Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste in Low to Medium Income Countries A Decision Makers Guide Deputy Director Rambøll tr@ramboll.dk www.ramboll.dk/wte 1
Advantages of MSW incineration Efficient reduction of the waste volume and demand for landfill space Possibility of energy recovery Substitution of energy produced from polluting fossil fuels Can be located close to the centre of gravity of waste generation, thus reducing the cost of waste transportation Bottom ash can be reused or disposed of with a minimum of environmental protection measures Reduction of greenhouse gas emission due to CO 2 neutrality November 2005 2
SYSAV, Malmö, Sweden November 2005 3
I/S Reno-Nord, Aalborg, Denmark Turbine Electricity District heating condenser District heating Waste Boiler HCl, HF and heavy metal removal ESP SO 2 removal Dioxin removal Dust removal ID Fan Stack Furnace Condensate preheating Air preheating District heating Wastewater Treatment Bottom Ash Boiler / fly ash Sludge Wastewater Gypsum November 2005 4
Heat and power production 10 tonnes of waste (NCV 8 MJ/kg, 2.2 MWh/t) 16 MWh energy 12 MWh heat 4 MWh power November 2005 5
November 2005 6
CO2, tonne CO 2 emissions Total CO 2 emission Disposal of 1 t of waste and production of 10 GJ heat/electricity 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Coal as energy source Oil as energy source Natural gas as energy source Waste as energy source Landfilling/composting of waste Energy production November 2005 7
Stakeholders Authorities Local/Provincial Govt. Urban/Regional planning Environmental authorities Health authorities Traffic authorities Waste Incineration Plant Waste sector Waste generators Waste recycling companies Waste collection companies Other treatment plants Landfill operators Community Environmental NGOs Nature/wildlife NGOs Community groups Neighbouring citizens Scavengers Energy sector Power producers Power distribution company Industries selling heat/power District heating company Power/energy consumers November 2005 8
Million USD 1000 USD/tonne/day Estimated cost of incineration plant Investment Costs Plant Capacity (tonne/day) 350 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 210 300 250 Investment/capacity Total 180 150 200 120 150 90 100 Machinery 60 50 Civil 30 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 Plant Capacity (1000 tonne of w aste a year) November 2005 9
million USD/year USD/tonne Estimated treatment cost Net Treatment Cost Tonne/day 60.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 80 50.0 70 40.0 Net cost/tonne Total Costs 60 50 30.0 40 20.0 Net Costs 30 20 10.0 Income 10 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 1000 Tonne of w aste a Year November 2005 10
Sensitivity of net treatment cost November 2005 11
Income (USD/tonne) Estimated income from energy sales Estimated Income From Energy Sales 55 50 45 40 35 30 CHP Heat Only Power Only 25 20 15 6 7 8 9 10 11 Calorific Value (MJ/kg) November 2005 12
EU requirements More stringent operating conditions Technical requirements Air and water emission limit values New plants 28 December 2002 Dust 10 mg/nm 3 HCl 10 mg/nm 3 SO 2 50 mg/nm 3 NO x 200 mg/nm 3 Dioxins 0.1 ng/nm 3 TEQ (Dry gas, 11% O 2, 24 h averaging time) Existing plants 28 December 2005 November 2005 13
Checklist Suitability of the waste as fuel Institutional framework - waste Institutional framework - energy Incineration plant economy Plant localization Incineration technology Energy recovery Incineration residues Operation and maintenance Environmental issues Occupational health issues November 2005 14
Conclusion A mature and well-functioning waste management system has been in place for a number of years. Solid waste is currently disposed of at controlled and well-operated landfills. The supply of combustible waste will be stable and amount to at least 50,000 tonnes/year. The waste fulfils the minimum criteria for fuel combustibility of 6MJ/kg, throughout all seasons, with an average value of not less than 7 MJ/kg. The community is willing to absorb the increased treatment cost through treatment charges and tax based subsidies. Skilled staff can be recruited and maintained. The planning environment of the community is sufficiently stable to allow of a reasonable planning horizon. November 2005 15
Sønderborg, Denmark November 2005 16
SYSAV, Malmö, Sweden November 2005 17
I/S KARA, Roskilde, Denmark November 2005 18
100 Years of Waste Incineration in Denmark November 2005 19