How drugs in wastewater enforce advanced drinking water treatment

Engineering Conferences International ECI Digital Archives Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies Proceedings Spring 6-11-2014 How drugs in wastewater enforce advanced drinking water treatment Bram Martijn PWN Water Supply Company Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.engconfintl.org/wbtr_i Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Bram Martijn, "How drugs in wastewater enforce advanced drinking water treatment" in "Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies", Dr. Domenico Santoro, Trojan Technologies and Western University Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2014). http://dc.engconfintl.org/wbtr_i/19 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the Proceedings at ECI Digital Archives. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies by an authorized administrator of ECI Digital Archives. For more information, please contact franco@bepress.com.

how drugs in waste water enforce advanced drinking water treatment Bram Martijn PWN Water Supply Company North Holland The Netherlands

drugs of abuse in (sources of) drinking water! surface waters drinking water sewage water Van der Aa, Dijkman, Bijlsma, Emke, van de Ven, van Nuijs, de Voogt (2010)

sorry, this presentation is about micropollutants

drugs of abuse, waste water and advanced drinking water treatment drugs, pharmaceuticals or pesticides in drinking water (sources) always give rise to media attention contribution via domestic waste water no longer to be ignored drinking water companies to address this in technology and communications

courtesy Dr. Snyder University of Arizona Source: http://www.hcn.org/issues/354/17227

take home messages trace contaminants in drinking water sources via domestic waste water should not be a drinking water treatment problem only, anymore tailor available advanced drinking water treament technologies for complex waste water matrix modeling is essential in determining where to treat in the water cycle

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/bestand:flusssystemkarte_rhein_06.jpg

TCA diuron atrazine bromacil bentazon 2,4-D

characteristics pretreated IJssel Lake water matrix constituents DOC 2.5 mg C/L nitrate 1-14 mg NO 3 /L trace chemical contaminants 0-10 µg/l pesticides endocrine disruptors algae toxins solvents, complexing agents pharmaceuticals, personal care products

pesticide atrazine in IJssel Lake water

solvent diglyme in IJssel Lake water

röntgen contrast media in IJssel Lake water

how to deal with micropollutants in the source awareness that waste water is our abundant fresh water source end-of-pipe; influence upstream users and dischargers in catchment quality of raw water source ideally only requires simple treatment for drinking water production in the mean time act provisionally salt discharge in Rhine by French mining activities enforced DESALINATION of fresh water advanced oxidation in combination wath GAC for organic micropollutant control

approach for organic contaminant control non selective multibarrier approach against organic micropollutants oxidative treatment: MP UV/H 2 O 2 restriction byproduct formation by removal matrix constituents in pretreatment restriction byproduct content by post treatment

UV/H 2 O 2 treatment for organic contaminant control direct UV photolysis, degradation determined by UV absorbance and quantum yield OH-radical oxidation, degradation determined by presence of unsaturated sites and H atoms

courtesy Trojan Technologies

100 diglyme degradation by UV photolysis and UV/H 2 O 2 oxidation bench scale experiments degradation [%] 80 60 40 20 0 600/- 600/6 600/15 1200/6 1200/15 UV / H 2 O 2 dose [mj/cm 2 / g/m 3 ]

UV absorption spectra 2,5 UV absorbance [cm -1 ] 2,0 CSF IJssellake NOM Nitrate 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 200 220 240 260 280 300 wave length [nm]

percentage photon flow absorbed in raw, CSF and IX-UF matrix by 6 mg/l H 2 O 2 254 nm 240 nm raw 2.6% 4.5% CSF 5.3% 8.2% increase absorbance H 2 O 2 with extended pretreatment increase absorbance H 2 O 2 at lower wave length

radical exposure as a function of DOC and nitrate concentration in milliq water 2,0E-13 R OH, UV [M s m 2 J -1 ] milliq; 5.4 mg/l H2O2 1,0E-13 0,0E+00 0 5 10 15 DOC / nitrate [mg/l]

radical exposure as a function of DOC and nitrate concentration in milliq water 2,0E-13 milliq; 5.4 mg/l H2O2 R OH, UV [M s m 2 J -1 ] nitrate in milliq; 6.0 mg/l H2O2 1,0E-13 0,0E+00 0 5 10 15 DOC / nitrate [mg/l]

radical exposure as a function of DOC and nitrate concentration in milliq water R OH, UV [M s m 2 J -1 ] 2,0E-13 milliq; 5.4 mg/l H2O2 DOC in milliq; 6.8 mg/l H2O2 nitrate in milliq; 6.0 mg/l H2O2 1,0E-13 0,0E+00 0 5 10 15 DOC / nitrate [mg/l]

impact matrix on radical exposure superior radical exposure in milliq water decrease radical exposure by matrix constituents NOM and nitrate example: robustness test with 2012 priority compounds

robustness test investigation in a 5 year cycle with priority compound selection selection 2012 herbicides pharmaceuticals industrial / other compounds perfluorated compounds pilot scale with multiple barriers UV/H 2 O 2 0.54 kwh/m 3 ; 6 mg H 2 O 2 /L GAC Norit ROW 0.8, EBCT 20 min

herbicide degradation by MP UV/H 2 O 2 treatment removal [%] 100 80 60 summer winter 40 20 0 2.4-D atrazin chloortoluron chloridazon diuron isoproturon nicosulfuron S-Metolachlor

herbicide control by MP UV/H 2 O 2 GAC treatment 100 removal [%] 80 60 40 20 0 2.4-D atrazin chloortoluron chloridazon MP UV/H2O2 diuron isoproturon nicosulfuron S-Metolachlor MP UV/H2O2 - GAC

pharmaceutical control by MP UV/H 2 O 2 GAC treatment 100 removal [%] 80 60 40 20 0 carbamazepine diclofenac MP UV/H2O2 metoprolol pentoxifylline sotalol metformine guanylurea acesulfaam-k MP UV/H2O2 - GAC

perfluorated compound control by MP UV/H 2 O 2 GAC treatment 100 removal [%] 80 60 40 20 0 PFBS PFHS PFOS PFBA PFHA PFOA PFNA MP UV/H2O2 MP UV/H2O2 - GAC

technology in summary combined advanced oxidation, adsorption and biological treatment (MP UV/H 2 O 2 BAC) at a certain cost 0.54 kwh/m 3 6 mg H 2 O 2 /L 2 year reactivation frequency GAC can new classes of pollutants be treated equally succesful? are other technologies at other locations in the water cycle more efficient?

effect multiple barrier treatment on organic micropollutants non selective degradation trace chemical contaminants multibarrier approach with post treatment by (biological) GAC filtration very robust but does this match the precautionary principle of the EU?

acknowledgements KWR Water Cycle Research Institute HWL laboratory University of New Hampshire USA Trojan Technologies Canada Collegues at the Amsterdam Water Supply, The Hague Water Supply and PWN Water Supply Company North Holland