21.5 22.6 10.01 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 2 Cleveland 112 33.7 31.9 21.8 21.5 21.8 10.13 Cuyahoga 39-035-0045 1 Cleveland 117 27.4 24.3 20.7 19.3 20.7 9.73 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 1 Cleveland 117 32.6 28.5 20.6 19.6 20.6 9.73 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 3 Cleveland 345 34.3 29 25.5 25.1 21.3 8 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 4 Cleveland 68 33.6 19.7 18.7 18.2 19.7 10.32 * Cuyahoga 39-035-0065 1 Newburgh Heights 120 34.7 27.4 26.5 22.8 26.5 11.2 Cuyahoga 39-035-0073 1 Warrensville 91 22.6 14.1 14.1 13.8 14.1 7.35 * Cuyahoga 39-035-1002 1 Heights Brook Park 118 24.1 22.4 20.6 19.3 20.6 8.11 Franklin 39-049-0024 1 Columbus 119 25.6 19.7 16.5 16.1 16.5 8.29 Franklin 39-049-0038 1 Columbus 117 32.1 22 21.5 18.2 21.5 8.77 Franklin 39-049-0039 1 Columbus 118 27.7 18.6 15.9 15.2 15.9 8.18 Franklin 39-049-0039 2 Columbus 55 27.8 15.3 14.9 14.5 15.3 8.39 Franklin 39-049-0081 1 Columbus 120 36.2 20.2 19.3 16.9 19.3 8.17 Greene 39-057-0005 1 Yellow Springs 58 17 15.7 15.5 13.9 15.7 7.18 Greene 39-057-0005 2 Yellow Springs 61 16.9 16 15.3 14.3 16 7.38 Greene 39-057-0005 4 Yellow Springs 60 29.8 15.4 13.1 12.5 15.4 7.38 Hamilton 39-061-0006 1 Blue Ash 61 24.2 15.7 15.5 15.4 15.7 8.09 Hamilton 39-061-0006 3 Blue Ash 360 23.1 23.1 20.5 20 18.6 8.81 Hamilton 39-061-0010 1 Cleves 60 20.1 16.2 15.6 15.5 16.2 8.22 Hamilton 39-061-0010 4 Cleves 61 20.2 18.6 17.1 14.5 18.6 8.16 Hamilton 39-061-0014 1 Cincinnati 112 29.2 26.2 21.5 21.2 21.5 9.52 Hamilton 39-061-0014 2 Cincinnati 61 28.9 18.1 17.2 16.4 18.1 9.44 Hamilton 39-061-0040 1 Cincinnati 120 19.9 16.9 16.2 15.9 16.2 7.97 Hamilton 39-061-0040 3 Cincinnati 291 26.7 24.5 24.2 20.7 20.1 9.28 * Hamilton 39-061-0040 4 Cincinnati 60 20.8 16.1 15.7 15.7 16.1 8.11 Hamilton 39-061-0042 1 Cincinnati 61 21.4 18.1 16.4 16.3 18.1 8.9 Mean

PM2.5 24-hour (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID POC City Valid Days 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max 98th percentile Hamilton 39-061-0042 4 Cincinnati 59 21.2 18.5 18.4 17.9 18.5 8.81 Hamilton 39-061-0048 3 Cincinnati 361 29.8 28.6 27.3 25.2 21.7 10.92 Jefferson 39-081-0017 1 Steubenville 119 23.5 22.8 21.9 20.2 21.9 8.86 Jefferson 39-081-0017 2 Steubenville 57 22.9 22.4 17.7 17 22.4 9.09 Jefferson 39-081-0021 1 Mingo Junction 112 23.7 19.1 16.5 16.4 16.5 8.23 Lake 39-085-0007 1 Painesville 117 23.1 22.5 15.6 15.1 15.6 7.14 Lake 39-085-0007 2 Painesville 58 22.6 16.3 14.1 14 16.3 7.32 Lawrence 39-087-0012 1 Ironton 113 54.9 20.5 17.4 15.5 17.4 6.61 Lorain 39-093-3002 1 Sheffield 115 26.6 20 17.2 15.9 17.2 7.64 Lorain 39-093-3002 2 Sheffield 58 20.3 18 15.7 15.5 18 8.02 Lucas 39-095-0024 1 Toledo 119 34.2 22.4 19.9 16.8 19.9 8.28 Lucas 39-095-0024 2 Toledo 52 22.2 19.8 18.2 14.9 19.8 8.51 * Lucas 39-095-0026 1 Toledo 116 37.8 23.6 18.5 15.2 18.5 8.06 Lucas 39-095-0028 1 Toledo 28 33.8 24 21.1 15.4 33.8 10.19 * Lucas 39-095-1003 1 Toledo 89 21.2 19.4 17.6 16.3 19.4 8.49 * Mahoning 39-099-0005 1 Youngstown 61 20 17.3 15 14.9 17.3 8 Mahoning 39-099-0005 2 Youngstown 60 17.9 15.4 14.4 14 15.4 7.63 Mahoning 39-099-0014 1 Youngstown 116 22.1 20.1 17.8 16 17.8 7.91 Medina 39-103-0004 1 Westfield Township 111 27.7 19.2 18.9 18.8 18.9 7.76 Medina 39-103-0004 3 Westfield Township 359 42.2 41 40.6 40.3 20.4 7.93 Montgomery 39-113-0038 1 Dayton 121 23.7 19.7 18 16.6 18 8.27 Montgomery 39-113-0038 2 Dayton 60 23.6 19.4 18.8 16.1 19.4 8.59 Portage 39-133-0002 1 Ravenna 113 24.1 18.2 17.9 15.6 17.9 7.41 Preble 39-135-1001 1 New Paris 114 19.1 16.5 16 15.1 16 7.31 Scioto 39-145-0013 1 Portsmouth 78 19.5 16.8 13.5 13 16.8 6.9 * Scioto 39-145-0013 2 Portsmouth 54 13.7 12.4 11.7 11.2 12.4 6.93 * Stark 39-151-0017 1 Canton 122 26.6 24.9 20.3 20.1 20.3 9.44 Stark 39-151-0017 2 Canton 61 26.1 20.5 19.8 17.6 20.5 9.7 Stark 39-151-0020 1 Canton 117 25 20.8 17.1 16.9 17.1 8.27 Stark 39-151-0020 3 Canton 310 23.4 22.4 22.2 21.2 19.5 10.11 * Summit 39-153-0017 1 Akron 118 29.4 23.2 21.8 16.1 21.8 8.55 Summit 39-153-0017 2 Akron 57 23.1 20.7 16.3 15.4 20.7 8.77 Summit 39-153-0017 3 Akron 359 27.8 23.3 21.8 21.5 18.2 8.45 Summit 39-153-0023 1 Akron 115 27.1 20.5 18.7 16.3 18.7 7.98 Trumbull 39-155-0014 1 Warren 47 37.4 20.9 15 14.7 37.4 8.24 * Trumbull 39-155-0014 4 Warren 21 22.8 18.2 12.9 12.6 22.8 8.18 * Note: * indicates that one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate. Mean Page 34

Page 35 Table 6. PM2.5 Continuous Monitor Data (µ/m 3 ) County Site ID POC City Duration Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Mean Adams 39-001-0001 3 West Union 1-hr 8743 141.5 107.7 97.3 95.4 5.81 24-hr 365 28.2 19.1 16.5 12.9 5.76 Allen 39-003-0009 3 Lima 1-hr 8739 57.3 33.3 28.3 25.4 4.32 24-hr 365 13.1 12.9 12 11.9 4.28 Clark 39-023-0005 3 Springfield 1-hr 8689 101.2 85 82.2 81.7 8.74 24-hr 361 24.1 23.7 23.5 22.4 8.7 Clermont 39-025-0022 3 Batavia 1-hr 8690 122.9 47.2 39 38.9 8.68 24-hr 365 23.5 20.9 20.3 20.1 8.62 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 3 Cleveland 1-hr 8410 183.2 135.7 69 66.5 8.04 24-hr 345 34.3 29 25.5 25.1 8 Franklin 39-049-0029 3 New Albany 1-hr 8680 66.2 60.6 57.7 52.1 6.93 24-hr 362 24 18.6 17.9 15.5 6.87 39-049-0034 3 Columbus 1-hr 8725 60.6 60.6 54 51.2 5.49 24-hr 365 20.6 16.6 14.4 14.3 5.44 1-hr 8245 105.9 91.4 80 73.5 7.38 Greene 39-057-0005 3 Yellow Springs 24-hr 338 22.7 22 21.3 19.3 7.35 39-061-0006 Blue Ash 1-hr 8645 82 50.1 49.5 46.3 8.88 24-hr 360 23.1 23.1 20.5 20 8.82 Hamilton 39-061-0010 3 Cleves 1-hr 8253 53.2 48.1 47.3 46.4 9.49 24-hr 343 26.5 25.3 24.8 23.5 9.45 39-061-0040 3 Cincinnati 1-hr 7065 56.3 55.3 52.8 50.3 8.93 24-hr 291 26.7 24.5 24.2 20.7 8.88 * 39-061-0048 3 Cincinnati 1-hr 8675 119.1 70.9 66.9 64.1 11 24-hr 361 29.8 28.6 27.3 25.2 10.95 Jefferson 39-081-0017 3 Steubenville 1-hr 8567 134.1 111.8 111.2 109 12.39 24-hr 357 34.6 30.3 30.3 28.3 12.34 Lake 39-085-0007 3 Painesville 1-hr 8743 95.5 45.9 40.6 39 7.34 24-hr 365 18.5 16.5 16.3 15.2 7.3 Lawrence 39-087-0012 3 Ironton 1-hr 8378 270.5 227.9 225.5 139.7 6.72 24-hr 349 70.5 43.1 19.3 18.9 6.67 Lorain 39-093-3002 3 Sheffield 1-hr 8711 29.7 27.1 25.9 23.1 4.38 24-hr 365 13.7 12.7 12.6 11.9 4.32 Lucas 39-095-0024 3 Toledo 1-hr 8658 142.8 60.4 53.3 50.5 8.07 24-hr 363 17.2 16.9 16.8 16.7 8.01 Mahoning 39-099-0014 3 Youngstown 1-hr 8710 205.9 137.3 68.8 54.8 8.39 24-hr 365 21.5 18 18 17.9 8.34 Medina 39-103-0004 3 Westfield Township Montgomery 39-113-0038 3 Dayton 1-hr 8569 237.9 65.5 65.3 64.3 8.01 24-hr 359 42.2 41 40.6 40.3 7.97 1-hr 8304 81.7 51.1 49.6 42.3 7.08 24-hr 346 23.6 21 19.6 19.2 7.03

County Site ID POC City Duration Obs 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Mean Preble 39-135-1001 3 New Paris 1-hr 7126 57.6 38.1 33.2 32.9 7.97 24-hr 297 20.4 19.7 18 17.5 7.95 * Stark 39-151-0020 3 Canton 1-hr 7488 47.7 40.5 37.8 37.7 10 24-hr 310 23.4 22.4 22.2 21.2 9.94 * Summit 39-153-0017 3 Akron 1-hr 8574 58.8 42.6 42.4 39.5 8.52 24-hr 359 27.8 23.3 21.8 21.5 8.48 Trumbull 39-155-0014 3 Warren 1-hr 8020 107.1 99.2 81.7 62 8.08 24-hr 331 25.6 18.5 18.1 18.1 7.99 Warren 39-165-0007 3 Lebanon 1-hr 8518 60.7 41 37.5 36.3 9.02 24-hr 353 23.5 23.2 18.5 17.9 8.97 = site not used in comparison with NAAQS Note: The * indicates one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate. Page 36

Page 37 Table 7. PM2.5 24-hour 98th Percentile Averages (µ/m 3 ) Site County Year Average 2015 2016 2017 15-'17 39-003-0009 Allen 21.7 16.7 16.4 18 39-009-0003 Athens 18.4 11.4 12.2 14 39-013-0006 Belmont 21.2 16.2 15.1 18 39-017-0003 20.7 16.2 18 39-017-0015 21.8 18.3 20 39-017-0016 22.6 20 17.7 20 Butler 39-017-0019 21.2 21 17.9 20 39-017-0020 22.4 22.3 19.9 22 39-017-0022 20.9 25.2 21.8 23 39-023-0005 Clark 20 16.6 19.7 19 39-035-0034 22.2 15.7 18.2 19 39-035-0038 27.2 21.3 22.6 24 39-035-0045 26 17 20.7 21 39-035-0060 Cuyahoga 26.1 21.7 20.6 23 39-035-0065 26.9 21.7 26.5 25 39-035-0073 14.1 14 39-035-1002 21.7 14.2 20.6 19 39-049-0024 21.1 17.2 16.5 18 39-049-0038 21.5 22 Franklin 39-049-0039 24 17.7 15.9 19 39-049-0081 22.2 17.3 19.3 20 39-057-0005 Greene 17.5 15.2 15.8 16 39-061-0006 19.4 19.1 18.6 19 39-061-0010 20.5 19.1 18.6 19 39-061-0014 23 22.5 21.5 22 Hamilton 39-061-0040 21.3 18.1 19.2 20 39-061-0042 22.8 20.1 18.5 20 39-061-0048 21.7 22 39-081-0017 26.6 25.1 21.9 25 Jefferson 39-081-0021 26.7 17.2 16.5 20 39-085-0007 Lake 19.6 14.6 15.6 17 39-087-0012 Lawrence 17.4 14 17.4 16 39-093-3002 22.6 15.1 17.2 18 39-095-0024 23.6 19.7 19.9 21 39-095-0026 23.5 16.9 18.5 20 Lucas 39-095-0028 22.7 16.6 33.8 24 39-095-1003 20 20 39-099-0005 26.2 16.8 17.3 20 Mahoning 39-099-0014 24.2 17.4 17.8 20 39-103-0004 Medina 22.6 16.3 19.2 19 39-113-0038 Montgomery 20.4 21.2 18 20 39-133-0002 Portage 21 14.4 17.9 18 39-135-1001 Preble 18.3 15.9 16 17 39-145-0013 Scioto 22.8 16.5 16.8 19 39-151-0017 26.1 19.9 20.3 22 Stark 39-151-0020 23.7 18.9 19.5 21 39-153-0017 26.6 21.6 18.2 22 Summit 39-153-0023 22.8 15.9 18.7 19 39-155-0005 27.5 28 Trumbull 39-155-0014 14.4 22.8 19 = one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate

Table 8. PM2.5 Average of Annual Averages (µ/m 3 ) Site County Year Average 2015 2016 2017 15-'17 39-003-0009 Allen 9.7 7.5 7.6 8.3 39-009-0003 Athens 7.6 6.2 6.3 6.7 39-013-0006 Belmont 8.7 8.3 7.7 8.2 39-017-0003 10.3 9.7 10 39-017-0015 9.8 9.3 9.6 39-017-0016 9.5 9.2 8.5 9.1 Butler 39-017-0019 10.2 9.3 8.7 9.4 39-017-0020 39-017-0022 12.1 10.9 10.3 11.1 39-023-0005 Clark 8.9 8.4 8.1 8.5 39-035-0034 9.2 7.8 7.8 8.2 39-035-0038 11.8 10 9.9 10.6 39-035-0045 11 9.4 9.7 10.1 39-035-0060 Cuyahoga 12 9.6 8.4 10.1 39-035-0065 13.3 10.7 11.2 11.7 39-035-0073 7.3 7.3 39-035-1002 9.1 7.8 8.1 8.3 39-049-0024 10 8.7 8.3 9 39-049-0038 8.8 8.8 Franklin 39-049-0039 10.4 8.4 8.2 9 39-049-0081 9.8 8 8.2 8.7 39-057-0005 Greene 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.8 39-061-0006 9.3 8.8 8.8 9 39-061-0010 9.2 8.8 8.2 8.7 39-061-0014 10.7 10.1 9.5 10.1 Hamilton 39-061-0040 9.2 8.8 8.8 8.9 39-061-0042 10.1 9.5 8.8 9.5 39-061-0048 10.9 10.9 39-081-0017 12.1 11 8.9 10.7 Jefferson 39-081-0021 9.6 7.6 8.2 8.5 39-085-0007 Lake 8.1 6.8 7.2 7.4 39-087-0012 Lawrence 7.3 6.7 6.6 6.8 39-093-3002 Lorain 8.2 7 7.6 7.6 39-095-0024 10.1 8.6 8.3 9 39-095-0026 9.6 8.2 8.1 8.6 Lucas 39-095-0028 10 8.2 10.2 9.4 39-095-1003 8.5 8.5 39-099-0005 11 7.9 8 9 Mahoning 39-099-0014 10.2 8 7.9 8.7 39-103-0004 Medina 10.1 7.4 7.8 8.4 39-113-0038 Montgomery 9.6 8.9 8.3 8.9 39-133-0002 Portage 8.9 7.1 7.4 7.8 39-135-1001 Preble 8.4 7.5 7.3 7.7 39-145-0013 Scioto 8.5 8.3 6.9 7.9 39-151-0017 11.4 9.3 9.4 10.1 Stark 39-151-0020 10.5 8.7 9.3 9.5 39-153-0017 12.5 9.7 8.4 10.2 Summit 39-153-0023 9.7 7.8 8 8.5 39-155-0005 10.5 10.5 Trumbull 39-155-0014 7.5 8.2 7.9 = one or more quarters do not meet 75% capture rate = site not used in comparison with annual NAAQS Page 38

D. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas formed through the combination of sulfur and oxygen during combustion. The major sources of SO2 are the burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels (mainly coal), with lesser amounts caused by industrial processes such as smelting. The control of SO2 emissions can be accomplished by burning coal or oil with a relatively low sulfur content. Newer boilers may be equipped with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems that use a caustic solution to scrub SO2 from the exhaust gas stream. In 2010, U.S. EPA revised the NAAQS for SO2 by establishing a 1-hour standard at a level of 75 ppb based on the 3-year average of the annual 99 th percentile of 1- hour daily maximum concentrations. In the same action, the primary annual and 24-hour standards in effect were revoked. The 3-hour 500 ppb secondary standard was retained. A Gavin Power Plant SO2 Site Sampling Method Sulfur dioxide is measured continuously by instruments using ultraviolet fluorescent techniques. The analyzers irradiate and air sample with ultraviolet light. Sulfur dioxide gas molecules absorb a portion of this energy, and then re-emit the energy at a characteristic wavelength of light. This light energy emitted by SO2 molecules is sensed by a photomultiplier tube and converted to an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of SO2 present. All concentrations for SO2 are reported in ppb. Table 9 on the following pages summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the 34 SO2 sites in Ohio for the primary 1-hour standard. Page 39

Table 9. SO2 Summary Statistics Sulfur dioxide (42401) 1-hr Parts per billion County Site ID POC City Complete quarters Obs 1st Max 1-hr 2nd Max 1-hr 99th Percentile 1st Max 24-hr 2nd Max 24-hr Days > 24-hr standard Mean Adams 39-001-0001 1 West Union 4 8215 17 16 12 3.3 2.5 0 0.63 Allen 39-003-0009 1 Lima 4 8375 6 3 2 1.1 0.9 0 0.04 Ashtabula 39-007-1001 1 Conneaut 4 8367 9 8 5 3.8 3 0 0.53 Belmont 39-013-0006 1 Shadyside 4 8359 7 5 4 1.9 0.9 0 0.06 Butler 39-017-0019 1 Middletown 4 8549 39 36 28 7.3 6.2 0 1.38 Butler 39-017-0020 1 Middletown 4 8536 86 64 31 17.7 6.5 0 0.38 Butler 39-017-0021 1 Middletown 4 8669 26 16 15 5.6 5.6 0 0.62 Clark 39-023-0003 1 Enon 4 8691 5 4 4 2 1.5 0 0.16 Columbiana 39-029-0019 1 East Liverpool 4 8375 18 10 9 2.8 2.7 0 0.66 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 2 Cleveland 4 8528 53 47 38 14.2 13.9 0 1.08 Cuyahoga 39-035-0045 1 Cleveland 4 8605 22 17 6 1.3 1.2 0 0.05 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 1 Cleveland 4 8191 108 69 40 9.5 8.4 0 0.72 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 2 Cleveland 4 8169 99.1 62.9 41.1 8.9 8.2 0 0.83 Cuyahoga 39-035-0065 1 Newburgh Heights 4 8452 37 28 17 5.6 5 0 0.7 Franklin 39-049-0034 1 Columbus 4 8358 6 4 3 0.9 0.8 0 0.05 Gallia 39-053-0004 1 Cheshire 4 8276 51.2 48.2 27.3 8.4 8.2 0 1.87 Gallia 39-053-0005 1 Cheshire 4 8322 45.9 38.8 34.4 8.5 7.9 0 1.39 Gallia 39-053-0006 1 Cheshire 4 8134 77 40 38 7.7 7.1 0 0.61 Hamilton 39-061-0010 2 Cleves 4 8665 34 21 19 3.6 3.3 0 0.42 Hamilton 39-061-0040 1 Cincinnati 4 8137 21 17.4 12.4 3.4 2.9 0 1.09 Jefferson 39-081-0017 1 Steubenville 4 8104 20 19 18 5.9 5 0 0.88 Jefferson 39-081-0018 1 Wells Township 4 8357 96 42 34 9.1 5.6 0 1.32 Jefferson 39-081-0020 1 Brilliant 4 8352 63 50 13 8.6 4.9 0 0.81 Lake 39-085-0003 1 Eastlake 4 8679 6 5 5 3.2 2.6 0 0.31 Lake 39-085-0007 1 Painesville 4 8706 51 48 29 10.9 8.7 0 0.38 Lawrence 39-087-0012 1 Ironton 4 8304 6 6 5 1.8 1.7 0 0.17 Lucas 39-095-0008 2 Toledo 4 7957 18 16 14 3.7 3.1 0 0.36 Mahoning 39-099-0013 1 Youngstown 4 8300 5 5 4 3.8 2.1 0 0.08 Morgan 39-115-0004 1 Center Township 4 8366 40 26 17 5.3 4.3 0 0.48 Preble 39-135-1001 1 New Paris 4 7957 17.9 10 6.7 2 1.8 0 0.27 Scioto 39-145-0013 1 Portsmouth 4 8234 4 4 4 1.2 1.1 0 0.17 Page 40

Sulfur dioxide (42401) 1-hr Parts per billion County Site ID POC City Complete quarters Obs 1st Max 1-hr 2nd Max 1-hr 99th Percentile 1st Max 24-hr 2nd Max 24-hr Days > 24-hr standard Mean Scioto 39-145-0020 1 Franklin Furnace 4 8653 15.4 13.8 12.7 3.6 3.4 0 1.07 Scioto 39-145-0022 1 Franklin Furnace 4 8638 15.3 12.5 9.5 2.8 2.8 0 1.13 Summit 39-153-0017 1 Akron 4 8035 15 4 3 1.4 1.3 0 0.1 Summit 39-153-0025 1 Akron 4 8315 8 7 4 1.1 1.1 0 0.08 Page 41

E. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide is formed in high temperature combustion processes, when nitrogen in the air is oxidized to nitric oxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The major sources of NO2 are high temperature fuel combustion, motor vehicles, and certain chemical processes. NO2 is also a significant pollutant because the combination of NO2 and ground level hydrocarbon compounds causes the production of photochemical oxidants, primarily ozone (O3). In 2010, U.S. EPA revised the NAAQS for NO2 by adding a 1-hour standard which is the three-year average of the annual 98 th percentile values. The standard is 100 ppb, which is not to be exceeded. The annual NAAQS of 53 ppb was retained. Sampling Method Continuous monitoring of NO2 is based on a chemiluminescent reaction between NO and O3. When these two gases react, ultraviolet light at a specific wavelength is produced. In the monitor, ambient air is drawn along two paths. In the first path, the air is reacted directly with ozone, and the light energy produced is proportional to the amount of nitric oxide in the air. In the second path, the air is reacted with ozone after it passes through a catalytic reduction surface. The reduction surface converts NO2 to NO and the light energy produced is a measure of the total oxides of nitrogen in the air sample. The electronic difference of these two signals yields the concentration of NO2. All concentrations for NO2 are reported in ppb. Table 10 on the following page summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the seven NO2 sites in Ohio. Cincinnati's NO2 Near Road Site Page 42

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (parts per billion) County Site ID POC City Table 10. NO2 Summary Statistics Complete Quarters Obs % Complete 1st Max 1-hour 2nd Max 1-hour 98th Percentile Belmont 39-013-0006 1 Shadyside 4 8371 96 35 33 28 6.94 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 1 Cleveland 4 7985 91 50 49 46 11.37 Cuyahoga 39-035-0073 1 Warrensville Heights 4 8190 93 68 47 38 8.84 Franklin 39-049-0037 1 Columbus 4 8291 95 50 47 37 8.09 Franklin 39-049-0038 1 Columbus 4 8352 95 49 46 40 11.09 Hamilton 39-061-0040 1 Cincinnati 3 7524 86 54 45 39 7.4 Hamilton 39-061-0048 1 Cincinnati 4 8529 97 60 59 51 19.85 Mean Page 43

F. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas and the most abundant and widely distributed NAAQS pollutant found in the lower atmosphere. It is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, primarily in the internal combustion engine. The NAAQS for CO are a 1-hour limit of 35 ppm, which is not to be exceeded more than once per year. The 9 ppm, 8-hour limit is not to be exceeded more than once per year. Akron's center city CO site Sampling Method Carbon monoxide is monitored continuously by analyzers that operate on the infrared absorption principle. Air is drawn into a sample chamber and a beam of infrared light is passed through it. CO absorbs infrared radiation, and any decrease in the intensity of the beam is due to the presence of CO molecules. This decrease is directly related to the concentration of CO in the air. A special detector measures the difference in the radiation between this beam and a duplicate beam passing through a reference chamber with no CO present. This difference in intensity is electronically translated into a reading of the CO, measured in parts per million (ppm). Table 11 on the following page summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the 14 CO sites in Ohio. Page 44

Carbon monoxide (parts per million) Table 11. CO Summary Statistics County Site ID POC City Obs 1st Max 1-hour 2nd Max 1-hour Obs >1-hr NAAQS 1st Max 8-hr 2nd Max 8-hr Obs >8-hr NAAQS Belmont 39-013-0006 1 Shadyside 8689 0.8 0.7 0 0.5 0.5 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-0051 1 Cleveland 8541 5.5 5.4 0 3.9 3.3 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 1 Cleveland 8114 1.995 1.818 0 1 0.8 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-0073 1 Warrensville Heights 8174 0.745 0.733 0 0.6 0.6 0 Franklin 39-049-0005 1 Columbus 8554 2.1 1.9 0 1.6 1.6 0 Franklin 39-049-0038 1 Columbus 8650 1.6 1.3 0 1 1 0 Hamilton 39-061-0040 1 Cincinnati 7435 2.112 1.636 0 1 1 0 Hamilton 39-061-0048 1 Cincinnati 8285 1.464 1.446 0 1.3 1.2 0 Lake 39-085-0006 1 Mentor 8696 3.9 3.5 0 3.3 2.8 0 Montgomery 39-113-0034 1 Dayton 8630 2 1.9 0 1.3 1 0 Preble 39-135-1001 1 New Paris 8150 0.729 0.67 0 0.4 0.4 0 Stark 39-151-0020 1 Canton 8583 1.6 1.5 0 1.3 1.2 0 Summit 39-153-0020 1 Akron 8685 1.8 1.5 0 1.2 0.9 0 Summit 39-153-0025 1 Akron 8315 1.7 1.5 0 1.3 0.9 0 Page 45

G. Ozone (O3) Ozone differs from other pollutants in that it is not directly emitted into the atmosphere from sources. Rather, it is created photochemically in the lower atmosphere by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight. For this reason, it is referred to as a secondary pollutant. Ozone is the predominant oxidant component of photochemical smog. In urban areas, nitrogen oxides are emitted primarily from combustion sources such as the internal combustion engine, electric power generation units, and gas and oil-fired boilers. Volatile organic compounds, important in sustaining the reactions, are emitted in the exhausts of gasoline, diesel and jet engines, through the evaporation of gasoline and solvents such as drycleaning fluids, from industrial and non-industrial surface coating operations such as paint booths, from open burning, and other combustion sources. The ozone NAAQS has been revised frequently. Prior to 1997, the 1-hour standard was 0.12 ppm, with a violation occurring at more than three exceedances. In 1997, the standard was supplanted with an 8-hour average of 0.08 ppm where a violation occurred when the annual 4 th highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration averaged over three years exceeded the standard. In 2006, the 1-hour standard was revoked. Then, in 2008, the 8-hour standard was lowered to 0.075 ppm (75 ppb). In 2015, the standard was revised to 0.070 ppm, where a violation occurs when the annual 4 th highest daily maximum 8-hour average concentration averaged over three years exceeds the standard. Sampling Method Ozone is monitored continuously during the ozone season. Beginning in 2017, the ozone season begins March 1 and extends through October 31. Middletown Ozone Site An ozone analyzer operates using ultraviolet absorption. The air sample is drawn into the analyzer and irradiated with an ultraviolet light of 253.7 nanometers wavelength. The amount of light absorbed is related to the amount of ozone present. Table 12 through Table 16 on the following pages summarize key data statistics in 2017 for the 51 O3 sites in Ohio. All concentrations for ozone are reported in parts per million (ppm). Page 46

Ozone 1-hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Table 12. O3 1-Hour Summary Statistics Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Exceedances Allen 39-003-0009 1 Lima 245 245 0.078 0.077 0.073 0.072 0 Ashtabula 39-007-1001 1 Conneaut 245 245 0.095 0.09 0.078 0.074 0 Butler 39-017-0018 1 Middletown 245 245 0.09 0.088 0.087 0.082 0 Butler 39-017-0023 1 Hamilton 245 245 0.086 0.085 0.083 0.078 0 Butler 39-017-9991 1 Oxford Township 213 245 0.083 0.075 0.074 0.073 0 Clark 39-023-0001 1 Springfield 245 245 0.079 0.078 0.075 0.074 0 Clark 39-023-0003 1 Enon 244 245 0.078 0.077 0.075 0.073 0 Clermont 39-025-0022 1 Batavia 243 245 0.082 0.082 0.075 0.075 0 Clinton 39-027-1002 1 Wilmington 245 245 0.089 0.079 0.075 0.075 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-0034 1 Cleveland 241 245 0.085 0.082 0.078 0.077 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 1 Cleveland 359 365 0.073 0.07 0.068 0.067 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-0064 1 Berea 241 245 0.084 0.081 0.073 0.071 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-5002 1 Mayfield 240 245 0.081 0.08 0.08 0.079 0 Delaware 39-041-0002 1 Delaware 245 245 0.072 0.071 0.071 0.071 0 Fayette 39-047-9991 1 Mt. Sterling 237 245 0.083 0.073 0.072 0.071 0 Franklin 39-049-0029 1 New Albany 245 245 0.084 0.076 0.076 0.075 0 Franklin 39-049-0037 1 Columbus 244 245 0.077 0.076 0.073 0.072 0 Franklin 39-049-0081 1 Columbus 245 245 0.073 0.071 0.071 0.071 0 Geauga 39-055-0004 1 Chardon 245 245 0.085 0.082 0.081 0.079 0 Greene 39-057-0006 1 Xenia 245 245 0.079 0.073 0.073 0.073 0 Hamilton 39-061-0006 1 Blue Ash 244 245 0.091 0.088 0.084 0.082 0 Hamilton 39-061-0010 1 Cleves 232 245 0.08 0.079 0.079 0.077 0 Hamilton 39-061-0040 1 Cincinnati 364 365 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.083 0 Jefferson 39-081-0017 1 Steubenville 244 245 0.07 0.067 0.066 0.066 0 Knox 39-083-0002 1 Centerburg 245 245 0.074 0.072 0.07 0.07 0 Lake 39-085-0003 1 Eastlake 244 245 0.099 0.089 0.08 0.078 0 Lake 39-085-0007 1 Painesville 245 245 0.087 0.083 0.079 0.076 0 Lawrence 39-087-0011 1 Willow Wood 239 245 0.072 0.071 0.07 0.068 0 Lawrence 39-087-0012 1 Ironton 242 245 0.071 0.069 0.069 0.067 0 Page 47

Ozone 1-hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Exceedances Licking 39-089-0005 1 Heath (Fourmile Lock) 245 245 0.076 0.074 0.073 0.071 0 Lorain 39-093-0018 1 Sheffield 244 245 0.088 0.082 0.076 0.074 0 Lucas 39-095-0024 1 Toledo 244 245 0.085 0.07 0.07 0.07 0 Lucas 39-095-0027 1 Waterville 245 245 0.082 0.077 0.077 0.074 0 Lucas 39-095-0035 1 Curtice 243 245 0.097 0.082 0.079 0.077 0 Madison 39-097-0007 1 Paint Township 244 245 0.074 0.073 0.073 0.072 0 Mahoning 39-099-0013 1 Youngstown 240 245 0.071 0.062 0.06 0.06 0 Medina 39-103-0004 1 Westfield Township 243 245 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.073 0 Miami 39-109-0005 1 Casstown 245 245 0.076 0.075 0.074 0.073 0 Montgomery 39-113-0037 1 Dayton 244 245 0.085 0.078 0.076 0.076 0 Noble 39-121-9991 1 Wayne Township 238 245 0.071 0.069 0.069 0.068 0 Portage 39-133-1001 1 Kent 243 245 0.095 0.078 0.075 0.074 0 Preble 39-135-1001 1 New Paris 363 365 0.075 0.075 0.074 0.072 0 Stark 39-151-0016 1 Canton 245 245 0.071 0.07 0.07 0.07 0 Stark 39-151-0022 1 Brewster 245 245 0.076 0.074 0.07 0.07 0 Stark 39-151-4005 1 Alliance 243 245 0.082 0.082 0.079 0.073 0 Summit 39-153-0020 1 Akron 242 245 0.093 0.079 0.078 0.073 0 Trumbull 39-155-0011 1 Vienna 210 245 0.084 0.075 0.075 0.074 0 Trumbull 39-155-0013 1 Kinsman 245 245 0.076 0.072 0.07 0.068 0 Warren 39-165-0007 1 Lebanon 242 245 0.078 0.078 0.077 0.077 0 Washington 39-167-0004 1 Marietta 245 245 0.076 0.071 0.069 0.068 0 Wood 39-173-0003 1 Bowling Green 245 245 0.076 0.072 0.071 0.071 0 Page 48

Page 49 Ozone 8-hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Obs Table 13. O3 8-Hour Summary Statistics % Obs Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Exceedances Allen 39-003-0009 1 Lima 5849 100 244 245 0.074 0.07 0.07 0.069 1 Ashtabula 39-007-1001 1 Conneaut 5866 100 245 245 0.083 0.073 0.07 0.069 2 Butler 39-017-0018 1 Middletown 5877 100 245 245 0.076 0.072 0.072 0.07 3 Butler 39-017-0023 1 Hamilton 5865 100 245 245 0.078 0.075 0.073 0.072 4 Butler 39-017-9991 1 Oxford Township 7851 86 210 245 0.071 0.071 0.07 0.069 2 Clark 39-023-0001 1 Springfield 5871 100 245 245 0.072 0.071 0.07 0.068 2 Clark 39-023-0003 1 Enon 5858 99 243 245 0.07 0.07 0.069 0.068 0 Clermont 39-025-0022 1 Batavia 5827 98 241 245 0.079 0.075 0.07 0.068 2 Clinton 39-027-1002 1 Wilmington 5868 100 245 245 0.083 0.073 0.071 0.07 3 Cuyahoga 39-035-0034 1 Cleveland 5725 96 236 245 0.078 0.071 0.07 0.069 2 Cuyahoga 39-035-0060 1 Cleveland 8464 95 347 365 0.07 0.064 0.064 0.061 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-0064 1 Berea 5784 98 240 245 0.068 0.067 0.065 0.064 0 Cuyahoga 39-035-5002 1 Mayfield 5719 97 237 245 0.076 0.072 0.071 0.068 3 Delaware 39-041-0002 1 Delaware 5858 100 244 245 0.067 0.067 0.061 0.06 0 Fayette 39-047-9991 1 Mt. Sterling 8578 97 237 245 0.075 0.07 0.068 0.066 1 Franklin 39-049-0029 1 New Albany 5873 100 245 245 0.074 0.073 0.07 0.07 2 Franklin 39-049-0037 1 Columbus 5837 99 243 245 0.071 0.068 0.067 0.066 1 Franklin 39-049-0081 1 Columbus 5865 100 245 245 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.064 0 Geauga 39-055-0004 1 Chardon 5871 100 245 245 0.077 0.074 0.073 0.071 4 Greene 39-057-0006 1 Xenia 5871 100 245 245 0.071 0.07 0.07 0.065 1 Hamilton 39-061-0006 1 Blue Ash 5868 100 244 245 0.079 0.076 0.075 0.072 5 Hamilton 39-061-0010 1 Cleves 5564 94 230 245 0.073 0.068 0.068 0.068 2 Hamilton 39-061-0040 1 Cincinnati 8747 100 364 365 0.079 0.078 0.078 0.071 4 Jefferson 39-081-0017 1 Steubenville 5846 99 243 245 0.065 0.061 0.058 0.058 0 Knox 39-083-0002 1 Centerburg 5873 100 245 245 0.07 0.067 0.065 0.063 0 Lake 39-085-0003 1 Eastlake 5858 100 244 245 0.084 0.082 0.073 0.073 5 Lake 39-085-0007 1 Painesville 5865 100 245 245 0.083 0.075 0.073 0.072 4 Lawrence 39-087-0011 1 Willow Wood 5631 95 233 245 0.068 0.065 0.062 0.062 0 Lawrence 39-087-0012 1 Ironton 5825 99 242 245 0.065 0.064 0.062 0.06 0 Licking 39-089-0005 1 Heath (Fourmile Lock) 5862 100 245 245 0.07 0.066 0.066 0.065 0

Ozone 8-hour (parts per million) County Site ID POC City Obs % Obs Valid Days Measured Number of Days in Season 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max Exceedances Lorain 39-093-0018 1 Sheffield 5787 98 241 245 0.071 0.068 0.066 0.065 1 Lucas 39-095-0024 1 Toledo 5817 98 240 245 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.065 0 Lucas 39-095-0027 1 Waterville 5841 100 245 245 0.076 0.068 0.066 0.066 1 Lucas 39-095-0035 1 Curtice 5817 99 242 245 0.078 0.073 0.07 0.069 2 Madison 39-097-0007 1 Paint Township 5842 99 242 245 0.072 0.07 0.066 0.066 1 Mahoning 39-099-0013 1 Youngstown 5732 97 238 245 0.064 0.058 0.055 0.055 0 Medina 39-103-0004 1 Westfield Township 5781 98 241 245 0.07 0.068 0.066 0.064 0 Miami 39-109-0005 1 Casstown 5871 100 245 245 0.071 0.069 0.067 0.067 1 Montgomery 39-113-0037 1 Dayton 5862 99 243 245 0.071 0.07 0.07 0.07 1 Noble 39-121-9991 1 Wayne Township 8512 95 233 245 0.069 0.064 0.064 0.063 0 Portage 39-133-1001 1 Kent 5770 98 241 245 0.069 0.068 0.065 0.065 0 Preble 39-135-1001 1 New Paris 8712 99 361 365 0.073 0.069 0.069 0.067 1 Stark 39-151-0016 1 Canton 5760 99 242 245 0.066 0.065 0.064 0.063 0 Stark 39-151-0022 1 Brewster 5770 98 240 245 0.068 0.066 0.065 0.063 0 Stark 39-151-4005 1 Alliance 5761 98 239 245 0.076 0.072 0.07 0.068 2 Summit 39-153-0020 1 Akron 5771 98 239 245 0.069 0.067 0.067 0.066 0 Trumbull 39-155-0011 1 Vienna 5047 83 204 245 0.075 0.069 0.067 0.065 1 Trumbull 39-155-0013 1 Kinsman 5857 100 244 245 0.067 0.067 0.065 0.062 0 Warren 39-165-0007 1 Lebanon 5795 98 239 245 0.075 0.069 0.068 0.068 1 Washington 39-167-0004 1 Marietta 5874 100 245 245 0.069 0.064 0.062 0.062 0 Wood 39-173-0003 1 Bowling Green 5855 100 244 245 0.069 0.067 0.067 0.065 0 Page 50

Page 51 Table 14. Three-year Average of 4 th High 8-Hour O3 Averages (ppm) 4th high in Year 3 Year Site ID County City 2015 2016 2017 Average 39-003-0009 Allen Lima 0.064 0.068 0.069 0.067 39-007-1001 Ashtabula Conneaut 0.070 0.072 0.069 0.070 39-017-0004 Hamilton 0.070 0.076 39-017-0018 Butler Middletown 0.070 0.074 0.070 0.071 39-017-0023 0.072 39-023-0001 Springfield 0.071 0.071 0.068 0.070 Clark 39-023-0003 0.069 0.070 0.068 0.069 39-025-0022 Clermont 0.070 0.073 0.068 0.070 39-027-1002 Clinton 0.070 0.071 0.070 0.070 39-035-0034 Cleveland 0.067 0.070 0.069 0.069 39-035-0060 Cleveland 0.063 0.063 0.061 0.062 Cuyahoga 39-035-0064 Berea 0.066 0.068 0.064 0.066 39-035-5002 Mayfield 0.072 0.071 0.068 0.070 39-041-0002 Delaware 0.068 0.067 0.060 0.065 39-049-0029 New Albany 0.071 0.072 0.070 0.071 39-049-0037 Franklin Columbus 0.064 0.067 0.066 0.065 39-049-0081 Columbus 0.063 0.071 0.064 0.066 39-055-0004 Geauga 0.073 0.077 0.071 0.073 39-057-0006 Greene Xenia 0.071 0.069 0.065 0.068 39-061-0006 0.072 0.075 0.072 0.073 39-061-0010 Hamilton 0.070 0.073 0.068 0.070 39-061-0040 Cincinnati 0.071 0.073 0.071 0.071 39-081-0017 Jefferson Steubenville 0.066 0.062 0.058 0.062 39-083-0002 Knox 0.071 0.066 0.063 0.066 39-085-0003 Eastlake 0.074 0.076 0.073 0.074 39-085-0007 Lake Painesville 0.070 0.069 0.072 0.070 39-087-0011 0.065 0.065 0.062 0.064 Lawrence 39-087-0012 Ironton 0.069 0.070 0.060 0.066 39-089-0005 Licking Heath 0.068 0.067 0.065 0.066 39-093-0018 Lorain Lorain 0.062 0.070 0.065 0.065 39-095-0024 Toledo 0.063 0.070 0.065 0.066 39-095-0027 Waterville 0.063 0.065 0.066 0.065 Lucas 39-095-0034 Toledo 0.064 0.063 39-095-0035 Toledo 0.062 0.069 39-097-0007 Madison 0.069 0.068 0.066 0.068 39-099-0013 Mahoning Youngstown 0.069 0.054 0.055 0.059 39-103-0004 Medina 0.063 0.066 0.064 0.064 39-109-0005 Miami 0.068 0.069 0.067 0.068 39-113-0037 Montgomery Dayton 0.070 0.072 0.070 0.070 39-133-1001 Portage 0.064 0.059 0.065 0.062 39-135-1001 Preble 0.067 0.069 0.067 0.067 39-151-0016 Canton 0.072 0.072 0.063 0.069 39-151-0022 Stark Brewster 0.068 0.067 0.063 0.066 39-151-4005 Alliance 0.067 0.071 0.068 0.069 39-153-0020 Summit Akron 0.065 0.061 0.066 0.064 39-155-0011 0.070 0.071 0.065 0.068 Trumbull 39-155-0013 Kinsman 0.066 0.070 0.062 0.066 39-165-0007 Warren Lebanon 0.071 0.074 0.068 0.071 39-167-0004 Washington Marietta 0.068 0.064 0.062 0.064 39-173-0003 Wood Bowling Green 0.062 0.066 0.065 0.064 = insufficient data for valid statistical average data for valid statistical average

Table 15. Total days of 8-Hour Ozone Exceedances Statewide and Date of First Seasonal Exceedance (2008-2017) Exceedances/Sites* Year Date 2008 standard 75 ppb 2015 standard 70 ppb 2008 17 April 42 / 49 2009 20 May 16 / 51 2010 2 April 45 / 50 2011 4 June 44 / 52 2012 15 May 50 / 51 2013 15 May 13 / 51 2014 21 April 10 / 51 2015 6 May 35 / 51 2016 17 April 43 / 52 2017 15 May 30 / 51 * Number of sites with exceedances during ozone monitoring season / total number of sites operated across Ohio Table 16. Last Ozone Exceedance Dates 8-Hour Standard (2008-2017) Year Date Sites* Statewide Max on Final Day of Seasonal Exceedance 2008 Standard 2015 Standard 75 ppb 70 ppb 2008 21 September 1 78 2009 27 June 1 76 2010 11 October 1 76 2011 3 September 21 94 2012 25 August 5 84 2013 11 September 1 78 2014 12 July 1 77 2015 17 September 3 74 2016 23 September 10 76 2017 26 September 2 74 *Standard applied is 2008 NAAQS for ozone of 75ppb. Values for 2016 and 2017 apply 2015 standard 70 ppb. Page 52

H. Lead (Pb) Airborne lead (Pb) was historically caused by vehicles using leaded fuels. Now the primary sources of airborne lead include lead smelting facilities, lead-acid storage battery manufacturing plants and other manufacturing operations. East Liverpool Lead Site In the period from 1978 to 1991, lead concentrations at traffic-oriented sites dropped by over 90%, reflecting the removal of lead from gasoline. In 1999, the U.S. EPA eliminated the requirement for traffic-oriented sites and shifted focus to monitoring at industrial sources. Ohio EPA discontinued monitoring at traffic-oriented sites in 1999. In November of 2008, U.S. EPA changed the NAAQS for lead from 1.5 µg/m 3 as a calendar quarter average to a lower standard of 0.15 µg/m 3 as a rolling three-month average. This revised standard is designed to provide increased protection to the public, particularly children. The newest lead standard requires monitoring at lead sources that report emissions of greater than 0.5 tons per year. Lead monitoring is required at NCore sites in Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of 500,000 or more persons. There are three sites in Ohio that meet these criteria: Cincinnati, Cleveland and Dayton. Sampling Method Lead concentrations in ambient air are determined by the U.S EPA reference method. Lead samples are collected as total suspended particulate matter (TSP) on glass fiber filters according to 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix B, Reference method for the Determination of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere. These filters are then analyzed by the manual Equivalent method: EQL-0710-192, Heated Nitric Acid Hot Block Digestion and ICP/MS analysis for Lead (Pb) on TSP High-volume filters. In this method, one ¾ x 8 portion or strip, of the TSP filter is dissolved in a solution of nitric acid, heated on a hot block, on which the solution is reduced to final volume for analysis. The extracted solution is then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, (ICP/MS) to determine the amount of lead collected on the original filter. Sites that are being used to meet monitoring network requirements have individual sampling events (days) analyzed. Concentrations are reported in micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3 ). Table 17 on the following page summarizes key data statistics in 2017 for the 13 Lead sites in Ohio. Page 53

Lead (micrograms/cubic meter) County Site ID City Table 17. Lead Summary Statistics Max 3-Month Average Month of Max Valid Months Columbiana 39-029-0019 East Liverpool.02 January 12 Columbiana 39-029-0020 East Liverpool.01 January 12 Columbiana 39-029-0023 East Liverpool.01 January 12 Cuyahoga 39-035-0038 Cleveland.01 January 12 Cuyahoga 39-035-0042 Cleveland.01 January 12 Cuyahoga 39-035-0049 Cleveland.02 September 12 Cuyahoga 39-035-0061 Cleveland.03 October 11 Franklin 39-049-0039 Columbus.01 January 12 Fulton 39-051-0001 Delta.11 January 11 Marion 39-101-0003 Marion.02 February 12 Marion 39-101-0004 Marion.01 January 12 Stark 39-151-0024 Canton.14 June 7 Washington 39-167-0008 Marietta 0 January 11 Page 54

V. AIR TOXICS MONITORING 2016 A. Introduction Ohio EPA operates a network of air toxics monitors as part of a state-wide Air Toxics Monitoring Program (ATMP). This sampling network is modeled after programs and methods recommended by U.S. EPA. The emphasis has been on urban toxics monitoring for volatile organic compounds and heavy metals. Following this introduction, there are brief sections describing sampling and analytical procedures for the pollutants monitored. The principle focus of the ATMP is urban monitoring looking for risks in areas where people live. In support of this effort, air toxics monitoring has concentrated on the following groups of compounds: volatile organic compounds (VOC) o examples: benzene, chloroform, styrene, toluene heavy metals o examples: beryllium, manganese Intermittent air sampling has been conducted at semi-permanent monitoring sites (where monitoring extends beyond a six-month period) for VOCs and heavy metals. Page 55

Past sampling efforts have included: Cross Media pollution monitoring Urban air toxics Great Lakes deposition monitoring Source monitoring Post-remediation Monitoring Complaint investigation Emergency Episode Monitoring Emissions verification During 2017, DAPC was involved in several minor monitoring projects throughout the state. The sampling and analytical methods for VOCs and heavy metals are described below. B. Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and Analysis Sampling Method A major component of the Air Toxics Monitoring Program is ambient sampling for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are compounds that are generally found in the vapor state. Most VOC samples were collected using a whole air sampling system that pumps ambient air into a stainless-steel canister, which allows an air sample to be maintained virtually unchanged until it is analyzed. Samples can also be collected using only the vacuum of the canister to draw in an air sample. These vacuum-filled grab samples usually take only a few minutes to collect and are useful for collecting transient odors or potentially high concentration samples. Ohio EPA is now capable of collecting specific samples for 1-, 3-, 8-, and 24-hours using this grab sampling method. Samples at the semi-permanent sampling sites are collected consistent with the national air toxics monitoring schedule of once every 12 th day or every 6 th day over a 24-hour sampling period. Specific procedures for this type of sampling can be found in U.S. EPA s Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compound in Ambient Air in the section TO-15. Analysis The volatile tendency of VOCs allows them to be vaporized when heated, if not already in a gaseous state, and injected into an analytical device called a gas chromatograph (GC). As a sample passes through a GC column, various compounds separate out of the sample mixture. As the individual compounds exit the column, a detector records a response. That response is illustrated on a chromatogram as a peak, the area of which indicates the concentration of the compound. Compound identification is accomplished by comparing peak retention times with those from a chromatogram of a known mixture of compounds. Retention time is the time it takes for a particular compound to reach the detector. As long as analytical conditions remain the same, a compound from one analysis to the next will have the same retention time. The GC is combined with a special detector called a mass spectrometer (MS). The combination, GC/MS, analyzes a sample by separating it into its individual components which form a fingerprint by which a compound can be identified. Page 56

Most canister samples collected by DAPC were analyzed by the Ohio EPA Division of Environmental Services (DES). Canister samples from counties under jurisdiction of Southwest Ohio Air Quality Agency were analyzed by a third-party lab. Laboratory analytical methods for VOC detection must follow procedures outlined in 40 CFR Part 136 for determining the analytical equipment's Method Detection Limit (MDL) for each compound. A separate Reporting Limit (RL) is based on the equipment's practical quantitation limits. Any amount below the MDL is considered noise and is reported as a non-detection (ND). Any amount equal to or greater than the MDL and less than the RL is reported, but the value is flagged and considered positive detection of the compound with an estimated concentration. Concentrations equal to or above the RL are reported without caveat, unless otherwise qualified. Most VOC target compounds' RL is 0.1 ppbv. Table 18 on the following page lists target compounds for VOC analysis. Table 19 summarizes state-wide results for 24-hour samples of each target compound. Non-detections or zero values are not included in the calculated averages reported in the tables below, i.e., the reported average is the mean of all detected values equal to or above the MDL. Table 20 on page 61 has information about VOC sites operating in 2017, and Table 21 provides a summary of all VOC parameters for each site. Page 57

Table 18. DES VOC Target Compound List For TO-15 Analysis CAS # Compound Name CAS # Compound Name CAS # Compound Name 1 000079-34-5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 26 000075-25-2 Bromoform 51 000078-93-3 Methyl ethyl ketone 2 000076-13-1 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 27 000074-83-9 Bromomethane 52 000108-10-1 Methyl isobutyl ketone 3 000079-00-5 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 28 000075-15-0 Carbon disulfide 53 000080-62-6 Methyl methacrylate 4 000075-34-3 1,1-Dichloroethane 29 000056-23-5 Carbon tetrachloride 54 001634-04-4 Methyl tert-butyl ether 5 000075-35-4 1,1-Dichloroethylene 30 000108-90-7 Chlorobenzene 55 000091-20-3 Naphthalene 6 000120-82-1 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 31 000075-00-3 Chloroethane 56 000106-97-8 n-butane 7 000095-63-6 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 32 000067-66-3 Chloroform 57 000142-82-5 n-heptane 8 000095-50-1 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 33 000074-87-3 Chloromethane 58 000110-54-3 n-hexane 9 000078-87-5 1,2-Dichloropropane 34 000156-59-2 cis-1,2-dichloroethene 59 000111-84-2 n-nonane 10 000108-67-8 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 35 000110-82-7 Cyclohexane 60 000109-66-0 n-pentane 11 000106-99-0 1,3-Butadiene 36 000124-48-1 Dibromochloromethane 61 000103-65-1 n-propylbenzene 12 000541-73-1 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 37 000075-71-8 Dichlorodifluoromethane 62 000095-47-6 o-xylene 13 000542-75-6 1,3-Dichloropropene(total) 38 000075-09-2 Dichloromethane 63 000622-96-8 p-ethyltoluene 14 000106-46-7 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 39 000141-78-6 Ethyl acetate 64 000115-07-1 Propylene 15 000123-91-1 1,4-Dioxane 40 000064-17-5 Ethyl alcohol 65 000100-42-5 Styrene 16 000540-84-1 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 41 000100-41-4 Ethylbenzene 66 000075-65-0 tert-butyl alcohol 17 000095-49-8 2-chlorotoluene 42 000106-93-4 Ethylene dibromide 67 000127-18-4 Tetrachloroethylene 18 000067-63-0 2-Proponol 43 000107-06-2 Ethylene dichloride 68 000108-88-3 Toluene 19 000107-05-1 3-Chloropropene 44 000076-14-2 Freon 114 69 000156-60-5 trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 20 000067-64-1 Acetone 45 000109-99-9 Furan, tetrahydro- 70 010061-02-6 trans-1,3-dichloropropene 21 000107-02-8 Acrolein - Unverified 46 000087-68-3 Hexachlorobutadiene 71 000079-01-6 Trichloroethylene 22 000107-13-1 Acrylonitrile 47 000098-82-8 Isopropylbenzene 72 000075-69-4 Trichlorofluoromethane 23 000071-43-2 Benzene 48 No CAS m/p Xylene 73 000108-05-4 Vinyl acetate 24 000100-44-7 Benzyl chloride 49 000591-78-6 Methyl Butyl Ketone 74 000593-60-2 Vinyl bromide 25 000075-27-4 Bromodichloromethane 50 000071-55-6 Methyl chloroform 75 000075-01-4 Vinyl chloride Page 58

Compound Table 19. VOC Summary of Statewide Canister Data Concentration* (ppbv) Reporting Limit Average Maximum Frequency Detected 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.1 1.39 2.70 4/280 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 0.1 0.07 0.13 176/280 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.1 0/280 1,1-Dichloroethane 0.1 0.11 0.24 3/280 1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.1 0.07 0.11 3/280 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.5 0.38 0.60 4/280 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.1 0.12 2.20 199/280 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 0.1 0.06 0.06 1/280 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.1 0.06 0.06 1/280 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 0.1 0.05 0.36 82/280 1,3-Butadiene 0.1 0.21 2.00 32/280 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 0.1 0/280 1,3-Dichloropropene(total) 0.1 0.04 0.05 2/280 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.1 1.27 3.60 3/280 1,4-Dioxane 0.2 0.02 0.02 1/201 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0.2 0.12 3.78 166/201 2-chlorotoluene 0.1 0.05 0.05 1/201 2-Proponol 0.5 5.97 121.55 188/201 3-Chloropropene 0.1 0.08 0.08 1/201 Acetone 2 4.63 30.89 274/279 Acrolein - Unverified 0.5 0.43 2.97 197/200 Acrylonitrile 0.1 1.08 4.70 27/249 Benzene 0.1 0.51 13.40 270/279 Benzyl chloride 0.2 0.07 0.08 3/201 Bromodichloromethane 0.1 0/280 Bromoform 0.1 2.72 5.10 3/280 Bromomethane 0.1 0/280 Carbon disulfide 0.5 0.34 24.30 86/280 Carbon tetrachloride 0.1 0.09 0.27 185/280 Chlorobenzene 0.1 2.39 6.60 5/280 Chloroethane 0.1 0.11 0.11 1/280 Chloroform 0.1 0.14 0.30 21/280 Chloromethane 0.1 0.56 1.00 278/280 cis-1,2-dichloroethene 0.1 0.04 0.06 4/280 Cyclohexane 0.1 0.11 0.58 141/280 Dibromochloromethane 0.1 0/280 Dichlorodifluoromethane 0.1 0.51 0.97 277/280 Dichloromethane 0.1 0.20 4.10 212/280 Ethyl acetate 0.1 0.42 2.30 38/280 Ethyl alcohol 1 6.49 76.94 201/201 Ethylbenzene 0.1 0.12 1.40 169/280 Page 59

Compound Concentration* (ppbv) Reporting Limit Average Maximum Frequency Detected Ethylene dibromide 0.1 0/280 Ethylene dichloride 0.1 0.06 0.06 2/280 Freon 114 0.1 0/280 Furan, tetrahydro- 0.2 0.10 2.12 84/280 Hexachlorobutadiene 0.1 0.13 0.13 1/280 Isopropylbenzene 0.1 0.03 0.07 26/201 m/p Xylene 0.2 0.29 2.70 196/280 Methyl Butyl Ketone 0.1 0.14 0.58 22/280 Methyl chloroform 0.1 0.06 0.06 1/280 Methyl ethyl ketone 0.5 0.57 6.22 241/280 Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.1 0.05 0.37 100/280 Methyl methacrylate 0.1 0.04 0.10 10/201 Methyl tert-butyl ether 0.1 0.05 0.05 1/280 Naphthalene 0.2 0.72 5.00 80/280 n-butane 0.1 2.30 43.50 200/201 n-heptane 0.1 0.12 0.95 194/280 n-hexane 0.1 0.37 3.50 255/280 n-nonane 0.1 0.06 2.65 147/201 n-pentane 0.1 0.90 10.15 197/201 n-propylbenzene 0.1 0.03 0.08 30/201 o-xylene 0.1 0.11 0.95 175/280 p-ethyltoluene 0.1 0.09 0.62 37/280 Propylene 0.2 0.85 5.41 216/280 Styrene 0.1 0.69 16.00 87/280 tert-butyl alcohol 0.5 0.14 0.70 56/201 Tetrachloroethylene 0.1 0.24 1.30 9/280 Toluene 0.1 0.53 4.31 274/280 trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 0.1 0.05 0.06 2/280 trans-1,3-dichloropropene 0.2 0.05 0.05 1/280 Trichloroethylene 0.1 0.16 0.45 7/280 Trichlorofluoromethane 0.1 0.23 0.49 267/280 Vinyl acetate 0.2 0.34 1.99 140/280 Vinyl bromide 0.1 0.04 0.05 2/201 Vinyl chloride 0.1 0/280 *Concentrations that fall under the RL are valid detections equal to or greater than the MDL Page 60

Table 20. VOC Sampling Site Identification AQS # City County* Address 39-035-0038 Cleveland Cuyahoga - 1 2547 St. Tikhon Ave. 39-035-1002 Cleveland Cuyahoga - 2 16900 Holland Rd. 39-049-0034 Columbus Franklin - 1 Korbel Ave. 39-049-0039 Columbus Franklin - 2 580 E. Woodrow Ave. 39-061-0014 Cincinnati Hamilton - 1 Seymour & Vine St. 39-061-0047 Cincinnati Hamilton - 2 7529 Gracely Dr. 39-081-0017 Steubenville Jefferson 618 Logan St. * Counties with multiple sites are referenced by county - # in the following summary table. Canister inventory used for VOC sampling Page 61

Table 21. Summary of VOC results Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.06; 0.06 2.65; 2.7 0.19; 0.19 (0/31) (0/29) (0/28) (1/55) (2/30) (1/49) (0/58) 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 0.07; 0.09 (21/31) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (0/31) 1,1-Dichloroethane (0/31) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (0/31) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (0/31) 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.06; 0.17 (28/31) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (0/31) 1,2-Dichloropropane (0/31) 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 0.02; 0.04 (7/31) 1,3-Butadiene (0/31) 1,3-Dichlorobenzene (0/31) 1,3-Dichloropropene(total) (0/31) 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (0/31) 1,4-Dioxane 0.02; 0.02 (1/31) 0.07; 0.09 (19/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.06; 0.15 (23/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.02; 0.03 (3/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.08; 0.1 (21/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.11; 0.3 (21/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.03; 0.05 (11/28) 0.1; 0.1 (1/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.08; 0.12 (43/55) (0/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) (0/55) 0.1; 0.32 (45/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.04; 0.08 (21/55) 0.13; 0.26 (4/55) (0/55) 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) (0/30) (0/30) 0.24; 0.24 (1/30) (0/30) 0.6; 0.6 (1/30) 0.38; 1.1 (10/30) (0/30) (0/30) 0.36; 0.36 (1/30) (0/30) (0/30) (0/30) 3.6; 3.6 (1/30) 0.07; 0.13 (30/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.11; 0.11 (1/49) 0.31; 0.33 (3/49) 0.32; 2.2 (16/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.2; 0.36 (4/49) 0.54; 2 (5/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.14; 0.14 (1/49) (0/55) DNS DNS 0.08; 0.12 (42/58) (0/58) 0.04; 0.04 (1/58) 0.04; 0.04 (1/58) (0/58) 0.11; 0.32 (56/58) (0/58) (0/58) 0.04; 0.16 (35/58) 0.16; 0.31 (22/58) (0/58) 0.03; 0.03 (1/58) (0/58) (0/58) Page 62

Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0.21; 3.78 0.09; 0.53 0.08; 0.22 0.11; 0.53 0.1; 0.26 (30/31) (21/29) (25/28) (47/55) DNS DNS (43/58) 2-chlorotoluene (0/31) 2-Proponol 0.36; 0.86 (29/31) 3-Chloropropene (0/31) Acetone 4.14; 9.47 (31/31) Acrolein - Unverified 0.34; 0.73 (31/31) Acrylonitrile (0/31) Benzene 0.21; 0.35 (31/31) Benzyl chloride (0/31) Bromodichloromethane (0/31) Bromoform (0/31) Bromomethane (0/31) Carbon disulfide 0.04; 0.07 (15/31) Carbon tetrachloride 0.1; 0.12 (24/31) Chlorobenzene (0/31) Chloroethane (0/31) (0/29) 0.33; 0.88 (27/29) 0.08; 0.08 (1/29) 3.62; 7.59 (29/29) 0.41; 1.29 (29/29) (0/29) 0.19; 0.42 (29/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.03; 0.04 (8/29) 0.09; 0.11 (20/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/28) 0.8; 7.92 (27/28) (0/28) 4.14; 10.98 (28/28) 0.39; 1.06 (27/28) 0.05; 0.05 (1/28) 0.23; 0.59 (28/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.05; 0.09 (12/28) 0.09; 0.12 (19/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) DNS DNS 0.5; 3.53 (50/55) DNS DNS (0/55) DNS DNS 3.81; 11.72 (54/55) 7.79; 30.7 (29/30) 3.33; 8.6 (46/49) 0.32; 1.27 (53/55) DNS DNS 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) DNS 0.23; 1.05 (54/55) 0.28; 0.62 (29/30) 1.38; 4.7 (21/49) 0.15; 0.31 (42/49) 0.07; 0.07 (1/55) DNS DNS (0/55) (0/55) (0/55) 0.04; 0.08 (11/55) 0.09; 0.12 (37/55) 0.07; 0.07 (1/55) (0/55) (0/30) 3.95; 5.1 (2/30) (0/30) 0.41; 0.41 (1/30) (0/30) 5.65; 6.6 (2/30) (0/30) (0/49) 0.25; 0.25 (1/49) (0/49) 6.19; 24.3 (4/49) 0.09; 0.27 (40/49) 0.49; 0.49 (1/49) 0.11; 0.11 (1/49) (0/58) 19.21; 121.55 (55/58) (0/58) 5.86; 30.89 (57/57) 0.62; 2.97 (57/57) 0.05; 0.06 (4/57) 1.63; 13.4 (57/57) 0.08; 0.08 (2/58) (0/58) (0/58) (0/58) 0.06; 0.45 (35/58) 0.09; 0.13 (45/58) 0.07; 0.07 (1/58) (0/58) Page 63

Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson Chloroform 0.13; 0.2 0.1; 0.12 0.19; 0.3 0.06; 0.073 0.09; 0.09 (0/31) (0/29) (7/28) (2/55) (9/30) (2/49) (1/58) Chloromethane 0.64; 0.83 (31/31) cis-1,2-dichloroethene (0/31) Cyclohexane 0.04; 0.07 (16/31) Dibromochloromethane (0/31) Dichlorodifluoromethane 0.55; 0.75 (31/31) Dichloromethane 0.15; 0.67 (31/31) Ethyl acetate 0.17; 0.29 (3/31) Ethyl alcohol 3.34; 7.6 (31/31) Ethylbenzene 0.06; 0.12 (18/31) Ethylene dibromide (0/31) Ethylene dichloride (0/31) Freon 114 (0/31) Furan, tetrahydro- 0.1; 0.42 (19/31) Hexachlorobutadiene (0/31) Isopropylbenzene (0/31) 0.62; 0.85 (29/29) (0/29) 0.04; 0.06 (7/29) (0/29) 0.53; 0.76 (29/29) 0.1; 0.22 (29/29) 0.11; 0.12 (2/29) 4.18; 8.96 (29/29) 0.06; 0.1 (11/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.09; 0.28 (11/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.63; 0.83 (28/28) (0/28) 0.07; 0.26 (16/28) (0/28) 0.54; 0.71 (28/28) 0.13; 0.54 (28/28) 0.14; 0.24 (4/28) 10.13; 40.03 (28/28) 0.08; 0.37 (23/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.05; 0.07 (11/28) (0/28) 0.04; 0.07 (4/28) 0.63; 1 (54/55) 0.03; 0.06 (3/55) 0.09; 0.56 (36/55) (0/55) 0.53; 0.7 (54/55) 0.15; 0.77 (54/55) 0.15; 0.34 (5/55) 0.41; 0.52 (29/30) (0/30) 0.27; 0.43 (9/30) (0/30) 0.46; 0.97 (28/30) 1.46; 2 (5/30) 0.79; 2.3 (16/30) 0.39; 0.76 (49/49) (0/49) 0.17; 0.46 (10/49) (0/49) 0.42; 0.58 (49/49) 1.29; 4.1 (8/49) 0.16; 0.2 (2/49) 5.54; 34.4 (55/55) DNS DNS 0.09; 0.36 (39/55) (0/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) (0/55) 0.05; 0.1 (19/55) (0/55) 0.29; 0.45 (6/30) (0/30) (0/30) (0/30) 0.6; 0.6 (1/30) (0/30) 0.27; 1.4 (22/49) (0/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.17; 0.17 (1/49) 0.13; 0.13 (1/49) 0.03; 0.06 (12/55) DNS DNS 0.63; 0.93 (58/58) 0.04; 0.04 (1/58) 0.11; 0.58 (47/58) (0/58) 0.53; 0.75 (58/58) 0.1; 0.22 (57/58) 0.2; 0.32 (6/58) 8.46; 76.94 (58/58) 0.11; 0.41 (50/58) (0/58) 0.06; 0.06 (1/58) (0/58) 0.16; 2.12 (22/58) (0/58) 0.02; 0.04 (10/58) Page 64

Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson m/p Xylene 0.15; 0.43 0.14; 0.29 0.2; 1.02 0.23; 1.09 0.76; 1.4 0.4; 2.7 0.32; 1.42 (23/31) (13/29) (27/28) (46/55) (14/30) (20/49) (53/58) Methyl Butyl Ketone (0/31) Methyl chloroform (0/31) Methyl ethyl ketone 0.62; 1.94 (31/31) Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.06; 0.12 (8/31) Methyl methacrylate (0/31) Methyl tert-butyl ether (0/31) Naphthalene 0.14; 0.14 (2/31) n-butane 2.17; 6.6 (31/31) n-heptane 0.07; 0.19 (28/31) n-hexane 0.19; 0.44 (31/31) n-nonane 0.03; 0.08 (23/31) n-pentane 0.72; 1.99 (30/31) n-propylbenzene 0.02; 0.02 (1/31) o-xylene 0.06; 0.16 (28/31) p-ethyltoluene 0.09; 0.09 (1/31) 0.08; 0.08 (1/29) (0/29) 0.45; 0.88 (29/29) 0.07; 0.15 (24/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 1.11; 2.94 (29/29) 0.05; 0.12 (21/29) 0.14; 0.39 (28/29) 0.03; 0.08 (18/29) 0.4; 1.24 (27/29) (0/29) 0.06; 0.12 (12/29) (0/29) 0.17; 0.36 (4/28) (0/28) 0.85; 6.22 (28/28) 0.05; 0.15 (14/28) 0.05; 0.1 (5/28) (0/28) 0.12; 0.12 (3/28) 1.2; 2.55 (28/28) 0.07; 0.22 (25/28) 0.27; 0.87 (27/28) 0.04; 0.24 (20/28) 0.6; 1.8 (28/28) 0.03; 0.06 (5/28) 0.09; 0.37 (23/28) 0.05; 0.08 (5/28) 0.07; 0.12 (7/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.44; 2.06 (55/55) 0.03; 0.12 (21/55) (0/30) (0/30) 1.28; 1.5 (4/30) (0/30) 0.38; 0.58 (3/49) (0/49) 0.79; 3.6 (36/49) (0/49) 0.04; 0.05 (4/55) DNS DNS 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) 0.1; 0.12 (3/55) (0/30) 0.62; 0.68 (4/30) (0/49) 0.72; 5 (13/49) 1.52; 12.38 (54/55) DNS DNS 0.13; 0.78 (45/55) 0.64; 2.34 (52/55) 0.31; 0.67 (10/30) 0.44; 0.7 (22/30) 0.15; 0.46 (13/49) 0.23; 0.7 (39/49) 0.11; 2.65 (40/55) DNS DNS 0.93; 5.35 (54/55) DNS DNS 0.05; 0.07 (7/55) DNS DNS 0.1; 0.45 (43/55) 0.06; 0.1 (10/55) 0.35; 0.5 (9/30) 0.34; 0.34 (1/30) 0.21; 0.95 (11/49) 0.29; 0.62 (4/49) 0.09; 0.17 (7/58) (0/58) 0.41; 1.21 (58/58) 0.05; 0.37 (33/58) 0.03; 0.03 (1/58) (0/58) 0.81; 3.28 (55/58) 4.22; 43.5 (58/58) 0.15; 0.95 (52/58) 0.46; 3.5 (56/58) 0.04; 0.29 (46/58) 1.34; 10.15 (58/58) 0.03; 0.08 (17/58) 0.12; 0.35 (49/58) 0.05; 0.1 (16/58) Page 65

Average; Maximum (ppbv) Number of detections / total samples Compound list Cuyahoga - 1 Cuyahoga - 2 Franklin - 1 Franklin - 2 Hamilton - 1 Hamilton - 2 Jefferson Propylene 0.61; 1.13 0.58; 1.27 0.68; 1.82 0.73; 3.51 0.63; 1.3 0.4; 0.74 1.4; 5.41 (31/31) (29/29) (28/28) (54/55) (7/30) (9/49) (58/58) Styrene 0.05; 0.05 (2/31) tert-butyl alcohol 0.1; 0.13 (7/31) Tetrachloroethylene 0.12; 0.14 (2/31) Toluene 0.32; 1.15 (31/31) trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (0/31) trans-1,3-dichloropropene (0/31) Trichloroethylene 0.14; 0.14 (1/31) Trichlorofluoromethane 0.23; 0.32 (31/31) Vinyl acetate 0.17; 0.37 (16/31) Vinyl bromide (0/31) Vinyl chloride (0/31) (0/29) 0.11; 0.15 (5/29) 0.1; 0.1 (1/29) 0.27; 1.44 (29/29) (0/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.22; 0.29 (29/29) 0.17; 0.37 (11/29) (0/29) (0/29) 0.03; 0.04 (4/28) 0.2; 0.5 (11/28) 0.15; 0.15 (1/28) 0.41; 1.72 (28/28) (0/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.22; 0.3 (28/28) 0.28; 0.87 (18/28) (0/28) (0/28) 0.05; 0.08 (6/55) 0.32; 0.53 (4/30) 1.77; 16 (31/49) 0.13; 0.29 (11/55) DNS DNS 0.12; 0.12 (1/55) 0.55; 3.04 (54/55) 0.06; 0.06 (1/55) 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) (0/55) 0.24; 0.49 (54/55) 0.56; 1.99 (34/55) 0.17; 0.17 (1/30) 0.82; 3.1 (30/30) (0/30) (0/30) 0.2; 0.2 (1/30) 0.27; 0.46 (20/30) 0.33; 0.61 (9/30) 0.47; 1.3 (3/49) 0.36; 2.7 (44/49) (0/49) (0/49) 0.08; 0.1 (4/49) 0.21; 0.33 (47/49) 0.31; 1.5 (18/49) 0.05; 0.05 (1/55) DNS DNS (0/55) (0/30) (0/49) 0.08; 0.33 (40/58) 0.13; 0.7 (22/58) (0/58) 0.78; 4.31 (58/58) 0.04; 0.04 (1/58) (0/58) 0.45; 0.45 (1/58) 0.22; 0.31 (58/58) 0.3; 0.95 (34/58) 0.03; 0.03 (1/58) (0/58) Page 66

C. Heavy Metals Sampling and Analysis Sampling Method Ambient air toxic monitoring by Ohio EPA DAPC for heavy metals other than lead was initiated in 1989. Since that time, all of DAPC s air filter samples have been analyzed by the Ohio EPA Division of Environmental Services (DES). A summary of results can be found in tables on the following pages. Sampling for heavy metals is conducted using a high volume total suspended particulate (TSP) sampler with a glass fiber filter. Sampling is conducted by 24-hour samples collected once every six days. The operating procedures for lead can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR, Part 50, Appendix G. These basic procedures are also used for other metals. Analysis For this report, filters collected at each site were analyzed as a monthly composite. Typically, there are 5 sampling days in which a filter is collected. One strip is cut from the individual filter and combined with strips from all the filters collected that month and analyzed as one sample for the month. These composite samples are acid extracted with the resulting solution analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) similar to the method used for the determination of Lead from TSP filters. The method measures element-emitted light by optical spectrometry. D. Heavy Metals Parameters Lead was the first NAAQS criteria pollutant for a metal in ambient air. Over the years, DAPC added other metals to the analysis program. As lead was phased out of gasoline, other metals have risen to greater concern. With establishment of a new NAAQS for lead, 0.15 µg/m³, from the previous standard of 1.5 µg/m³ and the requirement to monitor near specific sources, lead has been reestablished as a pollutant of concern. Since 2010, DAPC has had all TSP sampler filters collected analyzed for lead. For this section, data presented is from the monthly composite samples collected and analyzed for eight metals: Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Beryllium Lead 2 Nickel Zinc Manganese 2 Lead is the only parameter being monitored in the ATMP that has a National Ambient Air Quality Standard. See Section IV, page 54. Page 67

From each sample, most parameters are analyzed using a very sensitive ICP/MS analytical system. The following parameters, typically detected in higher concentrations, are still analyzed with the ICP method only: Iron Potassium Zinc Manganese Particulate mercury that can be detected from a glass or quartz fiber filter has been added to the parameter list for few samples from sites in communities with specific concerns about potential mercury sources. Mercury analysis for each sample is performed separately from the other metals. Total mercury is determined using a cold vapor method developed by DES. Table 22 below identifies monitoring sites' locations and references the respective tables that follow summarizing each site s results. Table 22. Metals Sampling Site Identification AQS # City County Address Table (page #) 39-029-0019 E. Liverpool - 1 Columbiana 1250 St. George St. Table 23 (69) 39-029-0020 E. Liverpool - 2 Columbiana 2220 Michigan Ave. Table 24 (69) 39-029-0023 E. Liverpool - 3 Columbiana 500 Maryland Ave. Table 25 (69) 39-035-0038 Cleveland - 1 Cuyahoga 2547 Tikhon Ave. Table 26 (70) 39-035-0042 Cleveland - 2 Cuyahoga 3136 Lorain Ave. Table 27 (70) 39-035-0049 Cleveland - 3 Cuyahoga 4150 East 56 th St. Table 28 (70) 39-035-0061 Cleveland - 4 Cuyahoga West 3 rd St. Table 29 (71) 39-049-0039 Columbus Franklin 580 E. Woodrow Ave. Table 30 (71) 39-051-0001 Delta Fulton 200 Van Buren St. Table 31 (71) 39-101-0003 Marion - 1 Marion Hawthorne Ave. Table 32 (72) 39-101-0004 Marion - 2 Marion 640 Bellefontaine Table 33 (72) AQS not assigned Marion - 3 Marion 363 West Fairgrounds Table 34 (72) 39-123-0012 Elmore Ottawa 14244 W. St. Rt. 105 Table 34 (72) 39-167-0008 Marietta Washington Lancaster Rd. Table 35 (73) 39-151-0024 Canton Summit 3159 Georgetown Rd. NE Table 37 (73) Page 68

Table 23. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool - 1 (39-029-0019) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium Cadmium chromium iron lead manganese zinc mercury January 0.70 <0.035 0.178 0.94 120 3.17 24 0.53 21 February 3.41 <0.054 0.544 2.07 350 9.51 77 1.06 39 March 1.13 0.0848 0.264 2.10 295 4.76 65.8 0.92 24.2 April 1.91 0.0804 0.317 2.47 298 4.51 94.8 1.34 21.3 May 1.52 0.069 0.283 1.87 201 7.23 57.3 0.74 31.9 June 1.45 0.112 0.303 2.44 293 4.48 84.4 0.99 25.8 July 1.83 0.0849 1.430 2.26 234 7.62 92.5 1.07 45.4 August 1.87 0.139 0.449 3.72 394 10.00 127 2.23 48.7 September 3.75 0.0943 0.463 2.41 266 7.61 85.2 1.13 26.4 October 2.64 0.0795 0.402 2.27 287 5.76 75.6 0.95 23.3 November 1.48 0.0541 0.584 2.30 407 4.60 224 1.07 38 December 1.71 0.0458 0.788 2.20 329 5.51 102 1.10 34.5 Table 24. Heavy Metals: E. Liverpool - 2 (39-029-0020) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium iron lead manganese zinc mercury January 0.74 <0.048 0.229 2.03 180 2.83 250 1.03 20 February 1.77 <0.075 0.475 3.63 560 5.84 510 2.15 37 March 0.93 <0.059 0.325 1.92 214 3.50 170 1.02 25.7 April 2.36 <0.05 0.202 4.82 501 3.14 832 3.32 24 May 1.34 <0.05 0.534 2.33 212 18.40 383 0.96 33.7 June 1.12 <0.06 0.309 1.33 120 2.60 77.6 <0.6 21.4 July 1.44 <0.061 2.030 2.15 123 6.88 109 0.80 38 August 1.37 <0.05 0.188 4.61 420 3.41 279 2.96 28.2 September 1.90 <0.05 0.418 2.60 220 7.41 214 0.92 21.6 October 1.77 <0.057 0.547 1.91 190 9.10 147 0.82 19.7 November 1.36 <0.055 0.659 4.22 893 5.21 3140 1.76 44.7 December 2.37 <0.055 0.653 5.30 462 4.53 949 2.71 29.8 Table 25. Heavy metals: E. Liverpool - 3 (39-029-0023) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium iron lead manganese nickel zinc mercury January 0.54 <0.046 0.213 0.93 110 3.42 17 0.60 15 0.009 February 4.26 <0.071 0.592 1.97 250 11.30 60 0.90 33 0.024 March 0.91 <0.056 0.240 1.25 146 3.18 28.4 0.72 21 0.027 April 1.81 <0.055 0.295 1.63 167 2.98 62.9 0.93 18.7 0.018 May 1.11 <0.04 0.210 1.10 100 4.69 23.5 0.52 25.3 0.015 June 1.02 <0.05 0.258 1.31 131 3.67 27.9 <0.57 22 0.017 July 1.44 <0.067 1.620 1.54 134 5.10 63.6 0.74 4 38.7 0.016 August 1.91 <0.05 0.270 2.41 176 7.66 39 1.27 29.8 0.014 September 3.83 <0.04 0.408 1.73 165 6.84 47.3 0.70 25 0.006 October 2.54 <0.042 0.400 1.26 147 10.80 28.9 0.48 21.6 0.028 November 1.36 <0.04 0.605 1.70 244 4.17 168 0.70 33.1 0.014 December 1.39 <0.041 0.792 1.68 187 5.00 70.5 0.81 30.9 0.041 Page 69

Table 26. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 1 (39-035-0038) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.53 <0.044 0.226 2.73 5.48 50.00 1.35 59.00 February 1.18 0.065 0.524 4.60 11.80 86.00 3.24 66.00 March 0.70 <0.052 0.312 3.32 7.80 66.20 2.18 61.80 April 0.64 0.0521 0.265 2.98 7.20 73.70 2.36 56.90 May 0.70 <0.04 0.249 1.92 6.25 39.30 1.67 64.60 June 0.64 <0.05 0.211 1.77 5.79 27.90 2.57 43.80 July 1.38 <0.05 0.368 5.03 10.80 81.90 8.94 105.0 August 1.19 <0.05 1.230 3.61 12.30 63.40 5.5 78.70 September 2.19 0.0594 0.487 8.10 15.30 106.00 13.7 124.0 October 2.07 0.0533 0.504 5.94 14.80 106.00 2.72 94.00 November 1.47 <0.05 0.974 4.63 13.50 119.00 2.54 193.0 December 1.57 <0.05 0.524 5.53 9.89 109.00 5.11 103.0 Table 27. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 2 (39-035-0042) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.48 <0.047 0.148 1.35 5.47 11.00 1.15 36.00 February 1.17 <0.07 0.387 1.75 9.00 16.00 1.45 37.00 March 0.64 <0.056 0.182 1.53 6.19 16.20 1.74 34.30 April 0.87 <0.056 0.248 1.90 7.99 32.70 1.91 47.50 May 1.40 <0.04 0.133 1.66 5.57 15.90 1.69 30.30 June 0.93 <0.06 0.111 1.24 7.40 14.00 1.97 33.60 July 1.11 <0.05 0.383 3.00 8.20 27.30 5.21 56.20 August 1.29 <0.05 0.216 1.69 14.00 18.10 3.89 44.80 September 2.36 <0.06 0.322 6.12 14.50 44.40 15.2 81.60 October 1.99 <0.05 0.265 1.55 14.50 19.90 2.54 40.80 November 0.57 <0.05 0.603 1.06 16.60 9.77 2 24.30 December 1.36 <0.05 0.303 2.09 7.31 20.00 2.73 48.50 Table 28. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 3 (39-035-0049) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.75 <0.047 1.180 6.16 5.89 170.00 67.4 130.00 February 1.45 <0.07 1.220 5.16 10.70 170.00 95.3 97.00 March 1.06 <0.056 1.350 7.90 8.55 219.00 70.8 121.00 April 1.48 0.0693 1.240 4.84 21.30 117.00 96.6 138.00 May 1.12 <0.04 1.750 5.36 10.10 200.00 88 140.00 June 1.28 <0.05 3.730 7.88 10.80 316.00 293 299.00 July 1.63 0.0612 2.870 6.91 13.10 207.00 153 150.00 August 1.65 <0.05 1.850 6.23 35.90 118.00 45.4 145.00 September 2.13 <0.05 0.729 6.89 17.80 73.90 30.5 82.80 October 1.98 0.0682 6.700 6.75 10.80 317.00 419 119.00 November 1.79 <0.05 3.600 6.08 10.30 191.00 164 110.00 December 1.66 <0.05 2.230 6.06 8.74 159.00 99.1 112.00 Page 70

Table 29. Heavy Metals: Cleveland - 4 (39-035-0061) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.50 <0.044 0.509 5.61 5.93 100.00 1.66 49.00 February 1.36 <0.088 0.903 10.40 25.80 210.00 5.64 120.0 March 0.86 0.0802 0.856 6.51 11.80 176.00 2.45 73.60 April <0.86 0.175 0.377 5.24 11.00 215.00 2.76 65.20 May 0.96 0.064 0.285 5.04 14.00 124.00 2.87 56.00 June 0.98 0.0657 0.461 7.65 23.50 190.00 3.52 87.20 July 1.66 0.0872 0.682 8.46 14.40 171.00 11.3 102.0 August 1.94 0.0881 1.060 15.40 21.00 257.00 9.94 143.0 September 2.42 0.091 0.804 12.10 31.50 253.00 12.9 139.0 October 2.20 0.0881 0.677 9.88 23.00 225.00 4.24 132.0 November 1.56 0.0786 1.410 11.90 24.70 260.00 3.33 226.0 December 1.65 0.0643 0.755 9.10 11.20 198.00 7.48 95.90 Table 30. Heavy Metals: Columbus (39-049-0039) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January <0.51 <0.051 0.098 1.22 3.17 6.50 0.54 26.00 February 0.85 <0.078 0.191 1.69 5.60 12.00 1.61 56.00 March 0.62 <0.06 0.142 1.42 4.36 7.07 0.777 38.60 April 1.28 <0.06 0.166 1.48 5.77 0.96 12.9 34.70 May 1.36 <0.05 0.218 1.68 6.23 13.70 0.811 32.70 June 0.84 <0.06 0.351 1.90 9.26 14.00 0.959 38.10 July 1.69 <0.06 0.164 1.77 4.51 9.92 0.896 39.90 August 1.64 <0.06 0.174 1.65 5.41 13.50 0.876 60.60 September 2.06 <0.063 0.276 1.68 6.87 12.60 0.692 53.60 October 1.69 <0.05 0.337 1.45 10.50 12.00 0.888 47.70 November 1.19 <0.04 0.240 1.44 5.51 14.30 0.986 76.50 December 1.48 <0.04 0.242 1.25 6.83 12.50 0.764 66.40 Table 31. Heavy Metals: Delta (39-051-0001) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January <0.49 <0.049 0.199 1.11 41.00 11.00 0.78 160.00 February 0.88 <0.057 0.264 0.98 37.10 10.00 0.83 160.00 March 0.57 <0.043 0.271 0.98 89.30 12.20 0.708 255.00 April <0.75 <0.075 0.117 <0.75 13.80 5.76 <0.75 41.60 May 1.00 <0.03 0.314 1.21 61.20 19.90 0.761 229.00 June 0.71 <0.04 0.404 1.29 60.30 15.50 0.866 311.00 July 1.21 <0.05 0.184 1.04 24.30 7.63 0.554 83.40 August 1.35 <0.05 0.365 1.06 85.70 8.52 1.06 330.00 September 1.53 <0.05 0.167 1.02 16.50 8.88 0.726 49.40 October 0.59 <0.04 0.264 1.10 54.20 12.20 1.19 146.00 November 0.77 <0.04 0.309 1.02 54.20 12.70 1.1 141.00 December 0.98 <0.04 0.339 1.22 14.90 15.10 0.712 68.00 Page 71

Page 72 Table 32. Heavy Metals: Marion - 1 (39-101-0003) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc mercury January 2.00 <0.042 0.180 4.13 10.1 73.00 3.84 130. 0.05 February 1.43 <0.06 1.180 14.40 29.1 330.00 4.16 170. 0.045 March 2.81 <0.046 0.481 5.36 9.55 139.00 2.81 88.3 0.0315 April 1.04 <0.04 0.268 7.03 11.0 126.00 2.83 97.7 0.0402 May 1.61 <0.03 0.373 8.18 16.3 205.00 3.19 102. 0.0542 June 2.42 <0.04 0.878 20.40 32.0 334.00 6.5 240. 0.0715 July 1.61 <0.08 0.628 7.06 16.2 95.40 2.52 99.2 0.0297 August 1.60 <0.04 0.372 10.50 19.7 198.00 4.04 99.4 0.0107 September 1.47 <0.04 0.735 5.74 19.8 101.00 1.77 73.6 0.0189 October 1.61 <0.04 0.731 10.50 25.8 187.00 2.87 116. 0.0648 November 1.88 <0.04 0.312 6.88 16.0 113.00 3.33 98.7 0.025 December 2.03 <0.04 0.578 8.65 30.1 158.00 4.24 109. 0.057 Table 33. Heavy Metals: Marion - 2 (39-101-0004) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc mercury January 0.46 <0.044 0.110 1.80 3.33 21.00 0.74 32.0 0.025 February 1.27 <0.086 0.229 3.57 9.08 51.00 1.43 58.0 0.035 March 0.99 <0.064 0.146 1.99 5.50 21.10 1.4 56.4 0 0.034 April 0.63 <0.05 0.097 2.13 3.93 27.50 0.993 28.6 0 0.022 May 1.00 <0.04 0.136 2.04 4.68 26.60 0.854 28.8 0 0.017 June 0.92 <0.04 0.131 1.93 3.26 22.20 0.679 38.3 0 0.016 July 1.93 <0.05 0.182 2.63 7.53 28.20 1.35 49.3 0 0.022 August 1.46 <0.05 0.365 3.50 7.42 47.30 1.38 54.9 0 0.024 September 1.63 <0.05 0.204 2.50 5.51 28.00 1.14 38.4 0 0.015 October 2.63 <0.05 0.300 3.96 9.32 56.50 1.46 76.7 0 0.040 November 1.13 <0.05 0.255 4.34 6.37 58.20 1.43 81.8 0 0.034 December 1.48 <0.05 0.250 3.88 7.87 57.00 1.42 58.4 0 0 0.081 Table 34. Heavy Metals: Marion - 3 (AQS not assigned) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium iron lead manganese nickel zinc January <2.542 <0.254 <0.254 2.89 352 5.38 20.83 <2.54 570.0 February <2.303 <0.230 <0.268 2.55 330 7.06 17.50 <2.30 2 346.8 March <3.114 <0.227 <0.285 <3.288 334 11.9 15.66 <2.29 3 997.5 April <3.286 <0.228 <0.306 <3.138 376 11.4 1 19.54 <2.28 2 726.8 May 3.22 <0.232 <0.232 <2.953 366 9.19 5 17.62 <2.32 4 950.6 June 4.24 <0.249 <0.312 4.10 535 22.1 20.95 <2.49 3 3155.8 July <3.08 <0.242 <0.275 <3.738 457 11.0 3 19.24 <2.41 3 1216.2 August <2.566 <0.257 <0.291 <2.85 365 10.6 8 17.42 <2.56 8 941.6 September <2.69 <0.253 <0.287 <3.094 349 7.11 3 20.70 <2.53 6 425.0 October <2.612 <0.257 <0.298 <3.644 544 8.68 26.24 <2.57 1140.2 November <2.194 <0.262 <0.350 <4.218 572 10.2 24.96 <2.62 1618.8 December <2.824 <0.229 <0.319 <2.422 422 10.1 0 9 23.78 <2.29 4 808.2

Table 35. Heavy Metals: Elmore (39-123-0012) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc January 0.29 0.028 0.047 0.23 1.49 1.40 0.2 7.80 February 0.23 0.031 0.039 0.17 1.37 1.70 0.11 5.90 March 0.31 0.026 0.045 0.23 1.42 2.22 0.217 7.15 April 0.40 0.0247 0.043 0.18 1.18 2.32 0.198 5.91 May 0.46 0.0289 0.048 0.21 1.64 3.34 0.202 6.59 June 0.42 0.0506 0.047 0.29 1.85 4.37 0.295 7.06 July 0.52 0.0357 0.049 0.22 1.23 2.14 0.155 6.03 August 0.56 0.0516 0.066 0.25 1.68 2.21 0.167 7.72 September 0.64 0.17 0.076 0.22 1.85 2.24 0.161 6.63 October 0.49 0.0702 0.066 0.25 1.80 3.21 0.193 7.32 November 0.38 0.0314 0.053 0.19 1.30 2.09 0.136 6.85 December 0.44 0.0788 0.078 0.26 1.86 3.00 0.241 10.30 Table 36. Heavy Metals: Marietta (39-167-0008) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium lead manganese nickel zinc mercury January 0.47 <0.038 0.275 0.63 2.92 32.00 0.52 14.00 0.011 February 0.72 <0.06 0.841 0.60 3.04 200.00 <0.6 43.00 0.011 March <0.47 <0.047 0.161 0.56 2.69 75.30 <0.47 14.90 0.022 April 0.71 <0.04 0.086 0.51 1.82 47.70 <0.46 14.90 0.017 May <0.58 <0.05 0.096 0.60 1.82 35.40 <0.58 14.00 0.027 June 0.62 <0.06 0.772 0.71 2.95 221.00 0.611 17.80 0.023 July 2.13 <0.04 0.195 0.67 3.24 89.60 0.588 17.40 0.015 August 0.72 <0.04 0.167 0.68 4.26 80.90 0.656 15.10 0.019 Septembe 1.29 <0.04 0.132 0.63 2.62 10.80 <0.44 <4.44 0.010 r October 1.00 <0.04 0.396 0.66 7.33 28.50 <0.48 13.50 0.025 November 0.68 <0.04 0.645 0.65 3.76 210.00 <0.49 28.70 0.021 December 0.77 <0.04 0.687 0.70 3.41 84.90 <0.48 20.70 0.018 January February March April May Table 37. Heavy Metals: Canton (39-151-0024) Monthly composite (ng/m 3 ) arsenic beryllium cadmium chromium iron lead manganese nickel selenium zinc June 2.14 <0.05 1.350 17.40 1440 181.00 665 4.85 3.3 586 July 2.15 <0.04 0.536 9.49 0 44.00 342 2.62 0 267 August 1.85 <0.047 0.267 4.69 333 29.50 130 1.66 1.22 113 Septembe 3.09 <0.058 0.689 10.80 1180 79.80 412 5.60 1.9 422 r October 1.58 <0.044 0.477 5.73 38 50.20 4.38 2.32 1.15 16.4 November 2.30 <0.044 1.960 17.40 1250 26.30 455 8.50 1.45 369 December 1.94 <0.049 0.466 5.28 380 13.70 214 1.27 1.12 116 Page 73

VI. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI) There has been a daily reporting of ambient air quality in Ohio's major metropolitan areas in some form since 1971. A national Pollution Standards Index (PSI) was established in 1977 to report air quality. This index was adopted by Ohio EPA's District Offices and the local air agencies (LAAs) to inform the public of daily air quality. The AQI is a uniform "scaling" of five pollutants: particulate (PM10 and PM2.5), SO2, O3, NO2, and CO. The concentration level of each of these is calculated every day to determine the AQI. The pollutant with the highest AQI is reported to the media. A summary of AQI index values per pollutant is found in Page 74

Table 38 below. When the AQI exceeds, or is expected to exceed, 100 in a major city, the agency concerned issues a "health advisory". When pollution levels exceed an AQI of 200 and are projected to persist, an "air pollution episode" exists and the Governor declares an "alert." This initiates mandatory cutbacks of emissions from specified facilities to alleviate the situation. If the AQI were to surpass 300, 400 or 500, progressively greater cutbacks would be implemented to reduce pollutants to an acceptable level. The AQI trend shows that Ohio's air quality has improved significantly. Although alerts were commonplace in the early 1970's, none have happened in over twenty years, and the number of health advisories has been greatly reduced. Page 75

Index Value PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) CO (ppm) SO 2 (ppm) Table 38. Comparison of AQI Values Ozone (ppm) 1 NO 2 (ppm) 24-hr 24-hr 8-hr 24-hr 8-hr 1-hr 1-hr Color Category 0-50 0-54 0.0-12.0 0.0-4.4 0-0.035 0.000-0.054 0-0.053 Green Good 51-100 55-154 12.1-35.4 4.5-9.4 0.036-0.075 0.055-0.070 0.054-0.100 Yellow Moderate 101-150 155-254 35.5-55.4 9.5-12.4 0.076-0.185 0.071-0.085 0.125-0.164 0.101-0.360 Orange Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 151-200 255-354 55.5-150.4 12.5-15.4 0.186-0.304 0.086-0.105 0.165-0.204 0.361-0.64 Red Unhealthy 201-300 355-424 150.5-250.4 15.5-30.4 0.305-0.604 0.106-0.200 0.205-0.404 0.65-1.24 Purple Very Unhealthy 301 2 + 425+ 250.5 + 30.5+ 0.605+ (2) 0.405+ 1.25+ Maroon Hazardous 1 Areas are generally required to report the AQI based on 8-hour ozone values. The maximum of the 8-hour or 1-hour is used. 2 8-hour ozone values do not define AQI values >301. AQI values of 301 or higher then become calculated with 1-hour ozone concentrations. Page 76

VII. 2017 MONITORING SITES Ohio's Regional Transport NCore Site The following pages provide details on the 2017 monitoring network, including sites where VOC air toxics air monitoring is conducted. Parameters monitored at these sites are labeled as follows: Pb Lead PM10 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm (PM10) PM25 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) PM25c PM2.5 Continuous PMsp PM2.5 Speciation PMc Coarse particulate matter, i.e., PM10 - PM2.5 = PMcoarse TSP Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) O3 Ozone SO Sulfur Dioxide CO Carbon Monoxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide VOC Volatile Organic Compounds Met Meteorological data 3 The first column of the table provides AQS codes, which have the following format: XX state code (the state code for Ohio is 39) XXX county code (odd numbers, alphabetical) XXXX site code 3 Many sites have meteorological components, e.g., wind speed and direction and ambient temperature, that accompany monitoring for pollutants of concern. The table below only lists "Met" for sites that have only meteorological equipment and no other screening devices. Page 77