Zero Emission, green shipping or energy efficiency? Research in Maritime Environmental Science at Chalmers Karin Andersson Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology
1829 Chalmersska Slöjdeskolan is founded by the will of William Chalmers 1937 Chalmers becomes a governmental university with the authority to award doctoral degrees 1994 Chalmers becomes a private university, owned by a foundation FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Our vision is allowed to permeate all activity within the fields of research, education and innovation The goal is to develop technical solutions that are needed to create a sustainable future Image: Volvo
13 DEPARTMENTS 8 AREAS OF ADVANCE 2016 9435 students, 800 PhD students 3055 peer reviewed publications Turnover 3611 MSEK ( 360M) Research and research education 2584 MSEK ( 250M) 221 chaired professors 3500 employees, (1000 in administration) 2017-10-25 Chalmers 3
Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences RESEARCH AREAS Energy efficiency Electrification Renewable fuels Emission formation Mechanical Systems Railway Mechanics Structural Mechanics Wave Propagation Applied Fluid Dynamics Turbomachinery and Aeroacoustics Renewable Energy Structural Integrity Hydrodynamics Ship Design Safety and Reliability Propulsion Systems Wave Dynamics Maritime Environmental Sciences Fundamental & applied research in all modes of transport Maritime Human Factors Adaptive Systems Road Vehicle Aerodynamics Structural Integrity Safe System and Epidemiology Vehicle Dynamics Accident Prevention Injury Prevention Road Safety Data 2017-10-25 Chalmers 4
Our research - Maritime environmental sciences The driving force what can we help to fulfil? SO x PM VOC Refrigerants CO 2 NO x There is more than the engine involved in zero emission Toxic antifouling paint Noise Oil spills Bilge water Solid waste Invasive species Noise Cargo hold cleaning water Ballast water Grey water Sewage 2017-10-25 Chalmers 6
What is the problem, actually? What should/could be zero? What is green? Does it help to be energy efficient? Zero Emission, green shipping or energy efficiency? Giving decision support in a very complex problem Maritime industry without negative impact on the environment? Contribute to the sustainability goals? 2017-10-25 Chalmers 7
Some project areas related to energy Karin Andersson et al Environmental assessments New marine fuels form well to propeller, life cycle assessments, life cycle cost, multi criteria assessment, global energy systems assessments (with department of Space, Earth and Environment and Swedish Environment Institute, IVL) Selma Brynolf, Maria Grahn, Julia Hansson, Maria Taljegård Resource use/energy use/ghg Energy management systems Hannes Johnson, now at Gothenburg University Energy efficiency by networking Josefin Borg Energy systems modelling Francesco Baldi, now at EPFL, Ulrik Larsen, Cecilia Gabrielii, at NTNU from November Professor Karin Andersson, karin.andersson@chalmers.se
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS TO AIR steps towards zero Saving fuel/energy Energy efficiency technology Energy management Route planning Logistics Ecodriving Waste heat recovery Ship/hull modification Propeller change... End of pipe solutions Scrubber for sulphur Catalyst (SCR) for NOx Carbon capture, CCS/CCR Change of fuel Low sulphur fossil fuel Renewable/non fossil fuel Biofuels (plant oils, biomaterial based, algae oil) CO 2 based fuels/electrofuels Hydrogen Technology change Wind propulsion Electricity Fuel cells Nuclear..
Naval architechts are working with hull and propeller design, but there is a small process plant inside. Model of ship energy system (Lassesson & Andersson 2009)
Reduce fuel consumption. Energy efficiency but also operation of the ship Prof. Karin Andersson Chalmers Department of Mechanics and Maritime 2017-10-25 Sciences 11
End of pipe solutions reduce emissions Increase of energy demand Increase of operation cost Increase in complexity Increase in weight Takes space and weight from cargo 2017-10-25 Chalmers 12
Carbon capture? CCS Absorption in liquid Common in land applications Not tested on board Additional cost and energy demand Needs storage of captured CO 2
Fuel change what happens? 2017-10-25 Chalmers 14
Marine fuel chain
Assessing fuels from well to propeller Life cycle assessment, LCA Bengtsson, S., Andersson, K., Fridell, E. (2011). "A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels: liquefied natural gas and three other fossil fuels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M-Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 225(M2): 97-110
Inventory result of fuels from well to propeller Renewable Diesel fuels Based on Brynolf, S. (2014). Environmental assessment of present and future marine fuels.. Shipping and Marine Technology. Gothenburg, Chalmers University of Technology. PhD.
Bengtsson, S., Fridell, E., Andersson, K. (2012). "Environmental assessment of two pathways towards the use of biofuels in shipping." Energy Policy 44: 451-463
You can move towards low emission! Energy efficient, new built ship using LNG Old MGO ship New MGO ship LNG LNG Norway Qatar LNG Russia LGB ship Old MGO ship Old MGO ship New MGO ship New MGO ship LNG Norway LNG Qatar LNG LNG Norway Qatar LNG Russia LNG Russia LBG ship LBG ship GHG (CO 2 and methane), ton CO 2 eq/y (GWP 100) NO x ton/y On-going work ZVT, E Fridell, S Brynolf, K Andersson 2017-10-25 Chalmers 20
Environmental impact reduction LNG Norway, ship 1 LNG Norway MGO, ship 1a Old MGO ship LNG Qatar, ship 1 LNG Qatar LNG Russia, ship 1 MGO, ship 1b LBG Sweden, ship 1 LNG Russia New MGO ship LBG ship Climate change 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Photochemical ozone formation 30% Acidification 20% 10% 0% Particulate matter Eutrophication - terrestrial 2017-10-25 Chalmers 21
E-MOBILITY NOT ONLY CARS Diesel electric Batteries Land connected Fuel cells Development projects
Production systems for electrofuel Production of electrofuels Water (H 2 O) Carbon dioxide CO 2 El Electrolysis Hydrogen (H 2 ) H 2 CO 2 from air and seawater CO 2 from combustion Heat Sabatier reactor or Fischer-Tropsch reactor or Methanol synthesis reactor Electrofuels CO 2 Methane (CH 4 ) Methanol (CH 3 OH) DME (CH 3 OCH 3 ) Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) Gasoline (C 8 H 18 ) Biofuel production Biofuels All biofuel production generates waste CO 2 Biomass (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) Picture from presentation by Maria Grahn
What can be zero? SO x PM VOC Combustion engine/fuel related Energy efficiency reduces SO x Sulphur free fuel Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails NO x Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails can be reduced by SCR, Cleaner fuels (methane, methanol etc in combustion CO 2 /GHG Non fossil fuel consider upstream Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails PM Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails Reduced by cleaner fuel Refrigerants CO 2 NO x Noise Toxic antifouling paint Invasive species Sewage, grey water, solid waste Management on board, port reception Bilge water Reduced with cleaner fuels fuels Anti fouling Non toxic paint, washing. Noise Propulsion technology, design Noise Oil spills Bilge water Ballast water Grey water Sewage Solid waste Cargo hold cleaning water
Future challenges going to zero emission Combustion engines will be in market for a number of years still. Production and distribution of low emission fuels in large scale at competitive price. e-fuels, hydrogen etc needed New energy efficient ships contribute to emission decrease Use of electricity in on board conversion in fast development. Hybrid, fuel cell, battery. Ultra slow steaming Waste handling and port reception systems Non toxic anti fouling Regulations that supports the zero emission goal and Compliance - it has to pay to follow regulations
Olaus Magnus Carta Marina 1539