Diversity of organic residues for AD. AG Biogas Rheinland

Diversity of organic residues for AD AG Biogas Rheinland

Ingredients Dr. Bettina Frauz Schaumann Biotic Consult Bettina.frauz@schaumann-biotic.com Victorinox 2012 why us adduce good reasons for 2 energy distinguish from ranging in target adequate measures pretreatment procedure chosen substrates after parameter digestible remunerative prospective conclusion

Since 2004 in AD

Reasons for treatment and why AD? For hydrated and high caloric substrates: AD (active) Waste reduction Energy source in rural regions Replacement of fossil fuels Landfill capacities Less emission (CO2) and lowest carbon footprint Lower Odour development Better energy balance Costly engineering After treatment required Persistent and dry substrates (lignificated Substrates):Composting Waste reduction Energy source in rural regions Replacement of fossil fuels Landfill capacities High in emission High odour High energy demand because of ventilation, dislocation, without energy 5

Municipal solid Food s Agro-s Energy crops.. Org. Household Slaughterho use Restaurant Market Sewage sludge Grocery store Landscape conservatio n s Starch Breweries Ethanol Dairy Citrus Sugar Tannery s Manure Dung Straw Corn straw Rice straw Palm oil mill effluent Olive s Sugar cane s Rape oil Corn Pasture Sugar beets Cereals (whole crop) Sorghum Algae Sunflower Wild Flowers 6

Municipal solid Food s Agro-s Energy crops Classification of Org. Household Slaughterho use Restaurant Market Sewage sludge Grocery store Landscape conservatio n s Starch Breweries Ethanol Dairy Citrus Sugar Tannery s Manure Dung Straw Corn straw Rice straw Palm oil mill effluent Olive s Sugar cane s Rape oil Corn Pasture Sugar beets Cereals (whole crop) Sorghum Algae Sunflower Wild Flowers 7

Municipal solid Potential Germany a tonne of MSW 600 kwh of electricity; Name, Thema, Veranstaltung, Datum 8

Residual is declining but only in industrial countries

Municipal solid Potential (global) Composition 65% Biodegradable (paper, yard trimmings, food scraps, wood) 35% Non biodegradable (plastic, metals, rubber, glass, etc.) 80% of the carbon content of MSW is biomass 10

Municipal s Food s Agro-s Energy crops Main groups of substrates Org. Household Slaughterho use Restaurant Market Sewage sludge Grocery store Landscape conservatio n s Starch Breweries Ethanol Dairy Citrus Sugar Tannery s Manure Dung Straw Corn straw Rice straw Palm oil mill effluent Olive s Sugar cane s Rape oil Corn Pasture Sugar beets Cereals (whole crop) Sorghum Algae Sunflower Wild Flowers 11

Food s Agro-s Energy crops Main groups of substrates Starch Breweries Ethanol Dairy Citrus Sugar Tannery s Manure Dung Straw Corn straw Rice straw Palm oil mill effluent Olive s Sugar cane s Rape oil Corn Pasture Sugar beets Cereals (whole crop) Sorghum Algae Sunflower Wild Flowers 13

Food Potential (Germany) 360.000t/a (2007;Knappe) 10mWel. (680Nm³/toDM) Under contract (Remondis, Veolia, Sita Deutschland, Alba AG) Not substrate but storage is problematic 14

% CO2 In practice: aerobic degradation of organic (draff from breweries) 25 20 15 10 5 0 10 % Energy loss during storage: approx. 130,000 BRL per year (1 MW elect., 0,15 BRL/kWh) Control 0,25% Acid mix 0,35% Acid mix 0,45% Acid mix 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Days

Agro Potential (Germany) Manure 12.600.000 cow manure 21,3tWh (19,6% of nuclear power) (370Nm³/toDM) Famer owned Name, Thema, Veranstaltung, Datum 19

Energy crops / Differencing in targeting Energy crops: gas / energy max. gasyield (therefore ma. substrate fee and trace supplements) Waste to energy: max. Input and process reliability

adequate measures =

1.Substrate quality Biogas - Process chain 2.Substrate mix 5.Anaerobic process 6.Digestate 3.Storage 4.Pre-treatment 8.Heat use 7.CHP

CSTR Circular bed Plug flow Percolation systems

But before.. Unpacking Technical equipment is depending on the Input mechanical sorting systems to process residual mixed municipal (mechanical biological treatment or MBT). Advanced centrifugal separators Hammer mills Dissolvers Screw presses Other presses

Perfect substrate

Limitations of AD processes Lignocellulose Inhibitors Use of digestate use / after-processing treatment 28

Important process parameters Temperature Organic loading rate Alcalinity & ph value Trace element supply Inhibition Stirring <> Dry matter content <> Viscosity Process stability

Process disturbances overload Acidification Übersäuerung ammonia toxification Geringe Gasausbeute temperature fluctuations Schwimm-, Deficit Sinkschichten of trace one element process deficiencies failure Schaum (28 days at 50 % capacity): Technische Probleme trace element deficiencies > 50,000 BRL Low biogas yield insufficient stirring (1 MW elect., 0,15 BRL/kWh) ph inhibition of hydrolysis inhibitors e.g. H 2 S, heavy metals Scum layers, foam substrate mix insufficient stirring

Mixing/homogenization of digesters

Insufficient stirring scum layers or dead zones Deficit Example residual food methane plant (CSTR) potential : 5 %: Bottom layer: 12,0 % TS approx. 66,000 BRL per year Digester: 2,4 % TS (1 MW elect., 0,15 BRL/kWh)

Trace element deficiencies Law of the minimum: Organism growth is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply low yields process failures Archaea N P K S Ca Mg Fe Ni Co Mo Zn Mn Cu

Example: Trace element supply food plant digester content Deficiency Oversupply Integrated elements: Tungsten Selenium Molybdenum Manganese Cobalt Iron Zinc Copper Nickel -150,0-100,0-50,0 0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 300,0 Trace element supply level [%]

Methane yield [m3/t FM] Plant capacity [%] Effect of trace element additives 200 180 Full capacity Start of trace element application Capacity: 2000 kw Organic load: 10,5 kg TS/(m 3.d) Substrates: Corn and pasture 120 100 160 140 120 Deficit (75 % capacity): >300,000 BRL per year (1 MW Increase elect., of methane 0,15 BRL/kWh) yield 22 % 80 60 40 100 20 80 1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 0 Days Methane yield plant capacity

Substances causing inhibition Ammonia Slaughterhouse Poultry Limonene - Citrus Chromium - Tannery Salts (Potassium, Chloride, sulfate, etc ) Vinasse (Vinhaça) Restaurant Waste from biodiesel

Plant efficiency [kw el ] Substrate yield [kwh el /t TS] Effect of additives to reduce inhibition Installed capacity: 500 kw N gesamt : 8300 mg/l, NH 4 : 6300 mg/l Substrates: Poultry s, biomass 600 550 Dosage of micronutrient and active agents 1000 900 500 800 450 400 350 300 Deficit 15 % inhibition: approx. 200,000 BRL / year (1 MW elect., 0,15 BRL/kWh) 700 600 500 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Zeit [d] 400 Plant efficiency Substrate yield

Conclusions To run an anaerobic digester economically, you need: a detailed feasibility study on the basis of the available substrates and the local situation before construction to avoid degradation of the substrates during storage a continuous stable process; this includes: constant process evaluation application of additives, if necessary a digestible substrate mix (without inhibitors) an adequate digester design and high quality components a competent operator and an experienced consultancy

Expertise in biogas = Thank you for your attention!