Session 3 LAND AND CHANGING LAND GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES Session Moderator: Hon. Chance Kabaghe 4 th RENAPRI Stakeholder Conference Lagoon Beach Hotel Cape Town, Nov. 30-Dec 1, 2017 Keynote Presenter: Antony Chapoto, PhD
Land Land is the prime factor of production Land access and utilization is *economically complex, * sometimes politically sensitive The facts of history
What is the problem? Increased demand for natural resources Food, water and energy insecurity Rapid urbanization Natural disasters Climate change The world today faces many complex challenges Violent conflict LAND DIMENSION
.What is the problem? Increased demand by indigenous urbanites, elite and well connected Increased demand by large-scale foreign investors Unequal access to land Insecurity of tenure Land is increasingly recognized as an important governance issue. Unsustainable land use Weak institutions for dispute and conflict resolution Increased corruption in terms of land allocations Many land-based investments take place in environments where land governance is weak and land rights are insecure or undocumented Unclear, undocumented or contested land rights leading to dispossession of local people create significant investment risks for the private sector. tension between investors and local communities
Is Africa Really Land Abundant?
.Is Africa Really Land Abundant? Africa contains roughly half of the world s remaining 450 million hectares (WB report estimates) Sub-Saharan Africa is conventionally viewed as a land-abundant region
Land Availability in Africa Nine countries contain at least 90% of Africa s unutilized arable land
Land Constraints POPULATION DENSITY IN ZAMBIA Settlements concentrated on areas with infrastructure
Increasing Land Scarcity 0.7 0.6 0.6 HECTARES OF ARABLE LAND PER PERSON IN AGRICULTURE 0.6 (10 YEAR AVERAGE) Year World Population Arable land per capita 0.6 0.6 0.5 1950 2.5bln 5,600 m 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 2000 6.1bln 2,300 m 2 0.3 0.2 1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2050 9.2bln 1500 m 2 Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Malawi Kenya Mozambique Source: Jayne, Muyanga and Chamberlin, compute from FAO STAT (2010).
Rural Population in SSA Source: United Nations, 2014. 10
A Revolutionary Change in Farmland Ownership African governments past policy attention to land grabs by international investors. Diverting attention away from two other processes that may be affecting Africa s economic development trajectory: The pace of land acquisitions by medium-scale African investors, who now control more land than large-scale foreign investors The overall impact of land transactions on the viability of African governments smallholder-led development agricultural strategies
Changes in Farm Structure in Zambia (2001-2012) Farm size category Number of farms % growth in number of farms % of total cultivated area 2001 2012 2001 2012 0 2 ha 638,118 748,771 17.3 34.1 16.2-39% 2 5 ha 159,039 418,544 163.2 45 31.7 5 10 ha 20,832 165,129 692.6 14.3 25.0 10 20 ha 2,352 53,454 2272.7 6.6 15.0 +91% 20 100 ha -- 13,839 na -- 12.1 Total 820,341 1,399,737 100 100 Source: Zambia MAL Crop Forecast Surveys, 2001 and 2012
Changes in Farm Structure in Tanzania (2008-2012) Farm size category Number of farms % growth in number of farms % of total cultivated area 2008 2012 2008 2012 0 5 ha 5,454,961 6,151,035 12.8 62.4 56.3-6.1% 5 10 ha 300,511 406,947 35.4 15.9 18.0 10 20 ha 77,668 109,960 41.6 7.9 9.7 +6.1% 20 100 ha 45,700 64,588 41.3 13.8 16.0 Total 5,878,840) 6,732,530 14.5 100.0 100.0 LSMS/National Panel Surveys, 2008 and 2012
Changes in Farm Structure in Ghana (1992-2013) Ghana Number of farms % growth in number of farms % of total cultivated area 1992 2013 1992 2013 0-2 ha 1,458,540 1,582,034 8.5 25.1 14.2 2-5 ha 578,890 998,651 72.5 35.6 31.3 5-10 ha 116,800 320,411 174.3 17.2 22.8 10-20 ha 38,690 117,722 204.3 11.0 16.1 20-100 ha 18,980 37,421 97.2 11.1 12.2 >100 ha -- 1,740 - -- 3.5 Total 2,211,900 3,057,978 38.3 100 100 51% of total farmland Source: Ghana GLSS Surveys, 1992, 2013
Rise of the medium-scale farmers Percent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Three sub-categories of medium scale farmers 60 35 "Elite urban based" "Elite rural based" Successful smallholder farmers via farm expansion 5 Estimates from three countries Zambia, Kenya and Southern Ghana
Mode of Acquisition of all Farm Plots in Tanzania Percent of plots Percent of total farmland area Inherited 33.17% Gifted 10.33% Purchased 29.63% Borrowed 11.09% Rented 9.63% Other (squatting / cleared land/ allocated) 6.16% Observations 4,291 Source: NPS 2014/15 16
% of National Landholdings held by Urban Households 35% 32.7% 30% 26.8% 25% 22.0% 22.0% 20% 18.3% 16.8% 15% 10% 11.2% 10.9% 11.8% 5% 0% 2008 2009 2004 2010 2010 2004/2005 2010 2007 Source: 2013/2014 DHS Ghana Kenya Malawi Rwanda Tanzania Zambia
Should We Be Worried? Continued rapid alienation of land to mediumand large-scale investors is likely to: exacerbate localized land scarcity; restrict the potential of smallholder-led development; put unrealistic pressure on the non-farm economy to absorb Africa s rapidly rising labor force; increase speculation and incidences of corruption; etc.
Rising Landholding Concentration Period Movement in Gini coefficient: Ghana (cult. area) (GLSS) Kenya (cult. area) (KIHBS) Tanzania (landholdings) (LSMS) 1992 2013 1994 2006 2008 2012 0.54 0.70 0.51 0.55 0.63 0.69 When land is highly concentrated in the hands of few, growth tends to be concentrated Zambia (landholding) (CFS) 2001 2012 0.42 0.49
A process by which decisions are made regarding the access to and use of land, the manner in which those decisions are implemented and the way that conflicting interests in land are reconciled Land Governance Issues a simplified working definition Dispute resolution Gender and land rights Land governance structures Lack of information on Ownership and use who own what and for what purpose? Tenure issues ACTORS Context/Constraints Civil Society Individuals Public Sector LAND Traditional Leadersr Private Sector Corruption issues Customary land disappearing Smallholder displacement Who makes the decision on allocation of unutilized land
Land Tenure Security Push by medium to large scale land expansion exerting pressure on customary land authorities Illegal land allocations and informal settlements Delayed processes in acquiring title where required Unclear property rights and ignorance on legal provisions among rural populations 21
Women s Land Rights Policies tend to ignore gender issues Practice and custom, rather than law determine women's land rights. Women s land and property rights remain insecure, in both statutory or customary systems Are we making progress? www.landesa.org 22
Some Innovations Provision of intermediate forms of tenure (land certificates, rights to occupy, short term leases, etc.) e.g. Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania Large scale land titling programmes e.g. Tanzania, Mozambique very cost effectiveavoiding repeated and costly surveyor visits to the same area. National land policy processes happening in many countries. nationally-led processes: e.g. South Africa extensive engagement of the international community- e.g. in Sudan. Highly consultative land policy process e.g. Burkina Faso Legal recognition of customary forms of tenure, e.g. in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Uganda, Zambia 23
Some Questions for Discussion Who is looking for land and for what purpose? Why the rush for customary land? Who is looking for this land and what kind of land sizes are they looking for? Who should it be given to- speculators, absentee landlords, rural dwellers? What innovations are needed to deal with rising land governance issues? Is customary system secure in ownership, can it ever be used as collateral? Will banks ever recognize Chiefs certificates? Land markets and land tax- is the political economy right? Do we have a system in place to interrogate that? How can this be implemented?
Thank You Beware of the small guy!!!!