Bioenergy with CCS: Achieving a 2 C target and beyond Samantha McCulloch IEA CCS Unit IEA Bioenergy Workshop, 16 November 2016
What is BECCS? Carbon capture and storage (CCS) in which the feedstock is biomass One of very few technologies able to deliver negative emissions - and arguably the most mature Possible applications of BECCS include: Dedicated or co-firing of biomass in power plants Ethanol plants Combined heat and power (CHP) Bio-gas refineries Pulp and paper mills Biomass gasification plants Lime kilns
BECCS and the IEA 2DS Bioenergy CCS Bioenergy provides around 10% and CCS 12% of the cumulative reductions Bio-CCS accounts for 2% of the cumulative reductions.
Role of biomass with CCS in the 2DS: Generating negative emissions 6 5 Fossil CCS power generation (captured) Gt CO 2 4 3 2 1 0 2013 2020 2030 2040 2050-1 Fossil CCS industry and fuel transformation (captured) Bio-CCS power generation (negative emission) Bio-CCS fuel transformation (negative emission) Almost 1 Gt of CO 2 captured in 2050 is linked to biomass with CCS, corresponding to 16% of total CO 2 captured globally
Global biofuel production 25 Hydrogen and biogas w CCS 20 Biodiesel w CCS EJ 15 10 5 Ethanol w CCS Biogas w/o CCS Biodiesel w/o CCS Ethanol w/o CCS 0 2013 2020 2030 2040 2050 Biomass with CCS accounts for almost 30% of liquid and gaseous biofuel production in 2050 in the 2DS.
Bioenergy becomes the single largest source of energy 300 Global primary energy demand 250 2013 EJ 200 150 6DS 2050 100 4DS 2050 50 2DS 2050 0 Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass and waste Other renewables Share of fossil fuels in primary energy is in the 2DS with 45% almost halved by 2050 compared to today (81%), biomass becomes the largest energy source in 2050 in the 2DS.
Can we get to well below 2 without BECCS? MCC (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change) www.mcc-berlin.net.
Risk of overshoot is high
Can BECCS deliver? CCS and Bioenergy off-track Technology Status today against 2DS targets Electric vehicles Solar PV and onshore wind Other renewable power Nuclear More efficient coal-fired power Carbon capture and storage Biofuels Transport Industry Buildings Appliances and lighting Energy storage Not on track Accelerated improvement needed On track
CCS is progressing, but too slowly 70 60 Maximum projected capacity* Refining Power generation MtCO 2 50 40 30 20 10 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Natural gas processing Iron and steel Chemicals Biofuels 15 large-scale CCS projects are in operation and 6 under construction. Only one is linked to bioenergy (ADM Illinois).
Challenges for deployment Bioenergy-related factors Sustainability of biomass Land use changes Land availability Water requirements Fertiliser requirements Health and social impacts Impact of climate change on crop yields Food security/competition Competition for biomass Lifecycle emissions measurement and uncertainty Biomass transport costs Public perception CCS-related factors Capture cost Economies of scale Energy requirements Transport infrastructure availability Geological storage availability Technical and integration risks Public perception ADM s Illinois Industrial CCS Project: the first large-scale BECCS project
Sustainability of Biofuels Sound policies are needed to ensure biofuels are produced sustainably Assessments and policies should be based on international sustainability criteria (as developed e.g. by the Global Bioenergy Partnership, GBEP) covering all three sustainability pillars social environmental and economic Many sustainability issues are relevant to the whole agricultural/ forestry sector and not just to biofuels Particularly sensitive issues include: the magnitude and timing of ghg savings compared to fossil fuel use The impact on food production
Priorities for BECCS Resolving accounting issues to ensure appropriate recognition of negative emissions Ensuring bioenergy production is (genuinely) sustainable Understanding and quantifying future potential Investment in multi-user CO 2 transport and storage infrastructure Cultivate near-term opportunities for BECCS deployment Action on BECCS is needed today to deliver negative emissions in the future!
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